Orang Berber: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k bot Menambah: sa:बर्बर |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: halaman dengan galat kutipan Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
||
| (39 revisi perantara oleh 18 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{redirect|Berber}}
'''Orang Berber''' atau '''bangsa Berber''' adalah [[etnis]] [[penduduk asli|asli]] dari daerah [[Afrika Utara]] timur [[Lembah Nil]]. Mereka tersebar dari [[Samudra Atlantik]] hingga [[oasis Siwa]], di [[Mesir]] dan dari [[Laut Mediterania]] hingga [[Sungai Niger]]. Mereka menggunakan berbagai [[bahasa Berber]], yang merupakan cabang dari [[bahasa Afro-Asia]].
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Berber / Amazigh
|native_name = ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵎⵣⵗⵏ ''Imaziɣen''<!-- [[WP:NOETHNICGALLERIES]] -->
|population = antara 25<ref name="BerberSpeakers">{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/05/north-africa-berbers-get-boost-from-arab-spring/ |title=North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring |publisher=[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]] |date=5 May 2012 |accessdate=8 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="britannica.com">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber</ref> hingga 36 juta<ref>Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia, Ed. Steven, L. Danver, M.E. Sharpe/Mesa Verde Publishing, 2013, p.23</ref> atau 38 juta<ref>https://www.temehu.com/imazighen/berbers.htm</ref> atau 50 juta<ref>{{cite book|authors=Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=0631227350|page=860|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C|accessdate=19 Jly 2016}}</ref>
|region1 = {{
| pop1 = dari ≈ 13 juta<ref name="britannica.com"/> ke ≈ 20 juta<ref name="minorityrights.org"/><ref>Morocco's Berbers Battle to Keep From Losing Their Culture / Arab minority forces majority to abandon native language.Peter Prengaman, Chronicle Foreign Service.March 16, 2001 [http://m.sfgate.com/news/article/Morocco-s-Berbers-Battle-to-Keep-From-Losing-2941557.php]</ref><ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca"/><ref>Teens in Morocco,Sandy Donovan,Compass point books,Minneapolis,United States,2008,p.42</ref> atau 27,078,593<ref>{{cite book|authors=Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=0631227350|page=860|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C|accessdate=19 July 2016}}; 80% of population</ref>
|region2 = {{Flag|Aljazair}}
| pop2 = dari 9<ref name="britannica.com"/> ke ≈ 13 juta<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35515769|title=Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language|work=BBC News}}</ref> atau 32,320,000<ref>{{cite book|authors=Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=0631227350|page=860|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C|accessdate=16 July 2016}}; 80% of population</ref>
|region3 = {{Flag|Prancis}}
| pop3 = lebih dari 2 juta<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm |title=salinan arkib |access-date=2013-10-05 |archive-date=2013-10-05 |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20131005183430/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|region4 = {{Flag|Niger}}
| pop4 = 1,620,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-12|archive-date=2020-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424124158/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|region5 = {{Flag|Mali}}
| pop5 = 850,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-12|archive-date=2015-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110042640/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|region6 = {{Flag|Libya}}
| pop6 = >3,850,000<ref>{{cite book|authors=Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=0631227350|page=860|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C|accessdate=16 July 2016}}; >60% of population of 6,416,776</ref>
|region7 = {{Flag|Mauritania}}
| pop7 = 114,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15607/MR|title=Tuareg, Tamasheq in Mauritania|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}</ref>
|region8 = {{Flag|Tunisia}}
| pop8 = 110,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-12|archive-date=2012-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016231216/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> atau >6,589,652<ref>{{cite book|authors=Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=0631227350|page=860|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C|accessdate=16 July 2016}}; >60% of population</ref>
|region9 = {{Flag|Burkina Faso}}
| pop9 = 50,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15607/UV|title=Tuareg, Tamasheq in Burkina Faso|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}</ref>
|region10 = {{Flag|Mesir}}
| pop10 = 34,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14958/EG|title=Berber, Siwa in Egypt|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}</ref> atau 1,826,580<ref>{{cite book|authors=Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=0631227350|page=860|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C|accessdate=16 July 2016}}</ref>
|region11 = {{Flag|Kanada}}
| pop11 = 25,885<ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 Statistics Canada: 2011 National Household Survey: Data tables]</ref>
|region12 = {{Flag|Israel}}
| pop12 = 3,500<ref>Shokeid, Moshe. The Dual Heritage: Immigrants from the Atlas Mountains in an Israeli Village.</ref>
| langs = [[bahasa Berber]] (Tamazight) dan [[bahasa Arab]]
| rels = Mayoritas [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Ibadi]])<br>Minoritas [[tidak beragama]], [[Kristen]]<ref name="Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census |title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census | Duane A Miller Botero - Academia.edu|publisher=academia.edu|accessdate=27 March 2016}}</ref><ref>*{{fr icon}} [http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 Sadek Lekdja, ''Christianity in Kabylie'', Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134716/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 |date=2017-10-18 }}</ref>
| related-c = [[bahasa Afro-Asiatik|orang Afro-Asiatik lain]]<ref>Blench, Roger. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Rowman: Altamira, 2006 ISBN 9780759104662</ref><ref>Diakonoff, Igor. The Earliest Semitic Society: Linguistic Data. Journal of Semitic Studies, Vol. 43 Iss. 2 (1998).</ref><ref name="Shirai, Noriyuki 2010">Shirai, Noriyuki. The Archaeology of the First Farmer-Herders in Egypt: New Insights into the Fayum Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic. Leiden University Press, 2010. ISBN 9789087280796.</ref><ref name=blench2006>Blench R (2006) Archaeology, Language, and the African Past, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0-7591-0466-2, ISBN 978-0-7591-0466-2, books.google.be/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C</ref><ref name=Ehret2004>Ehret C, Keita SOY, Newman P (2004) The Origins of Afroasiatic a response to Diamond and Bellwood (2003) in the Letters of SCIENCE 306, no. 5702, p. 1680 {{doi|10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c}}</ref><ref name=bender1997>Bender ML (1997), Upside Down Afrasian, Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 50, pp. 19-34</ref><ref name=militarev2005>Militarev A (2005) Once more about glottochronology and comparative method: the Omotic-Afrasian case, Аспекты компаративистики - 1 (Aspects of comparative linguistics - 1). FS S. Starostin. Orientalia et Classica II (Moscow), p. 339-408. http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/fleming.pdf</ref>
|flag=File:Berber_flag.svg|flag_caption=Bendera yang mewakilkan etnis Berber dengan huruf [[Tifinagh]] ''yaz'' di tengahnya}}
Banyak orang Berber yang menyebut mereka sendiri dengan kata ''Imazighen'' (tunggal ''Amazigh''), berarti "orang merdeka".<ref name="Maddy-weitzman2006">{{cite journal
| author = Maddy-weitzman, B.
