Pasukan Pertahanan Israel: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox national military
|country = Israel
|image = [[Berkas:Badge of the Israel
|caption = Logo
|founded = 26 Mei 1948
|current_form =
|disbanded =
|minister = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Israel Minister of Defence.svg|size=20px}} [[
|minister_title = [[
|commander = {{Flagicon image|Flag of IDF Chief of Staff.svg|size=20px}} [[
|commander_title = [[
|age = 17
|
▲|conscription = 18
|manpower_data = 2000 est.
|manpower_age = 17–49
|available = 1
|available_f =
|fit = 1
|fit_f = 1,392,319
|reaching =
|reaching_f = 47,996
|active = 169.500, termasuk 102.500 yang wajib militer
|reserve =
|amount = [[Dolar Amerika Serikat|US$]]20,5 miliar (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/fs_2020_04_milex_0_0.pdf |title = Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2019 }}</ref>
|percent_GDP = 5,3% (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/fs_2020_04_milex_0_0.pdf |title = Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2019 }}</ref>
|domestic_suppliers = [[Israel Aerospace Industries]]<br />[[Israel Military Industries]]<br />[[Israel Weapon Industries]]<br />[[Elbit Systems]]<br />[[Elisra]]<br />[[Elta]]<br />[[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]]<br />[[Soltam Systems]]<br />[[Plasan]]<br />[[Automotive Industries]]<br />[[Hatehof]]<br />[[Israel Shipyards]]<br />[[SimiGon]]<br />[[BUL Transmark]]<br />[[Aeronautics Defense Systems]]<br />[[Ordnance Corps (Israel)|Israel Ordnance Corps]]<br />[[Meprolight]]
|foreign_suppliers = {{flag|
<!-- Related aricles -->
|history = [[
|ranks =
|name=Pasukan Pertahanan Israel|native_name=צבא ההגנה לישראל<br>Tsva ha-Hagana le-Yisra'el|website=https://www.idf.il/en/|image2=[[Berkas:Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg|180px]]|caption2=Bendera Pasukan Pertahanan Israel|commander-in-chief={{Flagicon image|Flag of the Prime Minister of Israel.svg|size=20px}} [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]|commander-in-chief_title=[[Perdana Menteri Israel|Perdana Menteri]]}}
'''Pasukan Pertahanan Israel''' ([[bahasa Ibrani]]: צבא ההגנה לישראל ''Tsva HaHagana LeYisrael'' '''''{{Audio|He-Israeli Defense Forces.ogg|dengarkan}}''''', ''"[Tentara] Angkatan untuk Pertahanan Israel"''), yang
{{IDFTable}}▼
▲'''Pasukan Pertahanan Israel''' ([[bahasa Ibrani]]: צבא ההגנה לישראל ''Tsva HaHagana LeYisrael'' '''''{{Audio|He-Israeli Defense Forces.ogg|dengarkan}}''''', ''"[Tentara] Angkatan untuk Pertahanan Israel"''), yang seringkali disingkat dengan singkatan bahasa Ibrani צה"ל '''''Ts''a''h''a''l''''', atau '''''Tz''a''h''a''l''''', adalah sebutan bagi [[Israel]], yang terdiri atas Angkatan Darat Israel, [[Angkatan Udara Israel]] dan [[Angkatan Laut Israel]]. Dalam bahasa Inggris, singkatannya lebih dikenal sebagai '''Israel Defence Forces''' atau disingkat '''IDF'''.
