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'''Nanoteknologi''' adalah manipulasi materi pada skala atomik dan skala molekular. Diameter atom berkisar antara 62 [[pikometer]] (atom [[Helium]]) sampai 520 pikometer (atom [[Cesium]]), sedangkan kombinasi dari beberapa atom membentuk molekul dengan kisaran ukuran nano, yaitu ukuran benda yang besarnya: satu per miliar meter (0,0000000001 m) atau satu meter dibagi satu miliar. Istilah Nanoteknologi pertama kali disebut dalam pidato ilmiah Profesor Nario Taniguci tahun 1974.<ref>{{Cite news|url=|title=Pengertian dan Sejarah Nanoteknologi|last=Saleh|first=Rosaria|date=20 Februari 2013|work=Harian Kompas|access-date=27 Desember 2019}}</ref>
Deskripsi awal dari nanoteknologi mengacu pada tujuan penggunaan teknologi untuk memanipulasi atom dan molekul untuk membuat produk berskala makro.<ref>Drexler, K. Eric .1986. ''Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology.'' Doubleday.</ref><ref>Drexler, K. Eric .1992. ''Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation.'' New York: John Wiley & Sons.</ref> Deskripsi yang lebih umum adalah manipulasi materi dengan ukuran maksimum 100 [[nanometer]].
== Penelitian dan pengembangan ==
Karena berbagai aplikasi potensial (termasuk industri dan militer), pemerintahan berbagai negara telah menginvestasikan miliaran dolar dalam penelitian nanoteknologi. Sebelum 2012, AS menginvestasikan US$3,7 miliar menggunakan [[Inisiatif Nanoteknologi Nasional|National Nanotechnology Initiative]], Uni Eropa menginvestasikan US$1,2 miliar, dan Jepang menginvestasikan US$750 juta.<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=230436 Apply nanotech to up industrial, agri output] {{Webarchive}}, [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|''The Daily Star'' (Bangladesh)]], 17 April 2012.</ref> Lebih dari enam puluh negara menciptakan program [[penelitian dan pengembangan]] nanoteknologi (R&D) antara tahun 2001 dan 2004. Pada 2012, AS dan UE masing-masing menginvestasikan US$2,1 miliar pada penelitian nanoteknologi, diikuti oleh Jepang dengan US$1,2 miliar. Investasi global mencapai US$7,9 miliar pada 2012. Pendanaan pemerintah dilampaui oleh pengeluaran R&D perusahaan untuk penelitian nanoteknologi, yang mencapai US$10 miliar pada tahun 2012. Pengeluaran litbang korporat terbesar berasal dari AS, Jepang, dan Jerman yang jika digabungkan sebesar US$7,1 miliar.<ref name="wipo">{{Cite book|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_944_2015.pdf|title=World Intellectual Property Report: Breakthrough Innovation and Economic Growth|date=2015|publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|pages=112–4|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Organisasi penelitian nanoteknologi teratas berdasarkan jumlah paten (1970-2011)<ref name="wipo2">{{Cite book|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_944_2015.pdf|title=World Intellectual Property Report: Breakthrough Innovation and Economic Growth|date=2015|publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|pages=112–4|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>
!Peringkat
!Organisasi
!Negara
!Paten pertama
|-
|1
|[[Samsung Electronics]]
|Korea Selatan
|2.578
|-
|2
|[[Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal]]
|Jepang
|1,490
|-
|3
|[[IBM]]
|Amerika Serikat
|1,360
|-
|4
|[[Toshiba]]
|Jepang
|1.298
|-
|5
|[[Canon (perusahaan)|Canon Inc.]]
