|
* Witty, Michael (December 2016) "Ancient Roman urine chemistry," ''Acta Archaeologica'', '''87''' (1) : 179–191. Witty speculates that the Romans obtained ammonia in concentrated form by adding wood ash (impure [[potassium carbonate]]) to urine that had been fermented for several hours. [[Struvite]] (magnesium ammonium phosphate) is thereby precipitated, and the yield of struvite can be increased by then treating the solution with [[bittern (salt)|bittern]], a magnesium-rich solution that is a byproduct of making salt from sea water. Roasting struvite releases ammonia vapors.</ref>
InDalam the form ofbentuk sal ammoniacamoniak ''(نشادر, nushadir)'' ammoniaamonia waspenting important to thebagi [[AlchemyAlkimia anddan chemistrykimia inpada medievalzaman Islam pertengahan|Muslimalkimiawan alchemistsMuslim]] assejak earlyabad as the 8th centuryke-8, firstpertama mentionedkali bydisebutkan theoleh Persiankimiawan Persia-Arab chemist [[Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan|Jābir ibn Hayyān]],<ref name="Haq1995">{{cite book|last=Haq|first=Syed Nomanul|title=Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan and His Kitab Al-Ahjar (Book of Stones)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=P-70YjP0nj8C|accessdate=22 June 2010|date=28 February 1995|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-7923-3254-1}}</ref> anddan to the Europeanpara [[AlchemyAlkimia|alchemistsalkimiawan]] sinceEropa thesejak 13thabad centuryke-13, being mentioned byoleh [[Albertus Magnus]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=861}} ItIni wasjuga alsodigunakan used byoleh [[dyePewarna|tukang celup]]rs in thepada [[MiddleAbad AgesPertengahan]] indalam the form of fermentedbentuk [[urineurin]] toyang alterdifermentasi theuntuk colourmengubah ofwarna vegetablepewarna dyessayuran. InPada theabad 15th centuryke-15, [[Basilius Valentinus]] showedmenunjukkan thatbahwa ammoniaamonia coulddapat bediperoleh obtaineddengan by the action ofmenambahkan alkalisalkali onpada sal ammoniacamoniak.<ref>''Spiritus salis urinæ'' (spirit of the salt of urine, i.e., ammonium carbonate) had apparently been produced before Valentinus, although he presented a new, simpler method for preparing it in his book: Valentinus, Basilius, ''Vier Tractätlein Fr. Basilii Valentini'' … [Four essays of Brother Basil Valentine … ] (Frankfurt am Main, (Germany): Luca Jennis, 1625), ''"Supplementum oder Zugabe"'' (Supplement or appendix), pp. 80–81: ''"Der Weg zum Universal, damit die drei Stein zusammen kommen."'' (The path to the Universal, so that the three stones come together.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UlhcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false From p. 81:] ''"Der Spiritus salis Urinæ nimbt langes wesen zubereiten / dieser proceß aber ist waß leichter unnd näher auß dem Salz von Armenia, … Nun nimb sauberen schönen Armenischen Salz armoniac ohn alles sublimiren / thue ihn in ein Kolben / giesse ein Oleum Tartari drauff / daß es wie ein Muß oder Brey werde / vermachs baldt / dafür thu auch ein grosen vorlag / so lege sich als baldt der Spiritus Salis Urinæ im Helm an Crystallisch … "'' (Spirit of the salt of urine [i.e., ammonium carbonate] requires a long method [i.e., procedure] to prepare; this [i.e., Valentine’s] process [starting] from the salt from Armenia [i.e., ammonium chloride], however, is somewhat easier and shorter … Now take clean nice Armenian salt, without sublimating all [of it]; put it in a [distillation] flask; pour oil of tartar [i.e., potassium carbonate that has dissolved only in the water that it has absorbed from the air] on it, [so] that it [i.e., the mixture] becomes like a mush or paste; assemble it [i.e., the distilling apparatus ([[alembic]])] quickly; for that [purpose] connect a large receiving flask; then soon spirit of the salt of urine deposits as crystals in the "helmet" [i.e., the outlet for the vapors, which is atop the distillation flask] … )<br>