IDF adalah salah satu militer paling unik dunia karena juga mengikutkan perempuan dalam [[wajib militer]] sejak pembentukannya. IDF adalah salah satu badan paling menonjol dalam masyarakat Israel karena pengaruhnya terhadap ekonomi, budaya dan panggung politik Israel. IDF menggunakan beberapa teknologi yang dikembangkan di Israel, dengan banyak di antaranya dibuat khusus untuk memenuhi kebutuhan IDF di lingkungan operasionalnya di Levant, seperti [[tank tempur utama]] [[Merkava]], [[pengangkut personel lapis baja]] [[IDF Achzarit|Achzarit]], [[Pertahanan udara|sistem pertahanan udara]] [[Kubah Besi|Iron Dome]], sistem perlindungan aktif Trophy untuk kendaraan, dan [[senapan serbu]] [[IMI Galil|Galil]] dan [[IWI Tavor|Tavor]]. Senapan mesin ringan [[Uzi]] telah digunakan oleh IDF hingga Desember 2003, mengakhiri layanan yang dimulai pada tahun 1954. Sejak tahun 1967, IDF memiliki hubungan militer yang erat dengan [[Amerika Serikat]],<ref>{{Cite book|date=1990|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42855088|title=Israel after Begin|location=Albany|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-585-05507-6|others=Gregory S. Mahler|oclc=42855088}}</ref> termasuk dalam kerjasama pembangunan, seperti seperti pada jet [[F-15 Eagle|F-15]]I, sistem pertahanan laser [[Tactical High Energy Laser|THEL]], dan sistem pertahanan rudal [[Arrow (peluru kendali Israel)|Arrow]].
▲{{IDFTable}}{{Israelis}}
== Sejarah ==
:''Lihat artikel utama: [[Sejarah Angkatan Pertahanan Israel]] untuk sejarah terinci IDF''.
Baris 44 ⟶ 41:
'''Angkatan Pertahanan Israel''' dibentuk pada [[14 Mei]] [[1948]] dengan terbentuknya negara [[Israel]] "untuk melindungi penduduk Israel dan melawan segala bentuk terorisme yang mengancam kehidupan sehari-hari". '''IDF''' menggantikan [[Haganah]] (khususnya, cabang operasionalnya, [[Palmach]]) sebagai militer permanen dari negara [[Yahudi]] ini. Ke dalamnya juga bergabung unsur-unsur sebelumnya dari [[Brigade Yahudi]] yang berperang di bawah bendera Britania pada masa [[Perang Dunia II]]. Setelah dibentuknya IDF, dua organisasi bawah tanah [[Yahudi]], [[Irgun|Etzel]] dan [[Lehi (kelompok)|Lehi]] bergabung dengan IDF dalam suatu konfederasi longgar, tetapi diizinkan beroperasi secara independen di sejumlah sektor hingga akhir [[Perang Arab-Israel 1948]]. Sesudah itu, kedua organisasi ini dibubarkan, dan anggota-anggotanya diintegrasikan ke dalam IDF. IDF modern terbentuk pada periode antara [[1949]] hingga [[1956]] melalui pengalaman yang diperoleh dari konflik-konflik regional conflicts dengan tetangga-tetangga [[Jazirah Arab|Arab]] mereka.
Dari [[1956]] hingga [[1966]], IDF menghadapi lebih sedikit konflik dan menggunakan waktu ini untuk membeli perlengkapan baru dan berubah dari sebuah militer pemula menjadi sebuah kekuatan tempur yang profesional. Pada masa ini pula konon [[Israel]] mengembangkan kemampuan nuklir mereka.
Setelah masa damai selama satu dasawarsa, IDF menghadapi serangkaian peperangan dengan tetangga-tetangganya.
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=== Dinas dan jumlah tenaga ===
==== Dinas biasa ====
[[Berkas:Nahal-kumta.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Pasukan dinas militer Israel]]
Laki-laki dan perempuan Yahudi dan [[Druze]] yang berusia di atas 18 tahun dikenai wajib dinas militer nasional, meskipun pengecualian dapat diberikan atas alasan-alasan agama, fisik maupun psikologis (lihat [[Profil 21]]). Laki-laki dalam komunitas [[Yudaisme Haredi|Haredi]] dapat memilih untuk dikecualikan sementara mereka belajar di [[Yeshiva]], sebuah praktik yang menjadi sumber ketegangan
Laki-laki berdinas di IDF selama tiga tahun, sementara perempuan dua tahun atau kadang-kadang kurang dari dua tahun. Kadang-kadang IDF dapat meminta perempuan yang menjadi relawan untuk posisi-posisi tempur untuk berdinas selama tiga tahun karena tentara-tentara tempur harus menjalani periode latihan yang lama. Perempuan dalam posisi tempur juga dituntut untuk berdinas sebagai perwira cadangan selama beberapa tahun setelah mereka diberhentikan dari dinas biasa, sebelum mereka menikah atau hamil.