|Jepang
|1,162
|-
|6
|[[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]]
|Jepang
|1.100
|-
|7
|[[Universitas California, Berkeley]]
|Amerika Serikat
|1,055
|-
|8
|[[Panasonic Corporation|Panasonic]]
|Jepang
|1,047
|-
|9
|[[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]]
|Amerika Serikat
|880
|-
|10
|[[TDK]]
|Jepang
|839
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Organisasi penelitian nanoteknologi teratas oleh publikasi ilmiah (1970-2012)<ref name="wipo3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_944_2015.pdf|title=World Intellectual Property Report: Breakthrough Innovation and Economic Growth|date=2015|publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|pages=112–4|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>
!Peringkat
!Organisasi
!Negara
!Publikasi ilmiah
|-
|1
|[[Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Tiongkok]]
|Tiongkok
|29.591
|-
|2
|[[Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Rusia]]
|Rusia
|12.543
|-
|3
|[[Pusat Penelitian Ilmiah Nasional Prancis]]
|Prancis
|8,105
|-
|4
|[[Universitas Tokyo]]
|Jepang
|6,932
|-
|5
|[[Universitas Osaka]]
|Jepang
|6,613
|-
|6
|[[Universitas Tohoku]]
|Jepang
|6.266
|-
|7
|[[Universitas California, Berkeley]]
|Amerika Serikat
|5,936
|-
|8
|[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|Dewan Penelitian Nasional Spanyol]]
|Spanyol
|5.585
|-
|9
|[[Universitas Illinois]]
|Amerika Serikat
|5.580
|-
|10
|[[Institut Teknologi Massachusetts|MIT]]
|Amerika Serikat
|5.567
|}
== Aplikasi ==
[[Berkas:Threshold formation nowatermark.gif|jmpl|ka|400px|Salah satu aplikasi utama nanoteknologi adalah [[nanoelektronik]]: [[MOSFET]] adalah [[kawat nano]] kecil dengan panjang ~10 nm.]]
[[Berkas:A-simple-and-fast-fabrication-of-a-both-self-cleanable-and-deep-UV-antireflective-quartz-1556-276X-7-430-S1.ogv|jmpl|Struktur nano membuat permukaan ini memiliki sifat [[superhidrofobisitas]], membuat [[tetesan air]] meluncur seperti pada [[bidang miring]].]]
{{Main article|Daftar aplikasi nanoteknologi}}
Per Agustus 2008, [[Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies]] memperkirakan ada sekitar 800 produk nanoteknologi yang tersedia secara umum, dengan 1 produk baru muncul tiap 3-4 minggu.<ref name="emergingnano"/> Sebagian besar aplikasi terbatas pada penggunaan nanomaterial pasif "generasi pertama" yang diantaranya termasuk titanium dioksida pada tabir surya, kosmetik, pelapis permukaan,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kurtoglu M. E. |author2=Longenbach T. |author3=Reddington P. |author4=Gogotsi Y. | year = 2011 | title = Effect of Calcination Temperature and Environment on Photocatalytic and Mechanical Properties of Ultrathin Sol–Gel Titanium Dioxide Films | url = | journal = Journal of the American Ceramic Society | volume = 94 | issue = 4| pages = 1101–1108 | doi = 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04218.x }}</ref> dan beberapa produk makanan; alotrop karbon yang digunakan pada [[gecko tape]]; perak pada pengemasan makanan, pakaian, desinfektan, dan peralatan rumah tangga, seng oksida pada tabir surya dan kosmetik, pelapis permukaan, cat, dan pernis furnitur; dan serium oksida sebagai katalis bahan bakar.<ref name="americanelements"/>
Aplikasi lainnya seperti [[bola tenis]] yang bisa bertahan lebih lama, [[bola golf]] yang bisa terbang lurus, dan [[bola bowling]] yang bisa lebih tahan dan permukaannya lebih keras. [[Celana panjang]] dan [[kaus kaki]] juga telah dimasukkan nanoteknologi sehingga bisa bertahan lebih lama dan tetap dingin pada musim panas. [[Bandage]] diinfus dengan nano perak untuk menyembuhkan luka lebih cepat.<ref name="nnin">{{cite web |url= http://www.nnin.org/nnin_nanoproducts.html |title=Nanotechnology Consumer Products |work=nnin.org |year=2010 |accessdate=November 23, 2011}}</ref> [[Konsol permainan video]] dan [[komputer pribadi]] lebih murah, cepat, dan memori lebih tinggi berkat nanoteknologi.<ref>[http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/computing-and-electronics/ ''Nano in computing and electronics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114034926/http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/computing-and-electronics/ |date=2011-11-14 }} at NanoandMe.org</ref> Nanoteknologi memungkinkan peralatan medis yang ada saat ini menjadi lebih murah dan mudah digunakan.<ref>[http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/medical/ ''Nano in medicine''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114035018/http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/medical/ |date=2011-11-14 }} at NanoandMe.org</ref> Mobil dibuat dengan [[nanomaterial]] sehingga butuh [[logam]] lebih sedikit dan [[bahan bakar]] lebih hemat di masa depan.<ref>[http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/transport/ ''Nano in transport''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029130940/http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/transport/ |date=2011-10-29 }} at NanoandMe.org</ref>
