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Negara Islam Irak dan Syam: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(18 revisi perantara oleh 2 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 4:
{{Infobox war faction
| name = Negara Islam Irak dan Syam
| native_name = {{lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية}}<br />''{{transliteration|ar|ad-DawlahDaulah al-Islāmiyah}}''
| war = {{ubl|[[Perang Irak]] (2003–2011)|[[Pemberontakan Irak (2011–2013)|Pemberontakan Irak]]|[[Perang Saudara Suriah]]|[[Perang Saudara Irak (2014–2017)]]|[[Perang Saudara Libya Kedua]]|[[Pemberontakan Boko Haram]]|[[Perang di Pakistan Barat Daya]]|[[Perang di Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Perang di Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]|[[Perang Saudara Yaman (2015–sekarang)|Perang Saudara Yaman]]|''[[Daftar perang dan pertempuran yang melibatkan ISIS|Konflik lainnya...]]''}}
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Baris 48:
* [[Genosida umat Kristen oleh Negara Islam Irak dan Syam|Anti-Kristen]]<ref name="Baele 2019" /><ref>{{cite web |title=From Cairo to Berlin: Why is ISIS Targeting Christians?|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/from-cairo-to-berlin-why-is-isis-targeting-christians|first=Muhammad|last=Soliman |work=Fikra Forum |publisher=[[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] |date=20 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/isis-uses-these-parts-in-quran-to-justify-anti-christian-violence-2014-7|title=Here Are The Parts Of The Quran That ISIS Uses To Justify Violence Against Iraqi Christians |date=25 July 2014 |first=Hicham Bou |last=Nassif |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Daesh Lay Claim To Target Killing Of Christian, Sikh Men In Peshawar |url=https://voicepk.net/2023/04/daesh-lay-claim-to-target-killing-of-christian-sikh-men-in-peshawar/ |website=Voice PK |location=Pakistan |language=English |date=April 3, 2023 |quote=Dayal Singh, a Sikh trader, and Kashif Masih, a Christian sanitary worker, were gunned down in different incidents on March 31 and April 1 respectively. Separately, a Hindu ophthalmologist and former senior director of health at the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC), Dr. Birbal Genani was also shot dead by unknown assailants along the Lyari Expressway in Karachi on March 30.}}</ref>
* [[Anti-Hinduisme]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS claims responsibility for killing of Hindu priest in Bangladesh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/21/isis-claim-responsibility-killing-hindu-priest-bangladesh |website=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305134156/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/21/isis-claim-responsibility-killing-hindu-priest-bangladesh |archive-date=5 March 2022 |date=21 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Hindus need to be targeted in mass numbers in India', says militant in Islamic State magazine |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/hindus-need-to-be-targeted-in-mass-numbers-in-india-says-militant-in-islamic-state-magazine-2729056.html |website=Firstpost |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305134909/https://www.firstpost.com/world/hindus-need-to-be-targeted-in-mass-numbers-in-india-says-militant-in-islamic-state-magazine-2729056.html |archive-date=5 March 2022 |date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS threatens to rid India of Hindus in latest issue of its magazine |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/isis-threatens-rid-india-hindus-latest-issue-its-magazine-2070059.html?story=1 |website=One India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311112721/https://www.oneindia.com/india/isis-threatens-rid-india-hindus-latest-issue-its-magazine-2070059.html?story=1 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=11 killed in Kabul gurdwara attack, IS claims responsibility |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/gunmen-attack-sikh-religious-gathering-in-kabul-killing-4/articleshow/74804271.cms |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121091910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/gunmen-attack-sikh-religious-gathering-in-kabul-killing-4/articleshow/74804271.cms |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |date=March 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS threatens India, Hindus with bloodshed; Claims role in Coimbatore, Mangaluru blasts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/news/isis-threatens-india-hindus-with-bloodshed-claims-role-in-coimbatore-mangaluru-blasts-101678136712471.