==== Dinas cadangan ====
Setelah dinas biasa, kaum laki-laki dapat dipanggil untuk menjalani dinas cadangan hingga satu bulan setiap tahunnya, sampai mencapai usia 43-45 tahun (perwira cadangan dapat menjadi relawan setelah usia ini), dan dapat dipanggil untuk tugas aktif dengan segera pada saat-saat krisis. Pada umumnya, dinas cadangan dilaksanakan dalam satuan yang sama selama bertahun-tahun, dan
Meskipun tetap siap untuk dipanggil pada masa-masa krisis, kebanyakan laki-laki Israel, dan praktis semua kaum perempuan, tidak benar-benar melakukan dinas cadangan pada suatu tahun tertentu. Satuan-satuan mereka tidak selalu memanggil semua perwira cadangan mereka setiap tahunnya, dan berbagai pengecualian dapat diberikan bila seseorang dipanggil untuk menjalani dinas cadangan biasa. Bagi para perwira cadangan yang dipanggil pada masa krisis praktis tidak ada pengecualian,
Baru-baru ini diusulkan sebuah rancangan undang-undang untuk memperbaiki dinas cadangan, mengurangi maksimum usia dinas hingga 40 tahun, menjadikannya semata-mata sebagai pasukan darurat, serta banyak lagi perubahan lainnya terhadap struktur yang ada sekarang (meskipun Departemen Pertahanan dapat menunda bagian manapun dari undang-undang itu setiap saat karena alasan-alasan keamanan). Namun, ambang usia bagi banyak perwira cadangan yang posisinya tidak didaftarkan, akan dipatok pada 49 tahun. Undang-undang ini akan mulai diberlakukan pada [[13 Maret]] [[2008]].
==== Dinas Penjaga Perbatasan ====
Beberapa tentara IDF menjalani wajib dinas militer mereka di Mishmar Ha Gvool ([[Magav]]) atau Polisi Perbatasan Israel. Begitu pasukan-pasukan itu menyelesaikan latihan tempur IDF mereka, mereka menjalani latihan tambahan kontra-terorisme dan Penjaga Perbatasan. Mereka kemudian ditempatkan pada salah satu dari satuan-satuan Penjaga Perbatasan di sekeliling negara.
Satuan-satuan Penjaga Perbatasan berperang berdampingan dengan satuan-satuan tempur IDF. Mereka juga bertanggung jawab atas keamanan daerah-daerah perkotaan yang padat, seperti misalnya Kota Yerusalem.
Banyak perwira di Penjaga Perbatasan yang berasal dari satuan-satuan tempur IDF. Sementara Penjaga Perbatasan tetap mempertahankan struktur komando mereka, di lapangan mereka hampir tidak dapat dibedakan dari satuan-satuan IDF reguler.
==== Minoritas di IDF ====
Orang-orang [[Druze|Arab Druze]] dan [[Circassian]], seperti orang-orang Yahudi Israel, dikenai wajib militer di IDF. Mulanya, mereka dimasukkan dalam satuan khusus yang dinamai "Satuan Minoritas", yang masih ada hingga sekarang, dalam bentuk batalyon patroli Harev,
<!--The issue of being subject to mandatory conscription, unlike other Israeli Arab citizens, is the subject of an ongoing controversy inside the Druze community itself. Since the late 1970's the [[Druze Intiative Committee]] centered at the village of [[Beit Jan]] and linked to the [[Israeli Communist Party]] had been campaigning to abolish Druze conscription - arguing that the Druze are Arabs and Palestinians and should not be compelled to fight their brothers and sisters; that Druze conscription was instituted in [[1956]] following an appeal by the heads of the Druze community to then PM [[Ben Gurion]] which should not be considered binding on youths born many decades later; and that Druze get both ends of the stick - being conscripted like Jews (and in fact, having a higher percentage of combat casualties than Jews) while being in civilian life subjected to the same discrimination suffered by other Arabs in Israel.