Ilmuwan saat ini sedang mengembangkan nanoteknologi untuk mesin diesel dengan gas buang lebih bersih. Platina saat ini digunakan sebagai [[katalis]] pada mesin diesel. Katalis tereduksi akan mengikat atom nitrogen dari molekul NOx sehingga membebaskan oksigen. Kemudian katalis mengoksidasi hidrokarbon dan karbon monoksida menjadi karbon dioksida dan air. Platina digunakan pada katalis reduksi dan oksidasi.<ref>[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/catalytic-converter2.htm ''How Catalytic Converters Work''] at howstuffworks.com</ref> Namun, menggunakan platina tidak efisien karena mahal dan tidak terbarukan. Perusahaan Denmark Innovationsfonden menginvestasikan 15 juta DKK untuk mencari katalis substitusi baru dengan nanoteknologi. Tujuan proyek ini adalah memaksimalkan luas permukaan dan meminimalkan material yang dibutuhkan. Jika luas permukaan katalis yang terekspos gas buang semakin besar, maka efisiensi katalis meningkat. Jika berhasil, penggunaan platina dapat ditekan sampai 25%.<ref>[http://www.rdmag.com/news/2014/09/nanotechnology-provide-cleaner-diesel-engines ''Nanotechnology to provide cleaner diesel engines'']. RDmag.com. September 2014</ref>
Nanoteknologi juga memainkan peranan penting dalam pengembangan [[rekayasa jaringan]]. Ketika mendesain ''scaffold'', ilmuwan mencoba meniru karakteristik skala nano dari suatu [[Sel (biologi)|sel]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.4137/BTRI.S12331| title = Nanotechnology in the Regeneration of Complex Tissues| journal = Bone and Tissue Regeneration Insights| page = 25| year = 2014| last1 = Cassidy}}</ref> Contohnya, ketika membuat ''scaffold'' untuk menopang pertumbuhan tulang, ilmuwan dapat meniru [[osteoklas]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.008| title = Osteogenic lineage restriction by osteoprogenitors cultured on nanometric grooved surfaces: The role of focal adhesion maturation| journal = Acta Biomaterialia| volume = 10| issue = 2| pages = 651–660| year = 2014| last1 = Cassidy | first1 = J. W. | last2 = Roberts | first2 = J. N. | last3 = Smith | first3 = C. A. | last4 = Robertson | first4 = M. | last5 = White | first5 = K. | last6 = Biggs | first6 = M. J. | last7 = Oreffo | first7 = R. O. C. | last8 = Dalby | first8 = M. J. }}</ref>
Ilmuwan telah sukses menggunaan nanobot berbasis [[DNA origami]] yang dapat membawa fungsi logika untuk mencapai penyampaian target obat pada kecoa. Dikatakan bahwa kemampuan komputasi nanobot ini dapat dinaikkan sampai setara [[Commodore 64]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nnano.2014.58| title = Universal computing by DNA origami robots in a living animal| journal = Nature Nanotechnology| volume = 9| issue = 5| pages = 353–357| year = 2014| last1 = Amir | first1 = Y. | last2 = Ben-Ishay | first2 = E. | last3 = Levner | first3 = D. | last4 = Ittah | first4 = S. | last5 = Abu-Horowitz | first5 = A. | last6 = Bachelet | first6 = I. |bibcode = 2014NatNa...9..353A }}</ref>
== Nanoteknologi di Indonesia ==
[[Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia]] telah mengembangkan nanoteknologi sejak tahun 2000-an namun belum mampu mengkomersilkannya. Hal yang paling mendasar dalam menghambat perkembangan teknologi nano di Indonesia adalah ketiadaan alat pengukuran ([[metrologi]]) nanomaterial. Bambang Subiyanto, Kepala Pusat Inovasi LIPI menyatakan bahwa sudah 13 tahun pengembangan nanoteknologi di Indonesia berjalan sehingga tahap yang dituju sekarang adalah komersialisasi produk nanomaterial berbasis kegiatan riset.<ref>Nanoteknologi: Pengembangan ke Metrologi Nanomaterial. KOMPAS, Senin, 22 Juli 2013. Hal 13.</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 17 ⟶ 153:
* [[Paul Alivisatos]]
* [[Chris Phoenix]]
=== Topik ===
* [[Pendidikan nanoteknologi]]
* [[Foresight Institute]]
* [[National Nanotechnology Initiative]]
Baris 27 ⟶ 161:
* [[MEMS]]
* [[lab-on-a-chip]]
* [[
* [[Rekayasa jaringan]]
* [[Immortality]]
* [[Bucky ball]]s
Baris 58 ⟶ 192:
* [[Nanocrystallites]]
* [[Nanorobotics]]
* [[Teknik molekuler]]
* [[Ilmu kedokteran nano]]
* [[Teknologi nano hijau]]
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
* Shanefield, Danile J. 1996. ''Organic Additives And Ceramic Processing''. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-9765-7.
