Pengepungan Konstantinopel (717–718): Perbedaan antara revisi

 

==Kajian sejarah dan pengaruh==

 

In the long term, the failure of the Arab siege led to a profound change in the nature of warfare between Byzantium and the Caliphate. The Muslim goal of conquest of Constantinople was effectively abandoned and the frontier of the two empires stabilized along the line of the Taurus and Antitaurus Mountains, over which both sides launched regular raids and counter-raids. In this incessant border warfare, frontier towns and fortresses changed hands frequently, but the general outline of the border remained unaltered for over two centuries, until the Byzantine conquests of the 10th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Blankinship|1994|pp=104–106}}; {{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=83–84}}; {{harvnb|El-Cheikh|2004|pp=83–84}}; {{harvnb|Toynbee|1973|pp=107–109}}.</ref> On the Muslim side, the raids themselves eventually acquired an almost ritual character, and were valued mostly as a demonstration of the continuing ''jihad'' and a symbol of the Caliph's role as the leader of the Muslim community.<ref>{{harvnb|El-Cheikh|2004|pp=83–84}}; {{harvnb|Kennedy|2001|pp=105–106}}.</ref>

 

The outcome of the siege was also of considerable [[macrohistorical]] importance. The Byzantine capital's survival preserved the Empire as a bulwark against Islamic expansion into Europe until the 15th century, when it [[Fall of Constantinople|fell]] to the [[Ottoman Turks]]. The successful defence of Constantinople has been linked with the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732 as stopping Muslim expansion into Europe. As military historian [[Paul K. Davis (historian)|Paul K. Davis]] wrote, "By turning back the Moslem invasion, Europe remained in Christian hands, and no serious Moslem threat to Europe existed until the fifteenth century. This victory, coincident with the [[Franks|Frankish]] victory at Tours (732), limited Islam's western expansion to the southern Mediterranean world."<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|2001|p=99}}.</ref> Thus the historian [[J. B. Bury|John B. Bury]] called 718 "an ecumenical date", while the Greek historian [[Spyridon Lambros]] likened the siege to the [[Battle of Marathon]] and Leo III to [[Miltiades]].<ref>{{harvnb|Guilland|1959|p=129}}.</ref> Consequently, military historians often include the siege in lists of the "decisive battles" of world history.<ref>{{harvnb|Crompton|1997|pp=27–28}}; {{harvnb|Davis|2001|pp=99–102}}; {{harvnb|Fuller|1987|pp=335ff.}}; {{harvnb|Regan|2002|pp=44–45}}; {{harvnb|Tucker|2010|pp=94–97}}.</ref>-->

 

== Referensi ==