{{disputed}}
Such attitudes among the Israeli Druze were increased by contacts with their co-religioinists on the [[Golan Heights]], most of whom consider themselves [[Syrian]] patriots, do not recognise the Golan's annexation to Israel and waged an prolonged [[civil disobedience]] campaign in [[1982]], when the government tried to impose on them Israeli citizenship. Also, the first [[Lebanon War]] brought Israeli Druze soldiers indirect contact with their Lebanese co-religionists which had the effect of increasing disaffection - especially in 1982-83 when the Druze regarded the government as unfairly supporting Lebanese Christian militias then conducting a bloody conflict with the Lebanese Druze at the [[Shuf Mountains]] south of [[Beirut]].
In each conscription class, dozens of Druze youths are known to either
refuse to enlist or fail to show up and be declared "deserters". Druze radical activists complain that Druze [[conscientious objectors]] are consistently treated more harshly than Jewish ones and get far longer prison terms. So far, all Israeli government refused to open the policy of Druze conscription to any discussion. Regardless of the controversy on the issue of Druze recruitment, 87% of the Druze men enlist to the IDF, a ten precent higher rate than that of Jewish men.
By law, all Israeli citizens are subject to conscription and it is the Defence Minister's complete discretion to grant excemption to individual citizens or classes of citizens. A long-standing policy dating to Israel's early years extends an exemption to all other Israeli minorities (notably [[Israeli Arab]]s but also [[Black Hebrews]] and others). However, there is a long-standing governmet policy of encouraging [[Bedouin]]s to volunteer and offer them various inducements, and in some impoverished Beduin communities a military career seems one of the few means of (relative) social mobility abvailable.
Similar to the above-mentioned Druze, beduin soldiers increasingly complain of being segregated in the army (escpecially in the traditonal role of [[trackers]]) and demand to be admitted to ordianry units, and volunteering to miltary service is an increasingly controversial subject in the beduin community - with opponents of military service pointing, for example, to cases where beduin soldiers returned from dangerous duty in the [[Occupied Territories]] to find their family homes in the [[Negev]] destroyed by government inspectors.
From among non-beduin Arab citizens, the number of volunteers for military service - some [[Christian Arabs]] and even a few [[Muslim]] Arabs - is minute, and the government makes no special effort to increase it. Six Israeli Arabs have received orders of distinction as a part of their military service; of them the most famous is a Bedouin officer, Lieutenant Colonel Abd El-Amin Hajer (also known as [[Amos Yarkoni]]), who received the Order of Distinction. Recently, a [[Bedouin]] officer was promoted to the rank of Colonel. {{fact}}
Until the second term of [[Yitzchak Rabin]] as Prime Minister, social benefits given to families in which at least one member (including a granfather, uncle or cousin) had served at some time in the armed forces were significantly higher than to "non-miltary" families, which was considered a means of blatant discrimination between Jews and Arabs. Rabin had led the abolition of the measure, in the teeth of strong opposition from the Right. At present,the only official advantage from military service is the attaining of security clearance and serving in some types of government positions (in most cases, security-related), as well as some indirect benefits. In practice, however, a large number of Israeli employers placing "wanted" ads include the requirement "after military service" even when the job is in no way security-related, which is considered as an euphemism for "no Arab need apply". The test of former military service is also frequnetly applied in addmittance to various newly-founded communities, effectively barring Arabs from living there. Also, the Israeli national airline [[El Al]] hires only pilots who had served in the Air Force, which in practice excludes Arabs from the job.
Israeli Arabs claim that this puts them at a disadvantage vs. non-Arab Israeli citizens - although in theory any Israeli Arab has the opportunity to do military service, if he or she wants to, in practice any such volunteer needs to be vetted by the Security Service, and the drafting of Muslims other than Beduins is not encouraged and is often considered a security risk. The Israeli government claims that this arrangement provides equal opportunity for the Arab population.