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=March 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS claims attack on Sikhs, Hindus in Afghanistan |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/isis-claims-attack-on-sikhs-hindus-in-afghanistan-1.3997293 |website=CTV News |language=English |date=July 2, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Anti-LGBTqLGBT]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-Gay Rhetoric in English-Language ISIS and Al Qaeda Magazines |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=15 June 2016 |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/anti-gay-rhetoric-in-english-language-isis-and-al-qaeda-magazines}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS's Persecution of Gay People |website=[[Counter Extremism Project]] |date=May 2017 |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/content/isis-persecution-gay-people |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023103356/https://www.counterextremism.com/content/isis-persecution-gay-people |archive-date=23 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Islamic State's shocking war on homosexuals |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/the-islamic-states-shocking-war-on-homosexuals/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217131006/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/the-islamic-states-shocking-war-on-homosexuals/ |archive-date=17 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What ISIS Is Saying About the Orlando Shooter |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/vdbke8/what-isis-is-saying-about-the-orlando-shooter |website=Vice |date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141201/https://www.vice.com/en/article/vdbke8/what-isis-is-saying-about-the-orlando-shooter |archive-date=8 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS targets gay people using Facebook and phone contacts |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/2184492/isis-targets-gay-people-using-facebook-and-phone-contacts-iraqi-refugee-tells-un/ |website=Global News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219033530/https://globalnews.ca/news/2184492/isis-targets-gay-people-using-facebook-and-phone-contacts-iraqi-refugee-tells-un/ |archive-date=19 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inside look at ISIS' brutal persecution of gays |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-persecution-gay-men-murder-lgbt-muslim-society/ |publisher=CBS News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311111716/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-persecution-gay-men-murder-lgbt-muslim-society/ |archive-date=11 March 2022 |date=2 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amid brazen, deadly attacks, gay Syrians tell of fear of ISIS persecution |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/03/05/middleeast/isis-lgbt-persecution/ |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311112157/https://www.cnn.com/2015/03/05/middleeast/isis-lgbt-persecution/ |archive-date=11 March 2022 |date=6 March 2015}}</ref>
* [[Antisemitisme]]{{efn|Berdasarkan sejumlah sumber:<ref name="Baele 2019" /><ref name="Rickenbacher 2019" /><ref name="ADL 13 March 2015">*{{cite web |title=Under Attack, ISIS Threatens Jews and Israel |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |date=13 March 2015 |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/under-attack-isis-threatens-jews-and-israel |access-date=9 February 2023 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321134124/https://www.adl.org/blog/under-attack-isis-threatens-jews-and-israel |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web |title=ISIS Promotes Murdering Jews in New Online Campaign |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |date=20 October 2015 |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/isis-promotes-murdering-jews-in-new-online-campaign |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023103947/https://www.adl.org/blog/isis-promotes-murdering-jews-in-new-online-campaign |archive-date=23 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS calls on operatives to target Jews with chemical weapons |url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/ISIS-We-need-to-conquer-Israeli-settlements-start-targeting-Jews-615535 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=English |date=January 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS threatens Jews, Israel with 'big war' in second Hebrew video |url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Watch-ISIS-threatens-Jews-Israel-with-big-war-in-second-Hebrew-video-431753 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=English |date=November 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Turkey arrests ISIS members allegedly targeting Istanbul synagogues |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/02/06/global/turkey-arrests-isis-members-allegedly-targeting-istanbul-synagogues |website=Jewish Telegraph Agency |language=English |date=February 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS Sympathizers Suspected of Bomb Plot on Northern Israeli High School |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-10-02/ty-article/.highlight/isis-sympathizers-suspected-of-bomb-plot-in-northern-israeli-high-school-arrested/00000183-97cc-d7ae-afe7-dfef23260000 |website=Haaretz |language=English |date=October 2, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic State urges attacks against Jews in effort to thwart Trump plan |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-israel-palestinians-plan-militants-idUKKBN1ZQ1O5 |website=Reuters |language=English |date=January 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS Plans Attacks on Jewish Children in Turkey |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/isis-plans-attacks-on-jewish-children-in-turkey-2016-3 |website=Business Insider |language=English |date=March 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS suspects planned attacks on Jews in Mumbai |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isis-suspects-planned-attacks-on-jews-in-mumbai-gujarat-ats--131749 |website=Wionews |language=English |date=April 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS Suicide Bombers at Brussels Airport 'Targeted U.S. Airline, Jews' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/isis-suicide-bombers-brussels-airport-targeted-us-airline-jews-547371 |website=Newsweek |language=English |date=January 24, 2017 |quote=The suicide bombers who attacked Brussels airport last year, killing 16 people, were targeting an American airline, its passengers and Jewish people, according to a report citing sources close to the investigation. Another source said that Laachraoui was standing among dozens of students before changing tack and following two Hasidic Jews, usually recognizable by their long beards, sidecurls known as peyot and dark overclothes. "The attacker seemed to rush towards two Orthodox Jews," the source said. "He really, clearly wanted to kill a Jew."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic State Unleashes Propaganda Blitz Calling for Attacks Against Jews |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/neyenz/islamic-state-unleashes-propaganda-blitz-calling-for-attacks-against-jews |website=Vice News |language=English |date=October 19, 2015 |quote=The Islamic State released a series of videos Sunday praising attacks against Jews in Israel and encouraging more violence.}}</ref>}}
Baris 79:
| founder = [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{Cite news |first=Jason M. |last=Breslow |title=Who Was the Founder of ISIS? |date=17 May 2016 |work=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/who-was-the-founder-of-isis/}}</ref>
| leaders = {{plainlist|
* '''Pemimpin''':<!-- e.g. "Chair", "President", etc. but not Caliph --> <br>[[Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]
* '''Mantan pemimpin:''': <br>[[Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi]]{{KIA}}<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/islamic-state-confirms-death-its-leader-names-his-replacement-2023-08-03/ "Islamic State Confirms Death of Its Leader, Names Replacement"] (3 August 2023). ''[[Reuters]]''. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</ref><ref name="reuters new chief">{{cite news |date=10 March 2022 |title=Islamic state confirms death of its leader, names new chief |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/islamic-state-confirms-death-its-leader-names-new-chief-2022-03-10/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-30 |title=Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: MİT, DEAŞ'ın sözde liderini etkisiz hale getirdi |trans-title=President Erdoğan: The so-called leader of the terrorist organization DAESH was neutralized by the operation carried out by the MIT in Syria. |url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-mit-deasin-sozde-liderini-etkisiz-hale-getirdi-763852.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=[[TRT Haber]] |language=tr}}</ref> <br>[[Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]{{KIA}}<ref name="Kourdi-death-CNN">{{cite news |last1=Kourdi |first1=Eyad |title=ISIS acknowledges the death of its leader, announces his successor |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/30/middleeast/isis-leader-dies-intl/index.html |access-date=18 June 2023 |publisher=CNN |date=30 November 2022}}</ref> <br>[[Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi-confirmation/islamic-state-confirms-baghdadi-is-dead-appoints-successor-idUSKBN1XA25A |title=Islamic State confirms Baghdadi is dead, appoints successor |publisher=Reuters |date=31 October 2019}}</ref> <br>[[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Alissa J. |title=Militant Leader in Rare Appearance in Iraq |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/world/asia/iraq-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-sermon-video.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 July 2014}}</ref>
