Orang Punjab: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k Robot: Cosmetic changes |
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Baris 1:
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Orang Punjab
| native_name = {{hlist|{{lang|pnb|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ}}|{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|پنجابی}}}}}}
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_caption =
| population = {{Circa|150 juta|lk=yes}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worlddata.info/languages/punjabi.php#:~:text=The%20Punjabi%20language%20(native%20name,Punjabi%20as%20their%20mother%20tongue. | title=Punjabi - Worldwide distribution }}</ref><ref name="e21|pnb">{{e21|pnb}}</ref><ref name="Census2011"/><ref>{{cite web |title= Pakistan Census 2017 |url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf |website=www.pbs.pk |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>
| regions =
| region1 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| pop1 = 108.586.959 (2022){{efn|name="PakistanPunjabiPopulation"|Orang Punjab meliputi 44,7% (108.586.959) dari total populasi Pakistan 242.923.845 menurut perkiraan tahun 2022 oleh World Factbook.<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |title=South Asia :: Pakistan — The World Fact book - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ |website=www.cia.gov |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>}}<ref name="WorldAtlas">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-in-pakistan.html | title=Ethnic Groups in Pakistan|website=Worldatlas.com| date=30 July 2019|quote=Punjabi people are the ethnic majority in the Punjab region of Pakistan and Northern India accounting for 44.7% of the population in Pakistan.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Pakistan Census 2017 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf |website=www.pbs.pk |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worlddata.info/languages/punjabi.php#:~:text=The%20Punjabi%20language%20(native%20name,Punjabi%20as%20their%20mother%20tongue | title=Punjabi - Worldwide distribution }}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|India}}
| pop2 = 37.520.211 (2022){{efn|Orang Punjab meliputi 2,7% (37.520.211) dari total populasi India 1.389.637.446 menurut perkiraan tahun 2022 oleh World Factbook.<ref name="cia.govIN">{{cite web |title=South Asia :: India — The World Fact book - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/#people-and-society |website=www.cia.gov |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref>}}<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Abstract Of Speakers' Strength Of Languages And Mother Tongues - 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220172325/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>{{efn|Angka ini mencakup penutur [[bahasa Punjab]] di India. Etnis Punjab yang tidak lagi menuturkan bahasanya tidak termasuk dalam angka ini.}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worlddata.info/languages/punjabi.php#:~:text=The%20Punjabi%20language%20(native%20name,Punjabi%20as%20their%20mother%20tongue | title=Punjabi - Worldwide distribution }}</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|Kanada}}
| pop3 = 942.170 (2021)<ref name="punjabicanada2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=17 August 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=Canada |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{efn|name=canada|Statistik termasuk semua penutur [[bahasa Punjab]], karena banyak individu [[Generasi imigran|multi-generasi]] yang tidak menuturkan bahasanya sebagai [[bahasa ibu]], tetapi sebagai [[bahasa kedua]] atau [[Akuisisi bahasa ketiga|bahasa ketiga]].}}
| region4 = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| pop4 = 872,000
| region5 = {{flag|Britania Raya|name=Inggris Raya}}
| pop5 = 700.000 (2006)<ref name="HC">{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmhansrd/cm061205/halltext/61205h0001.htm|title=Punjabi Community|first=John|last=McDonnell|work=House of Commons|date=5 December 2006|access-date=3 August 2016|quote=We now estimate the Punjabi community at about 700,000, with Punjabi established as the second language certainly in London and possibly within the United Kingdom.}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|Amerika Serikat}}
| pop6 = 253.740<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/library/data/tables/2008/demo/language-use/2009-2013-acs-lang-tables-nation.xls|title=US Census Bureau ''American Community Survey (2009-2013)'' See Row #62|website=2.census.gov}}</ref>
| region7 = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop7 = 132.496 (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709233002/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20|url-status=dead|title=Top ten languages spoken at home in Australia|archive-date=9 July 2017}}</ref>
| region9 = {{flag|Filipina}}
| pop9 = 50.000 (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/punjabi-community-money-lending-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-2806212/|title=Punjabi community involved in money lending in Philippines braces for 'crackdown' by new President|date=18 May 2016}}</ref>
| region10 = {{flag|Selandia Baru}}
| pop10 = 34.227 (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/2018-Census-totals-by-topic/Download-data/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights.xlsx|title=New Zealand|website=Stats New Zealand|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref>
| region11 = {{flag|Norwegia}}
| pop11 = 24.000 (2013)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27JOMobauYAC|title=Encyclopedia of Linguistics|first=Philipp|last=Strazny|date=1 February 2013|publisher=Routledge|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-135-45522-4}}</ref>