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/3 What is Nanotechnology?] (A Vega/BBC/OU Video Discussion)
* [http://www.nanotecexpo.com.br/english Nanotec Expo]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Fair and Congress Latin American of Nanotechnology
* [http://topics.developmentgateway.org/nanotechnology Nanotechnology for Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201223053/http://topics.developmentgateway.org/nanotechnology |date=2005-12-01 }}
* [http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2005/030905/Nanotubes_boost_molecular_devices_Brief_030905.html Stanford University transistors]
* [http://mprc.pku.edu.cn/courses/architecture/spring2005/20nmpressfoils.pdf Intel prototypes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024080927/http://mprc.pku.edu.cn/courses/architecture/spring2005/20nmpressfoils.pdf |date=2005-10-24 }}
* [https://archive.today/20130628220737/http://news.com.com/Barrett+No+end+in+sight+for+Moores+Law/2100-1006_3-5594779.html News.com, March 1 2005 "Barrett: No end in sight for Moore's Law"]
* [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.html Drexler and Smalley make the case for and against 'molecular assemblers']
* [http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=7161 MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY: FULLY LOADED WITH BENEFITS AND RISKS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127141614/http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=7161 |date=2005-11-27 }}, by Mike Treder, published 2004 in [http://www.wfs.org/futurist.htm ''The Futurist''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101065129/http://www.wfs.org/futurist.htm |date=2012-01-01 }}
* Margaret E. Kosal, [http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art_ofn=so04kosal "Is Small Scary?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928053317/http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art_ofn=so04kosal |date=2006-09-28 }}, ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'', September/October 2004.
* [http://www.azonano.com/Materials.asp?Letter=_ Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials A to Z] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718072906/http://azonano.com/Materials.asp?Letter=_ |date=2005-07-18 }}
* [http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php?cat=65 Recent Developments In Nanotechnology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026210405/http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php?cat=65 |date=2005-10-26 }}
* [http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/0957-4484 Nanotechnology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222021522/http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/0957-4484 |date=2010-02-22 }}, electronic journal since [[1990]], available on web and CD-ROM.
* [http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/ Nano Letters], electronic journal published by American Chemical Society.