* '''Wakil pemimpin di Irak''': <br>[[Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi]]<ref name="Al-Tamimi's Blog">{{cite web |url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2016/01/an-account-of-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-islamic-state |title=An Account of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi & Islamic State Succession Lines |first=Aymenn Jawad |last=Al-Tamimi |work=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog |date=24 January 2016}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}}
* '''Wakil pemimpin di Suriah''': <br>Maher al-Agal{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic State Syria chief Maher al-Agal killed in US drone strike: Pentagon |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-state-syria-chief-maher-al-agal-killed-in-us-drone-strike-pentagon-10902571.html|date=June 13, 2022}}</ref>
* '''Wakil pemimpin di Libya''': <br>[[Abdul Qader al-Najdi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security/eastern-libyan-forces-say-they-killed-islamic-state-leader-idUSKCN26E3BW? |title=Eastern Libyan forces say they killed Islamic State leader |publisher=Reuters |date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
* '''Panglima militer''': <br>Abu Saleh al-Obaidi{{r|Al-Tamimi's Blog}}{{better source needed|date=May 2022}}
* '''Ketua Dewan Syura''': <br>Abu Arkan al-Ameri<ref>{{cite news |title=ISIS Leadership |url=http://apps.frontline.org/isis-leadership/ |access-date=14 August 2015 |work=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[PBS]] |year=2015}}</ref>
* '''Kepala operasi militer Suriah''': <br>[[Abu Omar al-Shishani]]{{KIA}}{{r|brookings2014}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Chad |last=Garland |date=14 July 2016 |title=Islamic State says top commander is dead; Pentagon unsure |work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/islamic-state-says-top-commander-is-dead-pentagon-unsure-1.419088}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Will |last=Worley |date=13 July 2016 |title=Isis confirms death of hugely popular 'minister of war' Omar al-Shishani |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-confirms-death-of-hugely-popular-minister-of-war-omar-al-shishani-a7135446.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Barbara |date=15 March 2016 |title=U.S. assesses ISIS operative Omar al-Shishani is dead |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/14/politics/u-s-confirms-death-of-isis-operative-omar-al-shishani/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batirashvili |url=https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/tarkhan_batirashvili.html |website=Rewards for Justice |publisher=U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security |date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518171047/https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/tarkhan_batirashvili.html |archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
* '''Menteri Perang''': <br>[[Gulmurod Khalimov]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/minister-war-killed-syria-air-attack-says-russia-1141444390 |title=IS 'minister of war' killed in Syria air attack, claims Russia |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gulmurod Khalimov |url=https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/gulmurod_khalimov.html |work=[[Rewards for Justice]] |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421113857/https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/gulmurod_khalimov.html |archive-date=21 April 2021}}</ref>
* '''Menteri Keuangan''': <br>Sami Jasim Muhammad al-Jaburi{{POW}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2021|title=Iraqi forces capture deputy of IS slain leader Baghdadi – PM|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraqi-forces-capture-deputy-is-slain-leader-baghdadi-pm-2021-10-11/|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref>
* '''Menteri PeneranganKomunikasi, Informasi, dan Propaganda''': <br>[[Abu Muhammad al-Furqan]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |title=IS confirms death of propaganda chief Abu Mohammed al-Furqan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37619225 |publisher=BBC News |date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
* '''Juru bicara:''' <br>Abu Huthaifa al-Ansari