On the other hand, non-Arab Israelis argue that the mandatory three-year (20 months for women) military service puts them at a disadvantage, as they effectively lose three years of their life through their service in the IDF, while the Arab Israelis are able to start right into their jobs after school, or study at a university. In fact,the most frequently heard argument whenever the subject of the discrimination of Arabs comes up - whether on the [[Knesset]] floor, in the media or among ordinary citizens - is that the Arabs' "non fulfilment of military duty" justifies thier exclusion from some or all the benefits of citizenship. The late former general [[Rafael Eitan]], when he went into politics in the 1980's, proposed that the right to vote be linked to military service. The idea occasionally crops up again among right-wing groups and parties.
According to the [[2004]] [[U.S. State Department]] [[Country Reports on Human Rights Practices]] for ''Israel and the occupied territories'', "Israeli Arabs were not required to perform mandatory military service and, in practice, only a small percentage of Israeli Arabs served in the military. Those who did not serve in the army had less access than other citizens to social and economic benefits for which military service was a prerequisite or an advantage, such as housing, new-household [[subsidies]], and employment, especially government or security-related industrial employment. Regarding the latter, for security reasons, Israeli Arabs generally were restricted from working in companies with defense contracts or in security-related fields."
In recent years, there have been several initiatives to enable Israeli Arabs to volunteer for civilian [[National Service]] instead of to the IDF, completion of which would grant the same privileges as those granted to IDF veterans. However, this plan has gained strong resistance from Arab members of the parliament, and as a result, has not been implemented yet.
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Following their active service, women, like men, are in theory required to serve up to one month annually in reserve duty. However, in practice only some women in combat roles get called for active reserve duty, and only for a few years following their active service, with many exit points (e.g., pregnancy).
Apart from the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], when manpower shortages saw many of them taking active part in battles on the ground, women were historically barred from battle in the IDF, serving in a variety of technical and administrative support roles. During this period however, the IDF reputedly favoured female instructors for training male soldiers in certain roles, particularly tank crews. This was on the basis that female instructors of similar age to the young conscripts were more likely to receive the full attention of their students.
But after a landmark 1994 High Court appeal by Alice Miller, a Jewish immigrant from [[South Africa]], the [[Israel Air Force|Air Force]] was instructed to open its pilots course to women (several served as transport pilots during the first Arab-Israeli War in 1948 and [[1956 Suez War|"Operation Kadesh" in 1956]], but the Air Force later closed its ranks to women fliers). Miller failed the entrance exams, but since her initiative, many additional combat roles were opened. As of 2005, women are allowed to serve in 83% of all positions in the military, including Shipboard Navy Service (except submarines), and [[Artillery]]. Combat roles are voluntary for women.
As of 2002, 33% of lower rank Officers are women, 21% of Captains and Majors, but only 3% of the most senior ranks.
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*'''[[Israeli Central Command|Central Command]]'''
*'''[[Israeli Southern Command|Southern Command]]'''
*'''[[Israeli Home Front Command|Home Front Command]]'''
====Other bodies====
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:*[[Israel Border Police|Border Police]]
*[[Israel Prison Service|Prison Service]]
*[[Knesset Guard]]
{{col-2}}
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[[Purity of Arms]] - "The IDF servicemen and women will use their weapons and force only for the purpose of their mission, only to the necessary extent and will maintain their humanity even during combat. IDF soldiers will not use their weapons and force to harm human beings who are not combatants or prisoners of war, and will do all in their power to avoid causing harm to their lives, bodies, dignity and property."
Professionalism - "The IDF servicemen and women will acquire the professional knowledge and skills required to perform their tasks, and will implement them while striving continuously to perfect their personal and collective achievements."
Discipline - "The IDF servicemen and women will strive to the best of their ability to fully and successfully complete all that is required of them according to orders and their spirit. IDF soldiers will be meticulous in giving only lawful orders, and shall refrain from obeying blatantly illegal orders."
Comradeship - "The IDF servicemen and women will act out of fraternity and devotion to their comrades, and will always go to their assistance when they need their help or depend on them, despite any danger or difficulty, even to the point of risking their lives."