* [http://aspbs.com/jnn/ Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnolog]
* [http://www.aspbs.com/ctn/ Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience]
* [http://nanotechwire.com/ Nanotechnology news and related research]
* [http://www.NTalert.com/ Nanotechnology news links - updated daily] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229143517/http://www.ntalert.com/ |date=2018-12-29 }}
* [http://nanotech-now.com/ Nanotechnology basics, news, and general information]
* [http://www.smalltimes.com/ Small Times: News about MEMS, Nanotechnology and Microsystems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050920042134/http://www.smalltimes.com/ |date=2005-09-20 }}
* [http://nanotechweb.org nanotechweb.org: nanotechnology news, products, jobs, events and information]
* [http://www.memsnet.org/ The MEMS and Nanotechnology Clearinghouse / The world's most popular portal for Nanotechnology information, jobs, and events]
* [http://www.london-nano.ucl.ac.uk/ The London Centre for Nanotechnology / A research centre jointly set up by University College London and Imperial College London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903084047/http://www.london-nano.ucl.ac.uk/ |date=2006-09-03 }}
* [http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/ The California NanoSystems Institute]
* [http://www.mems-exchange.org/ The MEMS and Nanotechnology Exchange / A repository of Nanotechnology fabrication information]
* [http://smalley.rice.edu/ The Smalley Group / Carbon Nanotechnology Laboratory]
* [http://cben.rice.edu/ Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123080414/http://cben.rice.edu/ |date=2010-01-23 }}
* [http://bios.ewi.utwente.nl Bios: The Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Universiteit Twente ]
* [http://www.cnm.utexas.edu/ Center for Nano & Molecular Science & Technology- CNM at UT Austin]
* [http://cnst.rice.edu/ Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology at Rice University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609215608/http://cnst.rice.edu/ |date=2011-06-09 }}
* [http://biomems.uwaterloo.ca/ Advanced Micro/Nanodevices Lab at the University of Waterloo]
* [http://www.cns.cornell.edu/ Cornell University Center for Nanoscale Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050917095957/http://www.cns.cornell.edu/ |date=2005-09-17 }}
* [http://www.cnf.cornell.edu/ Cornell NanoScale Science & Technology Facility (CNF)]
* [http://www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/ MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology - Universiteit Twente]
* [http://www.ns.tudelft.nl The Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft]
* [http://www.uta.edu/engineering/nano/ NanoFab Research and Teaching Facility at the University of Texas at Arlington] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050901002527/http://www.uta.edu/engineering/nano/ |date=2005-09-01 }}
* [http://www.foresight.org/ Foresight Institute]
* [http://CRNano.org Center for Responsible Nanotechnology]
* [http://icon.rice.edu/ International Council on Nanotechnology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314002422/http://icon.rice.edu/ |date=2007-03-14 }}
* [http://www.MolecularAssembler.com Molecular Assembler website]
* [http://www.nanobuildings.com/ NanoBuildings - Buildings for Advanced Technology Workshops]
Baris 110 ⟶ 251:
* [http://www.nano.gov/ National Nanotechnology Initiative]
* [http://buckymesh.com/ Buckymesh] atomic level design of a very high strength-to-weight ratio material
* [http://www.nanotec2005.com/ Nanotec Congress in Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050909172204/http://www.nanotec2005.com/ |date=2005-09-09 }}
* [http://nprl.bham.ac.uk/ UK research]
* [http://www.wise-nano.org Wise-Nano] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105233308/http://wise-nano.org/ |date=2009-01-05 }} A Wiki project, initiated by the [http://crnano.org/ Center for Responsible Nanotechnology] and devoted to [[Molecular engineering|Molecular Manufacturing]]
* [http://www.etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=375 The Big Down] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209205650/http://www.etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=375 |date=2006-02-09 }} - The first Civil Society Critique of Nanoscale technologies from [http://www.etcgroup.org ETC Group]
* [[PNAS]] supplement: [http://www.pnas.org/content/vol99/suppl_2/ ''Nanoscience: Underlying Physical Concepts and Phenomena'']
* [http://www.nanomedicine.com Medical nanorobotics textbooks online]
* [http://www.zyvex.com/nano/ Nanotechnology by Dr.Ralph Merkle]
* [http://www.nanoindustries.com/ Nanotechnology Industries]
* [http://www.knhproductions.ca/nisnano/ Documentary on Nanotechnology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028202432/http://www.knhproductions.ca/nisnano/ |date=2005-10-28 }}
* [http://www.human-evolution.org/nano.php Nanotechnology: Is it Real?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119134314/http://human-evolution.org/nano.php |date=2005-11-19 }}
* [http://www.physorg.com/news3415.html Plasmons (Physorg)]
* [http://www.nanocrete.com nanotechnology applied to concrete manufacturing]
* [http://whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php/2005/06/22/nanoparticles_transport_cancer_killing_d Nanotechnology & Cancer Cures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026210952/http://whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php/2005/06/22/nanoparticles_transport_cancer_killing_d |date=2005-10-
{{Nanoteknologi}}{{Technology}}
[[Kategori:Teknologi nano| ]]
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