Neanderthal: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Taxobox
| name = | fossil_range = [[Pleistosen]]
| image = Neanderthalensis.jpg
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}}{{Linimasa manusia}}'''Neanderthal''' adalah anggota [[genus]] ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' yang telah punah dan berasal dari zaman [[Pleistosen]]. Spesimennya ditemukan di [[Eurasia]], dari [[Eropa Barat]] hingga [[Asia Tengah]] dan [[Asia Utara|Utara]]. Spesies ini dinamakan Neandertal sesuai dengan lokasi tempat pertama kali ditemukan di Jerman, Neandertal atau Lembah Neander.
Neanderthal dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai subspesies manusia (''Homo sapiens neanderthalensis'') atau spesies yang berbeda (''Homo neanderthalensis'').<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tattersall I, Schwartz JH |title=Hominids and hybrids: the place of Neanderthals in human evolution |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=96 |issue=13 |pages=7117–9 |year=1999 |pmid=10377375 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->| quote =on the view that these distinctive hominids merit species recognition in their own right as '''Homo neanderthalensis''' (e.g., refs. 4 and 5), at least as many still regard them as no more than a strange variant of our own species, '''Homo sapiens''' (6, 7)}}. Tersedia [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/96/13/7117 daring]</ref> Jejak proto-Neanderthal pertama muncul di Eropa 600.000–350.000 tahun yang lalu.<ref>{{cite journal | author = J. L. Bischoff et al. | year = 2003 | title = The Sima de los Huesos Hominids Date to Beyond U/Th Equilibrium (>350 kyr) and Perhaps to 400–500 kyr: New Radiometric Dates | journal = J. Archaeol. Sci. | issue = 30 | pages = 275 | volume = 30 | doi = 10.1006/jasc.2002.0834 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->}}</ref>
Pada situs-situs arkeologi Uluzzian (salah satu kelompok etnis dalam keluarga besar Neanderthal) di [[Italia Selatan]] telah ditemukan beragam peralatan hidup sehari-hari yang digunakan oleh Neanderthal.<ref name="satu" /> Peralatan tersebut meliputi alat memancing, berburu, proyektil, serta peralatan lain dari tulang dan batu.<ref name="satu" /> Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Neanderthal mampu berinovasi dan membuat teknologi baru.<ref name="satu" />
Neanderthal berpisah dari garis [[evolusi]] manusia sekitar 500.000 tahun yang lalu dan lenyap dari muka bumi sekitar 30.000 tahun yang lalu.<ref name="satu" /> Beberapa spekulasi yang diduga berkaitan dengan kepunahannya adalah Neanderthal mati dibunuh oleh manusia modern atau punah karena ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' lebih banyak dan aktif bereproduksi.<ref name="satu" /> Spekulasi lainnya adalah tiga kali letusan gunung berapi sekitar 40.000 tahun yang lalu di daerah [[Italia]] dan [[Pegunungan Kaukasus]] telah menyebabkan kepunahan Nanderthal.<ref name="satu">{{cite news
|work = The New York Times }}
</ref>
Beberapa kumpulan [[artefak]] telah dikaitkan dengan Neanderthal di Eropa. Paling awal, alat batu Mousterian, diperkirakan dari 300.000 tahun yang lalu.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Skinner, A., B. Blackwell, R. Long, M.R. Seronie-Vivien, A.-M. Tillier and J. Blickstein| title= New ESR dates for a new bone-bearing layer at Pradayrol, Lot, France| journal= Paleoanthropology Society | date=2007-03-28}}</ref> Artefak Mousterian terakhir ditemukan di Gua Gorham di pantai selatan Gibraltar.