Orang Jerman Amerika: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{periksa terjemahan|en|German Americans}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Jerman Amerika<br />''Deutschamerikaner''
|image = Americans with German Ancestry by state.svg
|caption = Orang Amerika keturunan Jerman menurut survei dari Sensus AS pada 2019
|poptime = '''50,764,352'''<ref name="Census 2008 ACS Ancestry estimates">
▲|poptime = '''50,764,352'''<ref name="Census 2008 ACS Ancestry estimates">[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format= Census 2009 ACS Ancestry estimates]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/CFDOCS/Legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&sessYr=2009&sessInd=0&billBody=S&billTyp=R&billNbr=0141&pn=1216|title=Regular Session 2009-2010 Senate Resolution 141 P.N. 1216 |publisher=|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref>
'''17.1%''' dari populasi AS (2009)
|popplace = {{flagicon|USA}} Di seluruh wilayah Amerika Serikat, kecuali untuk [[New England]]<br />Pluralitas di [[Pennsylvania]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html |title=The Germans in America |date=2014-04-24 |accessdate=2015-06-12}}</ref> dan [[Tengah Barat Amerika Serikat|Negara-negara bagian tengah barat]]<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 - Table 3 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref>
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}}}}
Kelompok etnis '''Jerman Amerika''' ({{lang-de|Deutschamerikaner}}) terdiri dari orang-orang yang memiliki darah [[Jerman]] secara menyeluruh atau sebagian. Kelompok etnis tersebut merupakan [[Kelompok etnis di Amerika Serikat|kelompok etnis terbesar di Amerika Serikat]], yang terdiri dari sekitar 50 juta orang.<ref name="Census 2008 ACS Ancestry estimates"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&pg=PA57&dq=Sharing+the+dream:+white+males+in+multicultural+America++english+ancestry&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America] By Dominic J. Pulera.</ref><ref>Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', ''Demography'', Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', ''Social Science Research'', Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.</ref><ref>Mary C. Waters, ''Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.</ref><ref>From [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201TPR:535&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-charIterations=047&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-format=&-_lang=en Census Bureau, "S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States" 2006-2008 data] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200213091254/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201TPR:535&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-charIterations=047&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-format=&-_lang=en |date=2020-02-13 }}</ref> Kelompok tersebut terdiri dari sekitar {{frac|1|3}} dari [[diaspora]] Jerman di dunia.<ref>[http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504094914/http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html |date=2009-05-04 }}. 156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming ethnic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere.</ref><ref>"Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), page 171.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://histclo.com/country/ger/reg/pop/gr-pop.html |title=Report on German population |publisher=Histclo.com |date=4 February 2010 |accessdate=2013-01-07}}</ref>
Tidak ada negara-negara Jerman yang memiliki koloni Amerika. Pada 1670an, kelompok-kelompok imigran Jerman signifikan pertama datang ke [[kolonisasi Britania di Amerika|koloni-koloni Britania]], utamanya bermukim di [[New York]] dan [[Pennsylvania]]. [[Imigrasi ke Amerika Serikat|Imigrasi]] berlanjut dalam jumlah yang sangat besar pada abad ke-19, dengan delapan juga orang datang dari Jepang. Pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas (antara 1820 sampai 1870) lebih dari tujuh setengah juta imigran datang ke Amerika Serikat — lebih dari dua kali lipatnya populasi di negara asalnya. Pada 2010, populasi mereka bertumbuh menjadi 49.8 juta warga negara, menandakan penambahan 6 juta orang sejak 2000.