| year = 2006
Baris 33 ⟶ 43:
| url = http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/J28P5N4836V252T6.pdf
| accessdate = 2007-07-17
}}</ref><ref name="Brett1996">{{cite book
|url = https://archive.org/details/berbers0000bret
|publisher = Blackwell Publishing
|isbn =
}}</ref> Hal ini cukup umum di Maroko, tetapi di daerah lain digunakan istilah lokal yang lebih khusus seperti [[Orang Kabyle|Kabyle]] atau [[Chaoui]].<ref>Mohand Akli Haddadou, ''Le guide de la culture berbère'', Paris Méditerranée, 2000, p.13-14</ref> Bangsa Berber disebutkan dengan berbagai istilah dalam sejarah, yaitu [[Libya kuno|Bangsa Libya]] oleh [[Yunani Kuno|bangsa Yunani kuno]],<ref>Brian M. Fagan, Roland Oliver, Africa in the Iron Age: C. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1400 p. 47</ref> Bangsa [[Numidia]] dan Bangsa Mauri oleh orang [[Romawi]], serta orang [[Moor]] oleh [[Eropa]] [[zaman pertengahan|pertengahan]]. Istilah "Barbar" sendiri berasal dari [[bahasa Arab]], tetapi [[etimologi]]-nya belum diketahui secara mendalam.
==Etimologi==
Nama "Berber" diserap dari [[bahasa Yunani]]: βάρβαρος (''barbaros'') yang berarti "barbar", sebelumnya merupakan gelar penduduk Kekaisaran Romawi terhadap [[Suku bangsa Jermanik|bangsa Jermanik]] yang dianggap musuh utama mereka selain bangsa tetangga Celtic, Iberia, Galia, Goth dan [[Trakia|Thracia]] yang berada di sekeliling wilayah tersebut.
Banyak orang dalam kelompok etnis di Maroko ini menyebut diri mereka sebagai Imazighen (bentuk tunggal: Amazigh), yang berarti "orang merdeka".<ref name="Maddy-weitzman2006"/><ref name="Brett1996"/><ref name="inalco">{{cite web|url=http://www.inalco.fr/crb/crb_2/fiches_dialectes/tamazight.htm|title=INALCO report on Central Morocco Tamazight: maps, extension, dialectology, name|language=fr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727120243/http://www.inalco.fr/crb/crb_2/fiches_dialectes/tamazight.htm|archivedate=27 July 2010|accessdate=2 October 2012}}</ref>
==Diaspora==
Orang berber membentuk komunitas di [[Mauritania]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html|title=Historical Dictionaries: North Africa|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref> dekat ibukota [[kekaisaran Mali]], [[Timbuktu]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLhuMhMtE5gC&dq=Berbers,+Timbuktu&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=qmGJiPDoHs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y|title=Berbers and Blacks: Impressions of Morocco, Timbuktu and Western Sudan|author=David Prescott Barrows|year=2004}}</ref> Berdasarkan perkiraan pada tahun 2004, ada sekitar 2,2 juta imigran Berber di Eropa, terutama suku Riffia di Belgia, Belanda dan Prancis keturunan Kabyle dan Chaouis dari Aljazair.<ref>[http://www.langues-de-france.org/chaker.html Pour une histoire sociale du berbèRe en France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112151506/http://www.langues-de-france.org/chaker.html |date=2012-11-12 }}, Les Actes du Colloque Paris – Inalco, octobre 2004</ref>
== Catatan kaki ==
{{reflist}}
{{
{{DEFAULTSORT:Berber, orang}}
[[Kategori:Afrika Utara]]
[[Kategori:Penduduk asli]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Suku bangsa di Maroko]]
[[Kategori:Suku bangsa di Aljazair]]
{{budaya-stub}}
| |||