See also: Kopp, Hermann, ''Geschichte der Chemie'' [History of Chemistry] (Braunschweig, (Germany): Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1845), Part 3, [https://archive.org/stream/geschichtederche03unse#page/243/mode/2up p. 243.] [in German]
</ref> AtPada aperiode later periodselanjutnya, whenketika sal ammoniacamoniak wasdiperoleh obtaineddengan bymendistilasi distillingkuku thedan hoovestanduk andsapi hornsdan ofmenetralkan oxenkarbonat andyang neutralizingdihasilkan the resulting carbonate withdengan [[hydrochloricasam acidklorida]], theamonia namemendapat julukan "''roh tanduk rusa (spirit of hartshorn)''" was applied to ammonia.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=861}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kwQQaltqByAC&pg=PA72|page=72|title=Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry|author=Maurice P. Crosland|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|year=2004|isbn=978-0-486-43802-3}}</ref>
GaseousAmonia ammoniagas waspertama firstkali isolateddiisolasi byoleh [[Joseph Black]] inpada tahun 1756 bydengan reactingmereaksikan ''sal ammoniac''amoniak ([[Ammoniumamonium Chlorideklorida]]) with ''calcineddengan magnesia'' yang dikalsinasi ([[Magnesiummagnesium Oxideoksida]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/b21730738|title=Experiments upon magnesia alba, quick-lime, and other alcaline substances|last=Black|first=Joseph|date=1893|publisher=W.F. Clay|others=|isbn=|location=Edinburgh|pages=|orig-year=1755}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UeGlmU2F8_8C&pg=PA14&dq=Ammonia+Joseph+Black#v=onepage&q=Ammonia%20Joseph%20Black&f=false|title=Air Pollution and Global Warming: History, Science, and Solutions|last=Jacobson|first=Mark Z.|date=2012-04-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107691155|language=en}}</ref> ItIa wasdiisolasi isolatedlagi again byoleh [[Peter Woulfe]] inpada tahun 1767,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/woulfes-bottle/2500114.article|title=Woulfe’s bottle|work=Chemistry World|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Woulfe|first=Peter|date=1767-01-01|title=Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, &c. Shewing How They May be Condensed without Loss, and How Thereby We May Avoid Disagreeable and Noxious Fumes: In a Letter from Mr. Peter Woulfe, F. R. S. to John Ellis, Esq; F. R. S.|url=http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/57/517|journal=Philosophical Transactions|language=en|volume=57|pages=517–536|doi=10.1098/rstl.1767.0052|issn=0261-0523}}</ref> byoleh [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] inpada tahun 1770<ref>https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/28946/Pictorial%20Life%20History_Scheele.pdf?sequence=1</ref> anddan byoleh [[Joseph Priestley]] inpada tahun 1773 and was termed bydan himdisebutnya "alkalineudara airalkali".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=861}}<ref>See:
* Priestley, Joseph (1773) [https://archive.org/stream/observationsetm02pari#page/388/mode/2up "Extrait d'une lettre de M. Priestley, en date du 14 Octobre 1773"] (Extract of a letter from Mr. Priestley, dated 14 October 1773), ''Observations sur la Physique'' …, '''2''' : 389.
* Priestley, Joseph, ''Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air'', vol. 1, 2nd ed. (London, England: 1775), [https://archive.org/stream/experimentsobser01prie#page/162/mode/2up Part 2, § 1: Observations on Alkaline Air, pp. 163–177.]
* Schofield, Robert E., ''The Enlightened Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1773 to 1804'' (University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=qL9K2e4KIvsC&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 93–94.]
