Metabolisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{further|Metabolisme mikrobial|Siklus nitrogen}}[[Litotrof|Kemolitotrof]] adalah jenis metabolisme yang ditemukan pada prokariota yang menggunakan energi yang didapatkan dari proses oksidasi [[senyawa anorganik]]. Organisme ini dapat menggunakan [[hidrogen]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Friedrich|first=B.|last2=Schwartz|first2=E.|date=1993-10-01|title=Molecular biology of hydrogen utilization in aerobic chemolithotrophs|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.mi.47.100193.002031|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=47|issue=1|pages=351–383|doi=10.1146/annurev.mi.47.100193.002031|issn=0066-4227|access-date=2020-07-02|archive-date=2022-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719015853/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.mi.47.100193.002031|dead-url=yes}}</ref> senyawa [[belerang]] yang tereduksi ([[sulfida]], [[hidrogen sulfida]] dan [[tiosulfat]]),<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065291108600181|title=Advances in Microbial Physiology|last=Friedrich|first=Cornelius G.|date=-01-01 1997|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-027739-1|editor-last=Poole|editor-first=R. K.|volume=39|location=|pages=235–289|language=en|doi=10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60018-1|issn=0065-2911|url-status=live|access-date=2020-07-02|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161219/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065291108600181|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Besi (II) oksida]]|besi (FeIIII) oksida]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Karrie A.|last2=Achenbach|first2=Laurie A.|last3=Coates|first3=John D.|date=01-10-2006|year=|title=Microorganisms pumping iron: anaerobic microbial iron oxidation and reduction|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1490|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|language=en|volume=4|issue=10|pages=752–764|doi=10.1038/nrmicro1490|issn=1740-1526|access-date=2020-07-02|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308082034/https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1490|dead-url=no}}</ref> atau [[amonia]]k<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jetten|first=Mike S.M.|last2=Strous|first2=Marc|last3=van de Pas-Schoonen|first3=Katinka T.|last4=Schalk|first4=Jos|last5=van Dongen|first5=Udo G.J.M.|last6=van de Graaf|first6=Astrid A.|last7=Logemann|first7=Susanne|last8=Muyzer|first8=Gerard|last9=van Loosdrecht|first9=Mark C.M.|date=1998-12-01|year=|title=The anaerobic oxidation of ammonium|url=https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00379.x|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=22|issue=5|pages=421–437|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00379.x|issn=1574-6976|access-date=2020-07-02|archive-date=2021-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231003532/https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00379.x|dead-url=no}}</ref> sebagai sumber energi dengan mengoksidasi senyawa tersebut dengan elektron aseptor, seperti oksigen atau [[nitrit]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Simon|first=Jörg|date=2002-08-01|year=|title=Enzymology and bioenergetics of respiratory nitrite ammonification|url=https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00616.x|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=26|issue=3|pages=285–309|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00616.x|issn=1574-6976|access-date=2020-07-02|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019061403/https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00616.x|dead-url=no}}</ref> Proses mikrobial ini penting bagi [[daur biogeokimia]] , seperti [[asetogenesis]], [[nitrifikasi]] dan [[denitrifikasi]] sekaligus berfungsi penting untuk [[kesuburan tanah]] <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barea|first=José-Miguel|last2=Pozo|first2=María José|last3=Azcón|first3=Rosario|last4=Azcón-Aguilar|first4=Concepción|date=2005-07-01|title=Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere|url=http://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/56/417/1761/484466/Microbial-cooperation-in-the-rhizosphere|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|language=en|volume=56|issue=417|pages=1761–1778|doi=10.1093/jxb/eri197|issn=1460-2431|access-date=2020-07-02|archive-date=2021-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231003434/https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/56/417/1761/484466/Microbial-cooperation-in-the-rhizosphere|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conrad|first=R|date=1996-12-01|year=|title=Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H2, CO, CH4, OCS, N2O, and NO).|url=https://mmbr.asm.org/content/60/4/609|journal=Microbiological reviews|language=en|volume=60|issue=4|pages=609–640|doi=10.1128/MMBR.60.4.609-640.1996|issn=0146-0749|access-date=2020-07-02|archive-date=2020-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702162457/https://mmbr.asm.org/content/60/4/609|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Pada banyak organisme, penangkapan energi sinar matahari memilik prinsip yang sama dengan fosforilasi oksidatif yang melibatkan penyimpanan energi sebagai gradien konsentrasi proton. Gaya gerak proton ini lah yang akan menggerakan sintesis ATP<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alberts|first=Bruce|last2=Johnson|first2=Alexander|last3=Lewis|first3=Julian|last4=Raff|first4=Martin|last5=Roberts|first5=Keith|last6=Walter|first6=Peter|date=2002|title=Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21063/|journal=Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition|language=en|access-date=2020-07-03|archive-date=2020-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215131416/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21063/|dead-url=no}}</ref>.Elektron yang dibutuhkan untuk menggerakan rantai transpor elektron berasal dari protein yang mengumpulkan cahaya yang disebut [[pusat reaksi fotosintetikfotosintesis]]. Kelompok pusat reaksi ini dibagi menjadi dua tipe tergantung sifat [[Pigmen fotosintesis|pigmen fotosintetikfotosintesisnya]]nya di mana bakteri hanya memiliki satu tipe, sedangkan tumbuhan dan sianobakteri punya dua<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allen|first=J. P.|last2=Williams|first2=J. C.|date=08-12-1998|year=|title=Photosynthetic reaction centers|url=https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0014-5793%2898%2901245-9|journal=FEBS Letters|language=en|volume=438|issue=1-2|pages=5–9|doi=10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01245-9|issn=1873-3468|access-date=2020-07-03|archive-date=2022-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411023011/https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0014-5793%2898%2901245-9|dead-url=yes}}</ref>