Pemilihan sela: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Pemilihan sela''' (atau terkadang dengan salah kaprah disebut "pemilihan umum sela" atau "pemilu sela") adalah sebuah [[pemilihan]] khusus yang diadakan untuk mengisi satu atau beberapa [[jabatan politik]] yang lowong di luar masa [[pemilihan umum]]. Pemilihan yang demikian biasanya diselenggarakan jika pemangku jabatan tersebut meninggal dunia, mengundurkan diri, atau dipecat dari posisinya karena dicopot oleh partainya, merangkap jabatan, melakukan kejahatan serius, atau tidak lagi memenuhi syarat memegang jabatan tersebut, atau jika pemilihan umum yang mengisi jabatan tersebut dianggap tidak sah.
Kekosongan jabatan tersebut dapat diisi melalui metode-metode lain selain pemilihan sela. Misalnya kekosongan jabatan [[Wakil Presiden Indonesia|Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia]] sebelum pemilihan umum dapat diisi oleh calon pengganti yang diajukan oleh [[Presiden Indonesia|Presiden]] dan telah dipilih melalui [[Pemungutan suara|pengambilan suara]] dalam sidang [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat]] (MPR). Jabatan tersebut juga mungkin saja dibiarkan kosong hingga [[pemilihan umum]] selanjutnya jika dianggap memungkinkan.
== Pemilihan sela di konstituensi dengan satu wakil ==
Pemilihan sela diadakan di kebanyakan negara yang memilih anggota parlemennya melalui [[konstituensi]] yang diwakili oleh satu orang saja, baik dengan sistem dua putaran atau dengan sistem pemenang melalui suara terbanyak. Pemilu ini umumnya dilakukan di negara-negara [[Persemakmuran]] seperti [[Britania Raya]] dan [[Kanada]], dan juga di [[Prancis]]. Di [[Amerika Serikat]] pemilihan ini disebut '''pemilu khusus''', dan dilakukan apabila sebuah kursi di [[Kongres Amerika Serikat]] atau di parlemen negara bagian menjadi kosong, dan terjadi kekosongan yang lama (biasanya hingga lebih dari enam bulan) hingga pemilu regular berikutnya.
<!-- ==By-elections in multi-member constituencies==
When one seat in a [[proportional representation]] constituency becomes vacant, the consequences vary. For example, a by-election may be held to fill just the vacancy or all the seats in the constituency become up for grabs in the by-election held.
[[Scotland]] and [[New Zealand]] still hold by-elections, despite having adopted the [[additional member system]], in which members are also chosen by [[party list]]s. The [[Republic of Ireland]] holds by-elections despite electing members in multi-member constituencies by the [[single transferable vote]].
Alternatives to holding a by-election include recounting the original votes while disregarding the candidate who has withdrawn as in [[Tasmania]], keeping the seat vacant until the next [[general election]] or nominating another candidate with the same affiliation as the one whose seat has become vacant - typically the next candidate on the party list under systems where one has been drawn up.
==Consequences of by-elections==
The vast majority of by-elections are unimportant and [[voter turnout]]s are seldom comparable with general elections. The governing party normally has a solid cushion so that losing a handful of seats would not affect their position. Because by-elections usually have little influence on the general governance, voters feel freer to elect smaller fringe parties. Parties on both the far [[right-wing]] and the far [[left-wing]] tend to do better in by-elections than in [[general election]]s.
However, by-elections can become crucial when the ruling party has only a small [[margin]]. In [[parliament]]ary systems, party discipline is strong enough so that the one common scenario for a [[vote of no confidence]] to occur is after the governing party loses enough by-elections to become a [[minority government]]. Recent UK examples are the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government of [[James Callaghan]] 1976-79 and the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government of [[John Major]] 1992-97.
By-elections can also be important if a minority party needs to gain one or more seats in order to gain [[official party status]] or the [[balance of power]] in a minority or coalition situation. For example, [[Andrea Horwath]]'s win in an [[Ontario]] provincial by-election in 2004 allowed the [[Ontario New Democratic Party|Ontario NDP]] to regain official party status, with important results in terms of parliamentary privileges and funding.
By-elections may occur singly, or in small bunches, especially if the authority responsible for calling them has discretion over the timing and can procrastinate. They are sometimes bunched to save money as holding multiple by-elections is likely to cost more than holding a by-election to fill the vacancies all at once. In [[Canada]], in [[1978]], 15 by-elections were held on a single date, restoring the House of Commons to 264 members. The media called it a "mini-election", a test of the Liberal government's popularity with a general election due in less than a year. The 15 districts stretched from Newfoundland to British Columbia, and produced some unexpected results, for example, an NDP candidate winning in Newfoundland for the first time.
Party leaders and media commentators often point to by-election victories as important signals, but very often by-elections hinge far more on local issues and the charisma of the candidates (especially under single-seat constituency systems) than on national issues or how the voters feel about the governing party. Nonetheless it can be shown historically that a main [[opposition party]] which performs consistently poorly in by-elections is unlikely to be a serious contender for power at the subsequent [[general election]].-->
== Strategi pemilihan sela ==
Ini adalah strategi yang dapat diambil oleh partai-partai kecil dalam pemilihan umum apabila ada sebuah partai dominan yang telah lama berkuasa, dan para pemilihnya tidak ingin partai yang dominan itu kehilangan kekuasaannya dengan cara yang mengejutkan. Dalam hal ini, partai-partai kecil itu bertarung memperebutkan kursi yang kurang dari setengah dari keseluruhan kursi di parlemen. Hal ini menghasilkan perasaan pemilihan sela di antara para pemilih, yang mungkin merasa aman untuk memberikan suaranya kepada pihak oposisi untuk mendapatkan lebih banyak suara oposisi di parlemen. Contohnya adalah pemilu di Singapura.
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar topik demokrasi dan pemilu]]
* Daftar pemilihan sela dan pemilihan khusus menurut yurisdiksi
** Irlandia: [[Daftar pemilihan sela Irlandia]]
** Selandia Baru: [[Pemilihan sela Selandia Baru]]
** Skotlandia: [[Daftar pemilihan sela parlementer Skotlandia]]
** Britania Raya: [[Daftar pemilihan sela Britania Raya]]
** Amerika Serikat: [[Pemilu khusus untuk Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Serikat]]
** Wales: [[Daftar pemilihan sela Dewan Perwakilan Wales]]
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/ese/ese06 Electing Local Authorities] - article from the [http://www.aceproject.org ACE Project]
[[Kategori:Pemilihan umum]]
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