* '''Mantan juru bicara''': <br>[[Abu Mohammad al-Adnani]]{{KIA}}{{r|Chulov310816}}<ref name=brookings2014>*{{cite web |year=2014 |first=Charles |last=Lister |title=Islamic State Senior Leadership: Who's Who |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2014/11/profiling-islamic-state-lister/en_whos_who.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328114112/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2014/11/profiling-islamic-state-lister/en_whos_who.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2016 }}
*{{cite news |date=29 June 2014 |title=Here's What We Know About the 'Caliph' of the New Islamic State |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/heres-what-we-know-about-the-caliph-of-the-new-islamic-state-2014-6 |agency=AFP |work=[[Business Insider]] }}
*{{cite news |date=29 June 2014 |title=ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as Islamic State |work=Jihadist News |publisher=[[SITE Intelligence Group]] |url=http://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/isis-spokesman-declares-caliphate-rebrands-group-as-islamic-state.html |access-date=23 July 2014 |archive-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629194932/https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/isis-spokesman-declares-caliphate-rebrands-group-as-islamic-state.html |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite news |date=12 September 2016 |title=Pentagon Confirms U.S. Strike in Syria Killed ISIL Leader |work=DoD News |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |url=http://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/941787/pentagon-confirms-US-strike-in-Syria-killed-isil-leader }}</ref> <br>Abu Hamza al-Qurashi{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |author=<!-- staff writer(s); no by-line --> |title= Islamic State group names its new leader as Abu Ibrahim al-Hashemi |publisher=BBC News |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50254785|date= 31 October 2019|access-date= 1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=3 min |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220310-islamic-state-names-new-leader-confirms-death-of-predecessor |title=Islamic State names new leader, confirms death of predecessor |publisher=France24.com |date=2022-03-10 |accessdate=2022-03-14}}</ref> <br>Abu Umar al-Muhajir{{POW}}<ref name="reuters new chief"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/islamic-state-group-leader-killed-al-qaida-linked-101989494|title=The Islamic State group says its leader was killed by militants in Syria and names his successor|first=Bassem|last=Mroue|website=ABC News|date=3 August 2023}}</ref><br>Abu Nuradin Rustamov{{KIA}}}}
}}
| headquarters = ''Tidak diketahui'' (Maret 2019 – sekarang) {{Collapsible list| title = Bekas
| [[Baqubah]], Irak (2006–2007)
Baris 186 ⟶ 185:
|{{flagcountry|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}{{r|elpais}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Bosnia donates 550 tonnes of arms to Iraq, more may follow: minister |publisher=Reuters |date=16 March 2015 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-bosnia-idUSKBN0MC1EJ20150316}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Brazil}}<ref>{{cite news |first1=Simon |last1=Romero |first2=Michael |last2=Schmidt |title=As ISIS Posts in Portuguese, U.S. and Brazil Bolster Olympics Security |work=The New York Times |date=1 August 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/world/americas/rio-de-janeiro-olympics-terrorism-brazil.html}}</ref>
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
Baris 246:
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Barcelona Terror Alert Coincides with New Spanish-Language ISIS Threats |first=Bridget |last=Johnson |date=30 December 2018 |work=Homeland Security Today |url=https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/terrorism-study/barcelona-terror-alert-coincides-with-new-spanish-language-isis-threats/}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka bombings: Isis claims responsibility for deadly church and hotel attacks on Easter Sunday |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-bombings-isis-terror-church-attack-easter-islamic-state-a8882231.html |work=The Independent |date=23 April 2019}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Sudan}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Sudan Selatan}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Sweden}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Switzerland}}{{r|elpais}}
Baris 308 ⟶ 310:
}}
 