* By 1775, Priestley had observed that electricity could decompose ammonia ("alkaline air"), yielding a flammable gas (hydrogen). See: Priestley, Joseph, ''Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air'', vol. 2 (London, England: J. Johnson, 1775), [https://books.google.com/books?id=gB0UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA239#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 239–240.]</ref> ElevenSebelas yearstahun laterkemudian inpada tahun 1785, [[Claude Louis Berthollet]] ascertained itsmemastikan compositionkomposisinya.<ref>Berthollet (1785) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35847/f490.item.zoom "Analyse de l'alkali volatil"] (Analysis of volatile alkali), ''Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences'', 316–326.</ref>{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=861}}
The [[Haber–BoschProses processHaber|Proses Haber-Bosch]] tountuk producemenghasilkan ammoniaamonia from thedari nitrogen indi theudara airdikembangkan was developed byoleh [[Fritz Haber]] anddan [[Carl Bosch]] inpada tahun 1909 anddan patenteddipatenkan inpada tahun 1910. ItProses wasini firstpertama usedkali ondigunakan anpada industrialskala scaleindustri indi GermanyJerman duringselama [[WorldPerang WarDunia I]],<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite book|author=Max Appl |title=Ammonia, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year= 2006|publisher= Wiley-VCH|location= Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2|chapter=Ammonia|isbn=978-3527306732}}</ref> followingsetelah theblokade alliedsekutu blockadememotong thatpasokan cutnitrat off the supply of nitrates fromdari [[Chile]]. The ammonia wasAmonia useddigunakan tountuk producememproduksi explosivesbahan topeledak sustaindemi warkeberlangsungan effortsperang.<ref name="Conquering" >{{cite book|author=Smith, Roland|title=Conquering Chemistry|year=2001|isbn=978-0-07-470146-1|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=Sydney}}</ref>
Sebelum ketersediaan gas alam, hidrogen sebagai prekursor untuk [[produksi amonia]] diproduksi melalui [[elektrolisis]] air atau menggunakan [[proses kloralkali]].
Before the availability of natural gas, hydrogen as a precursor to [[ammonia production]] was produced via the [[electrolysis]] of water or using the [[chloralkali process]].
Dengan munculnya industri baja di abad ke-20, amonia menjadi produk sampingan dari produksi batubara.
With the advent of the steel industry in the 20th century, ammonia became a byproduct of the production of coking coal.
==UsesPenggunaan==
===FertilizerPupuk===
GloballySecara global, approximatelysekitar 88% amonia (as ofpada 2014) ofdigunakan ammoniasebagai is used as fertilizers eitherpupuk, asbaik itssebagai saltsgaramnya, solutionslarutannya oratau anhydrouslyanhidratnya.<ref name="USGS2016"/> WhenKetika appliedditerapkan topada soiltanah, itini helpsmembantu providepeningkatan increasedhasil yieldspanen ofseperti cropspada suchjagung as maize anddan wheatgandum.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lassaletta|first1=Luis|last2=Billen|first2=Gilles|last3=Grizzetti|first3=Bruna|last4=Anglade|first4=Juliette|last5=Garnier|first5=Josette|title=50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: the relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland|journal=Environmental Research Letters|date=2014|volume=9|issue=10|pages=105011|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105011|language=en|issn=1748-9326|bibcode=2014ERL.....9j5011L}}</ref> Sekitar 30% of agricultural nitrogen appliedpertanian inyang thedigunakan USAdi isAS inadalah thedalam formbentuk ofamonia anhydrousanhidrat ammoniadan and110 worldwidejuta 110ton milliondigunakan tonnesdi areseluruh applieddunia eachsetiap yeartahun.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/anhydrous-ammonia-fertilizer-abundant-important-hazardous/2013/04/18/c2d4c69c-a85a-11e2-a8e2-5b98cb59187f_story.html|title=Anhydrous ammonia fertilizer: abundant, important, hazardous|publisher=Washington Post|author=David Brown|date=18 April 2013|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref>
===Prekursor senyawa-senyawa bernitrogen===
===Precursor to nitrogenous compounds===
AmmoniaAmonia issecara directlylangsung oratau indirectlytidak thelangsung precursormerupakan toprekursor mostbagi nitrogen-containingsebagian compounds.besar Virtuallysenyawa allyang syntheticmengandung nitrogen. compoundsHampir semua senyawa nitrogen aresintetik derivedberasal fromdari ammoniaamonia. AnTurunannya importantyang derivativepenting isadalah [[nitricasam acidnitrat]]. ThisBahan keykunci materialini isdihasilkan generated via theoleh [[Ostwaldproses processOstwald]] bymelalui [[oxidationoksidasi]] ofamonia ammoniadengan withudara airdi overatas akatalis [[platinumplatina]] catalyst atpada {{convert|700|–|850|°C}}, ~9 atm. [[NitricNitrogen oxidemonoksida]] isadalah anproduk intermediateantara indalam thiskonversi conversionini:<ref>{{cite book|author1=Holleman, A. F. |author2=Wiberg, E. |title=Inorganic Chemistry|publisher=Academic Press|location= San Diego|year=2001|isbn=978-0-12-352651-9}}</ref>
: NH<sub>3</subchem>NH3 + 2 O<sub>2</subO2 -> → HNO<sub>3</sub>HNO3 + H<sub>2H2O</subchem>O
Asam nitrat digunakan untuk produksi [[pupuk]], [[bahan peledak]], dan banyak senyawa organonitrogen.