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature05195 |date=October 2006 |author=Finlayson, C; Pacheco, Fg; Rodríguez-Vidal, J; Fa, Da; Gutierrez, López, Jm; Santiago, Pérez, A; Finlayson, G; Allue, E; Baena, Preysler, J; Cáceres, I; Carrión, Js; Fernández, Jalvo, Y; Gleed-Owen, Cp; Jimenez, Espejo, Fj; López, P; López, Sáez, Ja; Riquelme, Cantal, Ja; Sánchez, Marco, A; Guzman, Fg; Brown, K; Fuentes, N; Valarino, Ca; Villalpando, A; Stringer, Cb; Martinez, Ruiz, F; Sakamoto, T |title=Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe |volume=443 |issue=7113 |pages=850–3 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=16971951 |journal=Nature|bibcode = 2006Natur.443..850F }}</ref> Di luar Eropa, alat-alat Mousterian dibuat oleh Neanderthals dan ''Homo sapiens'' awal modern.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Donald Johanson & Blake Edgar | year=2006| title= From Lucy to Language| journal= Simon & Schuster| page= 272}}</ref>
== Etimologi ==
Nama ''Neanderthal'' diambil dari nama [[Lembah Neandertal]], di [[Jerman]]; tempat penemuan spesimen pertama yang teridentifikasi. Lembah tersebut dieja ''Neanderthal'', sedangkan spesiesnya dieja ''Neanderthaler'' dalam [[bahasa Jerman]] hingga reformasi ejaan pada tahun 1901.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Howell|first=F. C.|year=1957|title=The Evolutionary Significance of Variation and Varieties of "Neanderthal" Man|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/401978|journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology|volume=32|issue=4|pages=330–347|doi=10.1086/401978|issn=0033-5770}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=|title=Neandertal oder Neanderthal? - Was ist denn nun richtig?|url=http://www.mettmann.de/neandertal/schreibweise.php|website=mettmann.de|trans-title=Neandertal atau Neanderthal? - Mana yang benar?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003095332/http://www.mettmann.de/neandertal/schreibweise.php|archive-date=3 Oktober 2006|access-date=22 Januari 2023}}</ref>
Pengejaan ''Neandertal'' untuk spesies ini terkadang muncul dalam [[bahasa Inggris]], bahkan dalam [[publikasi ilmiah]]. Namun, nama ilmiahnya, ''H. neanderthalensis'', selalu dieja dengan ''th'' sesuai dengan prinsip prioritas. Umumnya, spesies ini selalu disebut ''Neandertaler'' dalam bahasa Jerman, yang berarti "penghuni Lembah Neander". Sementara, kata ''Neandertal'' selalu merujuk pada lembah.<ref name=":0" /> Lembah itu sendiri namanya diambil dari [[Joachim Neander]]—seorang [[Teologi|teolog]] dan penulis lagu-lagu pujian dari Jerman pada akhir abad ke-17—yang sering mengunjungi daerah tersebut.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schmitz|first=Ralf W.|last2=dkk.|first2=|year=2002|title=The Neandertal type site revisited: Interdisciplinary investigations of skeletal remains from the Neander Valley, Germany|url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.192464099|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=99|issue=20|pages=13342–13347|doi=10.1073/pnas.192464099|issn=0027-8424|pmc=PMC130635|pmid=12232049}}</ref>
''Neanderthal'' dapat diucapkan dengan menggunakan /t/ (seperti pada [[Bantuan:IPA untuk bahasa Inggris|/niˈændərtɑːl/]]),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neanderthal|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/neanderthal|website=Collins English Dictionary|access-date=25 Januari 2023}}</ref> atau pelafalan bahasa Inggris standar ''th'' dengan frikatif [[Konsonan geser gigi nirsuara|/θ/]] (seperti [[Bantuan:IPA untuk bahasa Inggris|/niˈændərθɔːl/]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neanderthal|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Neanderthal|website=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|language=en|access-date=25 Januari 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Neanderthal|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Neanderthal|website=American Heritage Dictionary|access-date=25 Januari 2023}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Neanderthal excavation site.JPG|kiri|jmpl|230x230px|Situs Kleine Feldhofer Grotte tempat ditemukannya Neanderthal 1.]]