'''Negara Islam Irak dan Syam''' ('''NIIS''' atau ''ISIL''; {{lang-ar|الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام|Ad-Daulah al-Islāmiyyah fil-'Irāq wasy-Syām}}), juga dikenal dengan nama '''Negara Islam Irak dan Suriah''' ('''NIIS''' atau ''ISIS'', {{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|s|i|s}}), '''Negara Islam Irak dan asy-Syam''',<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate"/> '''Daesh''', atau '''Negara Islam''' ('''NI''' atau ''IS''),<ref name="What is IS">{{cite news|title=What is Islamic State?|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29052144|publisher=BBC News|date=26 September 2014|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> adalah kelompok militan [[ekstremisme Islam|ekstremis]] dan bekas [[proto-negara]] tidak diakui yang mengikuti doktrin [[Jihadisme salafi|jihadisme Salafi]]. {{As of|2015|12}}, NIIS menguasai wilayah dari Irak barat hingga Suriah timur yang diperkirakan berpenduduk 8–12 juta orang. Lewat kelompok lokalnya, NIIS juga menguasai wilayah kecil di [[Libya]], [[Nigeria]], dan [[Afghanistan]]. Kelompok ini juga beroperasi atau memiliki afiliasi di berbagai wilayah dunia, termasuk [[Afrika Utara]] dan [[Asia Selatan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kurds accused of 'ethnic cleansing' by Syria rebels|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/kurds-accused-ethnic-cleansing-syria-rebels-isis/|accessdate=22 June 2015|publisher=CBS News|date=15 June 2015}}<br />Islamic State is not a state, since it lacks international recognition. See: {{cite web | title = Statehood (international law) | url = https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/statehood_international_law | website = [[Wex]] | publisher = [[Cornell University]] | accessdate = 20 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/13/us-mideast-crisis-syria-icrc-idUSKBN0M921N20150313|title=Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross|agency=Reuters|accessdate=25 June 2015|date=13 March 2015|archive-date=2015-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113200347/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/13/us-mideast-crisis-syria-icrc-idUSKBN0M921N20150313|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="reuters-turfwar">{{cite news|title=Exclusive: In turf war with Afghan Taliban, Islamic State loyalists gain ground|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/29/us-afghanistan-islamic-state-idUSKCN0P91EN20150629|agency=Reuters|date=29 June 2015|accessdate=6 October 2015|archive-date=2015-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707211528/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/29/us-afghanistan-islamic-state-idUSKCN0P91EN20150629|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Militant Attack and Support Zones in Afghanistan">{{cite news|title=Militant Attack and Support Zones in Afghanistan|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Militant%20Sanctuary%20in%20Afghanistan%20Map_090915%20%283%29_0.pdf|agency=Institute for the Study of War|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=22 September 2015|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060400/http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Militant%20Sanctuary%20in%20Afghanistan%20Map_090915%20%283%29_0.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Pakistani Taliban pledges allegiance to ISIL">{{cite news|title=Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/18/us-pakistan-militants-is-idUSKCN0J20YQ20141118|agency=Reuters|date=18 November 2014|accessdate=19 November 2014|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225121325/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-militants-is/pakistan-taliban-splinter-group-vows-allegiance-to-islamic-state-idUSKCN0J20YQ20141118|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="ISIL gains supporters"/>
 
Dalam bahasa Arab, kelompok ini dikenal dengan nama ''{{transl|ar|ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sy-Syām}}'' sehingga terciptalah kata '''Da'isy''' atau '''Daesh''' ({{lang|ar|داعش}}, {{IPA-ar|ˈdaːʕiʃ}}),<ref name="DAESH shift"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freewordcentre.com/blog/2015/02/daesh-isis-media-alice-guthrie/ |title=Decoding Daesh: Why is the new name for ISIS so hard to understand? |first=Alice |last=Guthrie |date=19 February 2015 |accessdate=15 November 2015 |work=Free Word Centre |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117000440/https://www.freewordcentre.com/blog/2015/02/daesh-isis-media-alice-guthrie/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> singkatan "NIIS" dalam bahasa Arab. Pada tanggal 29 Juni 2014, kelompok ini menyatakan dirinya sebagai [[negara Islam]] sekaligus [[kekhalifahan dunia]] yang dipimpin oleh [[khalifah]] [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] dan berganti nama menjadi ''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah'' ({{lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية}}, {{transl|id|"Negara Islam" (NI)}}. Sebagai kekhalifahan, NIIS mengklaim kendali agama, politik, dan militer atas semua Muslim di seluruh dunia, dan "keabsahan semua keamiran, kelompok, negara, dan organisasi tidak diakui lagi setelah kekuasaan khilāfah meluas dan pasukannya tiba di wilayah mereka".