Neanderthal

Manusia Neanderthal; Rentang fosil: Pleistosen
	Kerangka Manusia Neanderthal, AMNH
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Kelas:	Mammalia
Ordo:	Primates
Famili:	Hominidae
Genus:	Homo
Spesies:	H. neanderthalensis
Nama binomial
	Homo neanderthalensis; King, 1864
Sinonim
	Palaeoanthropus neanderthalensis; H. s. neanderthalensis

Neanderthal adalah anggota genus Homo yang telah punah dan berasal dari zaman Pleistosen. Spesimennya ditemukan di Eropa dan Asia Barat dan Tengah. Neanderthal dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai subspesies manusia (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) atau spesies yang berbeda (Homo neanderthalensis).^[1] Jejak proto-Neanderthal pertama muncul di Eropa 600.000–350.000 tahun yang lalu.^[2]

Pada situs-situs arkeologi Uluzzian (salah satu kelompok etnis dalam keluarga besar Neanderthal) di Italia Selatan telah ditemukan beragam peralatan hidup sehari-hari yang digunakan oleh Neanderthal.^[3] Peralatan tersebut meliputi alat memancing, berburu, proyektil, serta peralatan lain dari tulang dan batu.^[3] Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Neanderthal mampu berinovasi dan membuat teknologi baru.^[3]

Neanderthal berpisah dari garis evolusi manusia sekitar 500.000 tahun yang lalu dan lenyap dari muka bumi sekitar 30.000 tahun yang lalu.^[3] dua spekulasi yang diduga berkaitan dengan kepunahannya adalah Neanderthal mati dibunuh oleh manusia modern atau punah karena Homo sapiens lebih banyak dan aktif bereproduksi dan karena intelektual yang lebih tinggi.

|first = 
|last = 
|author = Kompas, The New York Times, Discovery News, Science Daily
|title = Antropologi: Neanderthal Juga "Manusia"
|page = 14
|date = 2 Oktober 2010
|accessdate = 
|quote =

}} </ref>

Catatan kaki

^ Tattersall I, Schwartz JH (1999). "Hominids and hybrids: the place of Neanderthals in human evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (13): 7117–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117. PMID 10377375. on the view that these distinctive hominids merit species recognition in their own right as Homo neanderthalensis (e.g., refs. 4 and 5), at least as many still regard them as no more than a strange variant of our own species, Homo sapiens (6, 7) Available on-line
^ J. L. Bischoff; et al. (2003). "The Sima de los Huesos Hominids Date to Beyond U/Th Equilibrium (>350 kyr) and Perhaps to 400–500 kyr: New Radiometric Dates". J. Archaeol. Sci. 30 (30): 275. doi:10.1006/jasc.2002.0834.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama satu

Pranala luar

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Smithsonian
Archaelogy Info
MNSU
"Humans and Neanderthals interbred": Modern humans contain a little bit of Neanderthal, according to a new theory, because the two interbred and became one species. (Cosmos magazine, November 2006)
BBC.co.uk - 'Neanderthals "mated with modern humans": A hybrid skeleton showing features of both Neanderthal and early modern humans has been discovered, challenging the theory that our ancestors drove Neanderthals to extinction', BBC (April 21, 1999)

BBC.co.uk - 'Neanderthals "had hands like ours": The popular image of Neanderthals as clumsy, backward creatures has been dealt another blow', Helen Briggs, BBC (March 27, 2003)

IndState.edu - 'Neanderthals: A Cyber Perspective', Kharlena María Ramanan, Indiana State University (1997)
Krapina.com - 'Krapina: The World's Largest Neanderthal Finding Site'
Neanderthal.de - 'Neanderthal Museum'
Neanderthal DNA - 'Neanderthal DNA' Includes Neanderthal mtDNA sequences
The Cryptid Zoo - 'Neanderthals and Neanderthaloids in Cryptozoology' (modern sightings promoted by the pseudoscience of cryptozoology)
UniZH.ch - 'Comparing Neanderthals and modern humans: Neanderthals differ from anatomically modern Homo sapiens in a suite of cranial features' (cranio-facial reconstructions), Institut für Informatik der Universität Zürich
WebShots.com - 'IMG_6922 The Neandertal foot prints' (photo of ~25K years old fossilized footprints discovered in 1970 on volcanic layers near Demirkopru Dam Reservoir, Manisa, Turkey)
interactive database on the archaeology and anthropology of Neanderthals
Did free trade cause the extinction of Neanderthals?
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA can show conflicting phylogenetic histories
Neanderthal manifactured pitch
Homo neanderthalensis reconstruction - Electronic articles published by the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.
CBS article on latest scientific speculation about Neanderthals in Gibraltar.
Neanderthal bone gives DNA clues
Scientists decode Neanderthal genes
Scientists Build 'Frankenstein' Neanderthal Skeleton
A NEANDERTHAL'S DNA TALE
'Bone and Stone' A digitally enhanced single frame philatelic exhibit dedicated to the Neanderthal.
How Neanderthal molar teeth grew
Mousterian Tools of Neanderthals From Europe - World Museum of Man
The Way We Are
Link to picture of the Neanderthal trace near Gediz River in Turkey
Link to Cross-Eyed stereoview of Neanderthal fossil cast in Chicago Field Museum
(Indonesia) Homo sapiens Mendesak Homo neanderthalensis Keluar dari Eropa

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[1] Tattersall I, Schwartz JH (1999). "Hominids and hybrids: the place of Neanderthals in human evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (13): 7117–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117. PMID 10377375. on the view that these distinctive hominids merit species recognition in their own right as Homo neanderthalensis (e.g., refs. 4 and 5), at least as many still regard them as no more than a strange variant of our own species, Homo sapiens (6, 7) Available on-line

[2] J. L. Bischoff; et al. (2003). "The Sima de los Huesos Hominids Date to Beyond U/Th Equilibrium (>350 kyr) and Perhaps to 400–500 kyr: New Radiometric Dates". J. Archaeol. Sci. 30 (30): 275. doi:10.1006/jasc.2002.0834.

[satu-3] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama satu

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