[[Spesimen tipe]] Neanderthal 1, dikenal sebagai "kranium Neanderthal" atau "tengkorak Neanderthal" dalam literatur [[Antropologi|antropologi;]] sedangkan individu yang direkonstruksi berdasarkan tengkorak tersebut terkadang disebut "manusia Neanderthal".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vogt|first=K. C.|last2=Hunt|first2=James|year=1864|url=https://archive.org/details/lecturesonmanhi00huntgoog/page/302/mode/2up?view=theater|title=Lectures on man; his place in creation, and in the history of the earth|publisher=London, Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts|pages=302, 473|others=|url-status=live}}</ref> Nama binomialnya ialah ''Homo neanderthalensis—''yang memperluas nama "manusia Neanderthal" dari spesimen individu ke semua spesies, dan secara resmi mengakui bahwa spesies ini berbeda dengan [[manusia]]—pertama kali diusulkan oleh [[ahli geologi]] Irlandia bernama [[William King]] dalam sebuah makalah yang dibacakan di [[British Science Association]] ke-33 pada 1863.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=King |first1=W. |author-link= |year=1864 |title=On the Neanderthal skull, or reasons for believing it to belong to the Clydian Period and to a species different from that represented by man |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29371003 |journal=Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Notices and Abstracts, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1863 |volume=33 |pages=81–82 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Murray|first=John|last2=dkk.|first2=|date=2015|title=The Contribution of William King to the Early Development of Palaeoanthropology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3318/ijes.2015.33.1|journal=Irish Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=33|pages=1–16|doi=10.3318/ijes.2015.33.1|issn=0790-1763}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Winner|first=A. K.|year=1964|title=Terminology|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/200469|journal=Current Anthropology|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=119–122|doi=10.1086/200469|issn=0011-3204}}</ref> Tahun berikutnya, pada 1864, ia mengusulkan agar Neanderthal dan manusia modern diklasifikasikan dalam genera yang berbeda setelah ia membandingkan tempurung otak Neanderthal dengan [[simpanse]]. Ia berargumen bahwa Neanderthal "tidak mampu memiliki konsepsi moral dan [<nowiki/>[[Teisme|teistik]]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=King|first=W.|date=1864|title=The reputed fossil man of the Neanderthal|url=https://afanporsaber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/The-reputed-fossil-man-of-the-Neanderthal.pdf|journal=Quarterly Journal of Science|volume=1|pages=96}}</ref>
== Budaya populer ==
[[Berkas:BlackTerror1636.jpg|jmpl|Manusia gua dalam ''The Black Terror #16'' (1946).]]
Neanderthal telah banyak muncul dalam budaya populer, antara lain dalam karya sastra, media visual, dan komedi. [[Arketipe]] "[[manusia gua]]" sering kali mengolok-olok Neanderthal dan menggambarkan mereka sebagai karakter primitif, bungkuk, menyeret buku-buku jari, menggunakan tongkat, mendengus, dan karakter [[asosial]] yang hanya dikendalikan oleh naluri binatang. "Neanderthal" juga digunakan sebagai kata hinaan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Papagianni|first=Dimitra|last2=Morse|first2=M. A.|year=2015|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=9As7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT171&redir_esc=y|title=The Neanderthals Rediscovered: How Modern Science Is Rewriting Their Story (The Rediscovered Series)|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-77311-6|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
Pada karya sastra, mereka terkadang digambarkan sebagai sosok yang kejam atau mengerikan, seperti dalam novel ''The Grisly Folk'' karya [[H. G. Wells]] dan ''The Animal Wife'' karya [[Elizabeth Marshall Thomas]]. Selain itu, mereka juga digambarkan sebagai sosok yang beradab, tetapi memiliki budaya yang tidak lazim, seperti pada novel ''The Inheritors'' karya [[William Golding]], ''Dance of the Tiger'' karya [[Björn Kurtén]], serta ''Clan of the Cave Bear'' dan seri ''Earth's Children'' karya [[Jean M. Auel]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Drell|first=J. R. R.|year=2000|title=Neanderthals: A History of Interpretation|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0092.00096|journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1111/1468-0092.00096|issn=0262-5253}}</ref>
== Referensi ==
{{reflist/2}}
== Pranala luar ==
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{{wikispecies|Homo neanderthalensis}}
* [http://www.eva.mpg.de/ Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]
* [http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/neand.htm Smithsonian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911153749/http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/neand.htm |date=11 September 2007}}
* [http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homoneaderthalensis.htm Archaelogy Info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226112020/http://archaeologyinfo.com/homo-neanderthalensis/ |date=26 Desember 2018}}
* [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humanevolution/neanderthalensis.html MNSU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023093713/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humanevolution/neanderthalensis.html |date=23 Oktober 2010 }}
* [http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/814 "Humans and Neanderthals interbred"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222210101/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/814 |date=22 Februari 2009 }}: Modern humans contain a little bit of Neanderthal, according to a new theory, because the two interbred and became one species. (''Cosmos'' magazine, November 2006)