<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate"/><ref name="newname">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-declares-new-islamic-state-in-middle-east-with-abu-bakr-albaghdadi-as-emir-removing-iraq-and-syria-from-its-name-9571374.html|last=Withnall|first=Adam|title=Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East|date=29 June 2014|accessdate=29 June 2014|work=The Independent|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Roggio|author-link=Bill Roggio|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/06/isis_announces_formation_of_ca.php|title=ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State'|work=[[Long War Journal]]|date=29 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="The Week">{{cite news|title = Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: The man who would be caliph|url=http://theweek.com/article/index/267920/abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-the-man-who-would-be-caliph|accessdate=7 December 2014|work = [[The Week]]|date = 13 September 2014}}<!--al-Baghdadi has the megalomaniacal aim of restoring the long-expired caliphate, the original Muslim kingdom that existed under the successors of the Prophet Mohammed and at one point extended from modern-day Spain to Central Asia. "Caliph", or khalifa, means "successor" in Arabic, and by taking the title, al-Baghdadi has declared himself the chief imam and political and military leader of all Muslims.--></ref>
Baris 859 ⟶ 861:
 
NIIS menganggap berdoa di kuburan sebagai tindakan [[syirik]] dan berupaya menyucikan kaum kafir. NIIS menggunakan alat berat untuk menghancurkan berbagai bangunan dan situs arkeologi.<ref name="Dickey-7.7.14"/> [[Bernard Haykel]] menyebut tindakan al-Baghdadi sebagai "[[Wahhabisme]] yang belum jinak". Ia mengatakan, "Bagi Al Qaeda, kekerasan adalah cara mencapai tujuan; bagi NIIS, [kekerasan] adalah tujuan itu sendiri".<ref name=ISIS-NYT/> Penghancuran [[masjid dan tempat suci di Mosul|makam dan tempat suci nabi Yunus]], masjid [[Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din|Imam Yahya Abu al-Qassimin]] abad ke-13, tempat suci nabi [[Jerjis]] abad ke-14, dan upaya penghancuran menara [[masjid dan tempat suci di Mosul|Hadba]] di [[masjid dan tempat suci di Mosul|Masjid Agung Al-Nuri]] abad ke-12 pada bulan Juli 2014 dijuluki sebagai "tindakan Wahhabisme ekstrem yang tidak dicegah".<ref name=Al-Alawi>{{cite web |last1=Al-Alawi |first1=Irfan |title=Extreme Wahhabism on Display in Shrine Destruction in Mosul |url=http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/4574/jonah-shrine-destruction |website=Gatestone Institute |accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> "Ada serangakain ledakan yang menghancurkan bangunan [[Asiria|zaman Asiria]]", kata direktur [[Museum Nasional Irak]], Qais Rasyid, mengacu pada penghancuran tempat suci Yunus. Ia menyebut kasus lain ketika "Daesh (NIIS) mengumpulkan lebih dari 1.500 manuskrip dari kuil dan tempat suci lainnya dan membakarnya di alun-alun kota".<ref name="abc.net.au">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-30/islamic-state-pillaging-iraqi-artefacts2c-unesco-warns/5777990|title=Islamic State: Jihadists destroying and looting Iraqi heritage sites for artefacts, UNESCO warns|publisher=ABC News|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> Pada Maret 2015, NIIS kabarnya menghancurkan kota [[Nimrud]] yang dibangun pada zaman Asiria abad ke-13 SM dengan alasan syirik. Direktur Jenderal UNESCO menganggap tindakan tersebut sebagai kejahatan perang.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nimrud: Outcry as IS bulldozers attack ancient Iraq site|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31760656|accessdate=6 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=6 March 2015}}</ref>
 
===Eksploitasi kejadian bencana alam===
NIIS dilaporkan mengeksploitasi kejadian [[Gempa bumi Turki–Suriah 2023|gempa bumi di Turki dan Suriah 6 Februari 2023]] untuk konten propaganda mereka yang dianggap merampas hak korban gempa bumi, mengganggu jalannya evakuasi korban gempa bumi serta distribusi bantuan kemanusiaan ke korban gempa bumi Turki-Suriah dan menarasikannya sebagai "amukan Ilahi kepada bangsa Turki karena meninggalkan hukum Syariah, menegakkan hukum-hukum bangsa kafir, menjalani gaya hidup bangsa kafir, menyatakan perang melawan NIIS dan bersekutu dengan bala tentara bangsa kafir (NATO)".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hstoday.us/featured/how-isis-and-al-qaeda-exploit-the-earthquake-in-turkey-to-mobilize-support/ |title=How ISIS and al-Qaeda Exploit the Earthquake in Turkey to Mobilize Support |language=en |last=Botobekov |first=Uran |publisher=Homeland Security Today |access-date=5 Januari 2024 |date=27 Februari 2023 }}</ref>
 
== Klasifikasi ==
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Negara_Islam_Irak_dan_Syam"