Sense of Mission - "The IDF soldiers view their service in the IDF as a mission; They will be ready to give their all in order to defend the state, its citizens and residents. This is due to the fact that they are representatives of the IDF who act on the basis and in the framework of the authority given to them in accordance with IDF orders."
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== Counterterrorism tactics ==
Owing to the ongoing [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]], the tactics of the IDF have been adapted for [[low intensity warfare]] primarily against [[Palestinian]] militants operating from within densely-populated Israeli occupied territory.
===Targeted killing===
{{main|Targeted killing}}
The IDF employs a controversial strategy of "focused foiling" (in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: סיכול ממוקד ''sikul memukad''), termed "extra-judicial executions" by human rights organizations,
This policy has been widely condemned by the United Nations and many other countries as it said to be violating The International Humanitarian Law (Hague Convention IV of 1907).
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In summer 2005, after numerous houses had been destroyed, the Israeli army itself came to the conclusion that these demolitions do not contribute to Israel's security and announced putting an end to this policy. This does however not mean that, as part of its "[[low intensity warfare]]", the IDF would not destroy civilian homes during combat.
{{seealso|urban warfare|counter terror|CQB}} -->
== Lihat pula ==
=== Artikel terkait IDF ===
* [[Sejarah Angkatan Pertahanan Israel]]
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* [[Qana|Penembakan atas Qana]] (1996)
* [[Operasi Orchard]] (2007)
=== Artikel umum terkait ===
* [[Teknologi dan perlengkapan militer]]
* [[Konflik Arab-Israel]]
* [[Lehi (kelompok)]]
* [[Proliferasi nuklir]]
* [[Pembangkang militer Israel]]
* [[Profil 21]] (פרופיל 21)
* [[MK 22]]
== Rujukan dan catatan kaki ==
Baris 444 ⟶ 436:
* {{he}}{{en}} [http://www.idf.il/ The IDF Official Website]
* [http://www.isayeret.com/ isayeret.com] - The Israeli Special Forces Database
* [http://www1.idf.il/DOVER/site/mainpage.asp?sl=EN&id=32 The IDF Spirit - the ethical code of the IDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430031938/http://www1.idf.il/dover/site/mainpage.asp?sl=EN&id=32 |date=2006-04-30 }}
* [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/584/14inv.htm Civil society under attack(detailing IDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622225501/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/584/14inv.htm |date=2006-06-22 }}
* [http://www.magavjerusalem.com Jerusalem volunteer Border Guard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208051713/http://magavjerusalem.com/ |date=2011-02-08 }}
* [http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief3-8.htm IDF Code of Conduct]
* [
* ''The Sword and the Olive'', Martin Van Creveld, ISBN 1-891620-05-3. A thorough and critical history of the IDF from the early defence leagues, and up to the late 1990s.
* [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/nuke/ FAS's page about Israel's nuclear capability]
Baris 454 ⟶ 446:
* [http://www.israeli-weapons.com Israeli Weapons]
* [http://www.isayeret.com/ Isayeret.com]: The Israeli Special Forces Database
* [http://www.idf.il/daily_statistics/english/5.doc Statistics about IDF ratio of thwarting suicide bombing attacks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040331141054/http://www.idf.il/daily_statistics/english/5.doc |date=2004-03-31 }} (link to DOC file)
* [http://www.defense-update.com Defense-Update Online Magazine]
* [[Haaretz]] report: "From 40 attacks per quarter to 5 attacks per quarter"
* [http://www.waronline.org/ War Online] - military analysis and military history of the Middle East, especially IDF (Russian, English)
* [http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks47.html The Israeli Military and Israel's Palestinian Policy: From Oslo to the Al Aqsa Intifada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814201910/http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks47.html |date=2006-08-14 }} [[U.S. Institute of Peace]], Desember 2002
{{Israel Defense Forces}}
{{Militer di Asia}}
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[[Kategori:Angkatan Pertahanan Israel| ]]
[[Kategori:Angkatan bersenjata menurut negara]]
[[tk:Ysraýyl Goranmak güýçleri]]
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