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_323000/323657.stm BBC.co.uk] - 'Neanderthals "mated with modern humans": A hybrid skeleton showing features of both Neanderthal and early modern humans has been discovered, challenging the theory that our ancestors drove Neanderthals to extinction', [[BBC]] (
:* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2884801.stm BBC.co.uk] - 'Neanderthals "had hands like ours": The popular image of Neanderthals as clumsy, backward creatures has been dealt another blow', Helen Briggs, BBC (
* [http://sapphire.indstate.edu/~ramanank/ IndState.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010303220917/http://thunder.indstate.edu/~ramanank/ |date=3 Maret 2001 }} - 'Neanderthals: A Cyber Perspective', Kharlena María Ramanan, [[Indiana State University]] (1997)
* [http://www.krapina.com/neandertals/index_en.htm Krapina.com] - '[[Krapina]]: The World's Largest Neanderthal Finding Site'
* [http://www.neanderthal.de/ Neanderthal.de] - 'Neanderthal Museum'
* [http://www.isogg.org/neanderthaldna.htm Neanderthal DNA] - 'Neanderthal DNA' Includes Neanderthal mtDNA sequences
* [http://www.newanimal.org/neandertals.htm The Cryptid Zoo] - 'Neanderthals and Neanderthaloids in Cryptozoology' (modern sightings promoted by the [[pseudoscience]] of [[cryptozoology]])
* [http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/staff/zolli/CAP/comparingNeand.htm UniZH.ch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513205531/http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/staff/zolli/CAP/comparingNeand.htm |date=13 Mei 2007 }} - 'Comparing Neanderthals and modern humans: Neanderthals differ from anatomically modern Homo sapiens in a suite of cranial features' (cranio-facial reconstructions), Institut für Informatik der [[Universität Zürich]]
* [http://www.panoramio.com/photo/322489 Panoramio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724105955/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/322489 |date=24 Juli 2018 }} - 'IMG_6922 The Neandertal foot prints' (photo of ~25K years old fossilized footprints discovered in 1970 on volcanic layers near [[Demirkopru Dam]] Reservoir, [[Manisa]], [[Turkey]])
* [https://nespos-live01.pxpgroup.com/display/openspace/Home interactive database on the archaeology and anthropology of Neanderthals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929093141/https://nespos-live01.pxpgroup.com/display/openspace/Home |date=29 September 2007 }}
* [http://www.newswise.com/p/articles/view/510666/ Did free trade cause the extinction of Neanderthals?]
* [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/25/16122 Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA can show conflicting phylogenetic histories]
* [http://eja.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/4/3/385 Neanderthal manifactured pitch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523120612/http://eja.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/4/3/385 |date=23 Mei 2008 }}
* [http://anthro.amnh.org/anthropology/research/recon_wiki.htm ''Homo neanderthalensis'' reconstruction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926070422/http://anthro.amnh.org/anthropology/research/recon_wiki.htm |date=26 September 2006 }} - Electronic articles published by the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060914110943/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/09/13/ap/tech/mainD8K43TS81.shtml CBS article on latest scientific speculation about Neanderthals in Gibraltar.]
* [http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/11/15/neanderthal.ap/index.html Neanderthal bone gives DNA clues]
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15732243/ Scientists decode Neanderthal genes]
* [http://www.livescience.com/history/050310_neanderthal_reconstruction.html Scientists Build 'Frankenstein' Neanderthal Skeleton]
* [http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2006/06/06/182.aspx A NEANDERTHAL'S DNA TALE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306083028/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2006/06/06/182.aspx |date=6 Maret 2008 }}
* [http://www.boneandstone.com 'Bone and Stone'] A digitally enhanced single frame philatelic exhibit dedicated to the Neanderthal.
* [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7120/abs/nature05314.html How Neanderthal molar teeth grew]
* [http://worldmuseumofman.org/mousterianeuropeanartifacts1.htm Mousterian Tools of Neanderthals From Europe - World Museum of Man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203042049/http://www.worldmuseumofman.org/mousterianeuropeanartifacts1.htm |date=3 Februari 2010 }}
* [http://www.aulis.com/twothirds2.htm The Way We Are]
* [http://www.panoramio.com/photo/322489 Link to picture of the Neanderthal trace near Gediz River in Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724105955/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/322489 |date=24 Juli 2018 }}
* [http://www.panoramio.com/photo/5579262 Link to Cross-Eyed stereoview of Neanderthal fossil cast in Chicago Field Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224010211/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/5579262 |date=24 Februari 2009 }}
* {{id}} [http://www.kesimpulan.com/2011/07/homo-sapiens-mendesak-homo.html Homo sapiens Mendesak Homo neanderthalensis Keluar dari Eropa]
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[[Kategori:Arkeologi Eropa]]
[[Kategori:Paleoantropologi]]
[[Kategori:Evolusi manusia]]
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