Jerman Amerika mendirikan [[taman kanak-kanak]] pertama di Amerika Serikat,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1676&search_term=schurz|title=404 Error: File Not Found|publisher=|accessdate=17 Maret 2015|archive-date=2011-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611083242/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1676&search_term=schurz|dead-url=yes}}</ref> memperkenalkan tradisi [[pohon Natal]],<ref>{{Citation |title=The History of Christmas |work=Gareth Marples |url=http://www.thehistoryof.net/the-history-of-christmas.html |accessdate=2 Desember 2006 |archive-date=2006-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628034631/http://www.thehistoryof.net/the-history-of-christmas.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1996/12.12/ProfessorBrough.html|title=Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England|author=Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs|publisher=|accessdate=17 Maret 2015|archive-date=1999-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990823204728/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1996/12.12/ProfessorBrough.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan mempelopori makanan-makanan Amerika populer seperti [[hot dog]] dan [[hamburger]].<ref>Lihat [http://www.homeofthehamburger.org/history.html catatan surat kabar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805083255/http://www.homeofthehamburger.org/history.html |date=2009-08-05 }}</ref>
== Referensi ==
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{{Refbegin}}
* "German-Americans: The silent minority," [http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21642222-americas-largest-ethnic-group-has-assimilated-so-well-people-barely-notice-it?fsrc=email_to_a_friend ''The Economist'' Feb. 7, 2015], With a statistical map by counties
* Adams, Willi Paul. ''[http://www-lib.iupui.edu/kade/adams/toc.html The German-Americans: An Ethnic Experience] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628085017/http://www-lib.iupui.edu/kade/adams/toc.html |date=2010-06-28 }}'' (1993).
* Bank, Michaela. ''Women of Two Countries: German-American Women, Women's Rights and Nativism, 1848–1890'' (Berghahn, 2012).
* Baron, Frank, "Abraham Lincoln and the German Immigrants: Turners and Forty-Eighters," ''Yearbook of German-American Studies,'' 4 (Supplemental Issue 2012), 1–254.
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=== Sejarah dan budaya Jerman-Amerika ===
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html Chronology: Germans in America]
* [http://www-lib.iupui.edu/kade/merrill/home.html German Immigrant Culture in America: Syllabus (1998)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627123944/http://www-lib.iupui.edu/kade/merrill/home.html |date=2010-06-27 }}
* [http://www.auswandererbriefe.de Emigrant Letters to Germany (in German)]
* [http://www.businessinsider.com/german-american-history-2013-10 Why There Are So Many German Americans in the US]
* [http://german.about.com/library/blfam_geramABC.htm Famous Americans of German, Austrian, or German-Swiss Ancestry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705230235/http://german.about.com/library/blfam_geramABC.htm |date=2008-07-05 }}
* [http://www.gamhof.org/famous_ga.html German-American Hall of Fame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529145701/http://www.gamhof.org/famous_ga.html |date=2009-05-29 }}
* [http://mki.wisc.edu/HGIA/Settling.htm How German Is American?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724014508/http://mki.wisc.edu/hgia/Settling.htm |date=2008-07-24 }}
* [http://www.germanhollywood.com/ The German-Hollywood Connection]
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* [http://www.germansociety.org The German Society of Pennsylvania (oldest German Society in the U.S.)]
* [http://www.pgs.org/default.asp The Pennsylvania German Society]
* [http://www.kutztown.edu/community/pgchc/index1.htm Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408042426/http://www.kutztown.edu/community/pgchc/index1.htm |date=2009-04-08 }}
* [http://www.ighs.org Indiana German Heritage Society]
* [http://maxkade.iupui.edu Max Kade German-American Research and Resource Center]
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* [http://www.germantracesnyc.org German Traces NYC from the Goethe-Institut]
* [http://www.washjeff.edu/german/pittsburgh/ Interactive German-History Map of Pittsburgh]
* [http://www.oktoberfestzinzinnati.com/okt.aspx?menu_id=256&id=8478 Zinzinnati History (Cincinnati, Ohio)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120150023/http://www.oktoberfestzinzinnati.com/okt.aspx?menu_id=256&id=8478 |date=2015-11-20 }}
* [http://www.stimmungstunde.com Milwaukee German-American Radio Program]
* [http://pghmannerchor.com Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh]
* [http://mki.wisc.edu/Resources/Online_Papers/seifert.html Some German Contributions to Wisconsin Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107153029/http://mki.wisc.edu/Resources/Online_Papers/seifert.html |date=2012-11-07 }}
* [http://www.deutschtown.org/about/history.html Deutschtown (East Allegheny), Pittsburgh, PA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126051416/http://deutschtown.org/about/history.html |date=2011-11-26 }}
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