| region12 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop12 = 23.700 (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD|title=Bangladesh|website=Ethnologue.com|access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref>
| region13 = {{flag|Jerman}}
| pop13 = 18.000 (2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.remid.de/info_zahlen/verschiedene|title=Deutsche Informationszentrum für Sikhreligion, Sikhgeschichte, Kultur und Wissenschaft (DISR)|website=remid.de|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref>
| region14 = {{flag|Nepal}}
| pop14 = 10.000 (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf|title=National Population and Housing Census 2011 |website=Unstats.unorg|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
| region15 = Lainnya
| pop15 = Lihat [[Diaspora Punjab]]
| langs = {{small|'''[[Bahasa pertama|L1]]'''}}: [[Bahasa Punjab|Punjab]] dan [[Dialek bahasa Punjab|dialek]]nya<br/>{{small|'''[[Bahasa kedua|L2]]'''}}: [[Urdu]] {{small|(di Pakistan)}} dan [[Hindi]] dan [[Bahasa di India|bahasa India lainnya]] {{small|(di India)}}
| religions = '''Mayoritas''' <br/>[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Muslim Punjab|Islam]] <br/>'''Minoritas''' <br/> [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]] • [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hindu Punjab|Hinduisme]] (term. [[Nanakpanthi]]) • [[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Kristen Punjab|Kekristenan]]<br/><br/>
'''[[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Pakistan]]''':<br/>'''Mayoritas'''<br/>[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Muslim Punjab|Islam]] (97%)<br/>'''Minoritas'''<br/>[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Kristen Punjab|Kekristenan]] (2%) • [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hindu Punjab|Hinduisme]] (0,2%) • [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhisme]]<br/><br/>'''[[Punjab, India|Punjab India]]''':<br/>'''Mayoritas'''<br/>[[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhisme]] (57,7%)<br/>'''Minoritas'''<br/>[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hindu Punjab|Hinduisme]] (38,5%) • [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Muslim Punjab|Islam]] (1,9%) • {{nowrap|[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Kristen Punjab|Kekristenan]]}} (1,3%)<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS|format=XLS|title= C-1 Population By Religious Community - 2011|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230423/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Harrison2007p132">{{cite book|author1=Wade Davis|author2=K. David Harrison|author3=Catherine Herbert Howell|title=Book of Peoples of the World: A Guide to Cultures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkG8f2lyeUMC&pg=PA132|year=2007|publisher=National Geographic|isbn=978-1-4262-0238-4|pages=132–133}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjabis |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/punjabis |website=[[Encyclopaedia]]}}</ref>
| related_groups = [[Orang-orang Indo-Arya]] lainnya
|region8={{flag|Malaysia}}|pop8=56.400 (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/MY|title=Malaysia|website=Ethnologue.com|access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref>}}
<!--{{Orang Punjab}}-->
'''Orang Punjab''' ([[Bahasa Punjab|Punjab]]: {{Nastaliq|پنجابی}} {{small|([[Alfabet Shahmukhi|Shahmukhi]])}}; ਪੰਜਾਬੀ {{small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}; di[[romanisasi]] sebagai '''Panjābī'''),<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA257 |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-659-1 |pages=257–259 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Temple |first=Richard Carnac |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtlztAEACAAJ |title=A Dissertation on the Proper Names of Panjabis: With Special Reference to the Proper Names of Villagers in the Eastern Panjab |date=20 August 2017 |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |isbn=978-1-375-66993-1 |language=en}}</ref> adalah sebuah kelompok etnolinguistik [[Orang-orang Indo-Arya|Indo-Arya]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goh |first1=Daniel P. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1N5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |title=Race and Multiculturalism in Malaysia and Singapore |last2=Gabrielpillai |first2=Matilda |last3=Holden |first3=Philip |last4=Khoo |first4=Gaik Cheng |date=12 June 2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-01649-5 |pages=187 |language=en}}</ref> yang diasosiasikan dengan [[wilayah Punjab]], terdiri dari beberapa area di [[Pakistan]] timur dan [[India]] barat laut.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA257 |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-659-1 |language=en}}</ref> Mereka umumnya menuturkan [[Dialek Majhi|bahasa Punjab Standar]] atau [[Dialek bahasa Punjab|beragam dialek Punjab]] di kedua sisi.<ref>{{cite book|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA522|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-087775-4|pages=522–523}}</ref>
[[Etnonim]] ini berasal dari istilah ''Punjab'' (Lima sungai) dalam [[bahasa Persia]] untuk menjelaskan wilayah geografis di bagian barat laut anak benua India, di mana lima sungai, [[Sungai Beas|Beas]], [[Sungai Chenab|Chenab]], [[Sungai Jhelum|Jhelum]], [[Sungai Ravi|Ravi]], dan [[Sutlej]] bergabung ke [[Sungai Indus]],<ref name="Nayar1">{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kamala Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7 |title=The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism |date=2012 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi 2013">{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-83064-41-0 |location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, [[Illinois]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Canfield |first=Robert L. |title=Persia in Historical Perspective |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |location=[[Cambridge]], United Kingdom<!--|isbn=0-521-39094-X--> |page=1 ("Origins")}}</ref> selain dari [[Sungai Ghaggar-Hakra|Ghaggar]] yang sudah hilang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=West |first=Barbara A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=19 May 2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7 |language=en}}</ref>
Percampuran berbagai tribe, kasta dan penduduk di wilayah Punjab ke dalam identitas "Punjab" yang umum dan luas dimulai sejak awal abad ke-18 M.<ref>{{cite book|last=Malhotra|first=Anshu|title=Punjab reconsidered : history, culture, and practice|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-807801-2|url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/punjab-reconsidered-history-culture-and-practice-9780198078012;jsessionid=67C0F3362215BC7FE368DF643C70CA16?cc=de&lang=en&|author2=Mir, Farina|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307092802/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/punjab-reconsidered-history-culture-and-practice-9780198078012;jsessionid=67C0F3362215BC7FE368DF643C70CA16?cc=de&lang=en&|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ayers|first=Alyssa|title=Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab|journal=Journal of Asian Studies|year=2008|volume=67|issue=3|pages=917–46|url=http://alyssaayres.com/pdf/Ayres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf|doi=10.1017/s0021911808001204|s2cid=56127067}}</ref><ref name="Thandi 1996">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pritam|last2=Thandi|first2=Shinder S.|title=Globalisation and the region : explorations in Punjabi identity|year=1996|publisher=Association for Punjab Studies (UK)|location=Coventry, United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-874699-05-7}}</ref> Dahulunya, orang Punjab merupakan kelompok [[heterogen]] dan terbagi dalam sejumlah klan yang disebut ''[[Baradari (persaudaraan)|biradari]]'' (yang berarti "persaudaraan) atau ''[[Suku-suku Punjab|tribe]]'', setiap orang terikat pada sebuah klan. Dengan berjalannya waktu, struktur tribal digantikan dengan masyarakat yang lebih kohesif dan holistik, dengan [[pembangunan komunitas]] dan [[kekompakan kelompok]] membentuk pilar yang baru bagi masyarakat Punjab.<ref name="Thandi 1996" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mukherjee|first=Protap|author2=Lopamudra Ray Saraswati |title=Levels and Patterns of Social Cohesion and Its Relationship with Development in India: A Woman's Perspective Approach|journal=Ph.D. Scholars, Centre for the Study of Regional Development School of Social Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi – 110 067, India|date=20 January 2011|url=http://www.oecd.org/dev/pgd/46839502.pdf}}</ref>
Secara tradisional, identitas Punjabi utamanya adalah bahasa, geografis dan budaya. Identitasnya tidak terikat dengan asal usul historis atau agama dan merujuk kepada orang yang tinggal di wilayah Punjab atau diasosiasikan dengan populasinya dan orang yang menganggap [[bahasa Punjab]] adalah bahasa ibu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pritam |title=Punjabi identity in a global context |last2=Thandi |first2=Shinder S. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-564864-5 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> [[Integrasi sosial|Integrasi]] dan [[Asimilasi budaya|asimilasi]] adalah bagian penting dari budaya Punjab, karena identitas Punjab tidak hanya berdasarkan pada hubungan tribal.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=Prtiam |year=2012 |title=Globalisation and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!) |url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=153–72 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124071525/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2016 |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> Sementara orang Punjab berbagi wilayah, etnisitas dan bahasa bersama, mereka cenderung menjadi pengikut salah satu dari beberapa agama, paling sering [[Muslim Punjab|Islam]], [[Hindu Punjab|Hinduisme]], [[Sikh Punjab|Sikhisme]] atau [[Kristen Punjab|Kekristenan]].<ref name="Gupta, S.K">{{cite book |last=Gupta |first=S.K. |title=The Scheduled Castes in Modern Indian Politics: Their Emergence as a Political Context |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd |year=1985 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=121–122}}</ref>
==Lihat pula==
* [[Dialek bahasa Punjab]]
* [[Daftar media Punjab]]
* [[Hidangan Punjab]]
* [[Diaspora Punjab]]
==Catatan==
{{Notelist}}
==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}
===Catatan===
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}
==Pranala luar==
* {{Commons category-inline|Punjabi people (ethnic group)}}
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{{Punjab, India}}
{{Kelompok etnik di Pakistan}}
{{Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjab, Orang}}
[[Category:Punjab]]
[[Category:Tokoh Punjab]]
[[Category:Kelompok etnik di India]]
[[Category:Kelompok etnik di Pakistan]]
[[Category:Suku-suku Punjab]]
[[Category:Budaya Punjab]]
[[Category:Suku bangsa yang dipisahkan oleh perbatasan internasional]]
[[Category:Kelompok etnik di Asia Selatan]]
[[Category:Orang-orang Indo-Arya]]
[[Category:Kelompok linguistik dengan bahasa yang resmi diakui oleh konstitusi di India]]
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