Nitric acid is used for the production of [[fertilizer]]s, [[explosive]]s, and many organonitrogen compounds.
Amonia juga digunakan untuk membuat senyawa berikut:
Ammonia is also used to make the following compounds:
* [[HydrazineHidrazin]], in thedalam [[proses Olin Raschig process]] and thedan [[peroxideproses processperoksida]]
* [[HydrogenHidrogen cyanidesianida]], in thedalam [[proses BMA process]] and thedan [[proses Andrussow process]]
* [[HydroxylamineHidroksilamina]] anddan [[ammoniumamonium carbonatekarbonat]], in thedalam [[proses Raschig process]]
* [[PhenolFenol]], in thedalam [[Raschig–Hookerproses Raschig – processHooker]]
* [[Urea]], in thedalam [[Bosch–Meiserproses urea processBosch – Meiser]] anddan indalam [[Wöhlersintesis synthesisWöhler]]
* [[AminoAsam acidamino]]s, usingmenggunakan [[StreckerSintesis asam amino-acid synthesisStrecker]]
* [[AcrylonitrileAkrilonitril]], in thedalam [[proses Sohio process]]
AmmoniaAmonia canjuga alsodapat bedigunakan useduntuk tomembuat makesenyawa compoundsdalam inreaksi reactionsyang whichtidak aredisebutkan notnamanya specificallysecara namedspesifik. ExamplesContoh-contoh ofsenyawa suchtersebut compounds includemeliputi: [[ammoniumamonium perchlorateperklorat]], [[ammoniumamonium nitratenitrat]], [[formamideformamida]], [[dinitrogen tetroxidetetroksida]], [[alprazolam]], [[ethanolamineetanolamina]], [[ethyletil carbamatekarbamat]], [[hexamethylenetetramineheksametilenatetramina]], anddan [[ammoniumamonium bicarbonatebikarbonat]].
===AsSebagai a cleanerpembersih===
HouseholdAmonia ammoniarumah istangga aadalah solution oflarutan {{chem|NH<sub>|3</sub>}} indalam waterair (i.e.,yaitu [[ammoniumamonium hydroxidehidroksida]]) usedyang asumumnya adigunakan generalsebagai purposepembersih cleanerpermukaan. forAmonia manymenghasilkan surfaces.kilau Becauseyang ammoniarelatif resultsbebas ingoresan, aoleh relatively streak-freekarena shineitu, onesalah ofsatu itskegunaannya mostyang commonpaling usesumum isadalah topembersih clean glasskaca, porcelainporselen, anddan stainlessbaja steelnirkarat. ItAmonia isjuga alsosering frequentlydigunakan useduntuk formembersihkan cleaningoven ovensdan andmerendam soakingbarang itemsuntuk tomelonggarkan loosenkotoran baked-onbekas grimememanggang. HouseholdAmonia ammoniarumah rangestangga inberada concentrationdalam bykisaran weight fromkonsentrasi 5 tohingga 10% ammoniaamonia, berdasarkan berat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/emergency/chemical_terrorism/ammonia_tech.htm|title=The Facts About Ammonia|website=www.health.ny.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref> UnitedProdusen Statesproduk manufacturerspembersih ofAmerika cleaningSerikat productsdiharuskan are required to provide the product'smenyediakan [[material safetylembar data sheetkeselamatan bahan]] whichproduknya, yang listsmencantumkan thekonsentrasi concentrationyang useddigunakan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3514.pdf|title=OSHA Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets|last=|first=|date=|website=OSHA|access-date=}}</ref>
===FermentationFermentasi===
Larutan amonia dalam rentang konsentrasi 16% hingga 25% digunakan dalam industri [[Fermentasi industri|fermentasi]] sebagai sumber nitrogen untuk mikroorganisme dan untuk menyesuaikan pH selama fermentasi.
Solutions of ammonia ranging from 16% to 25% are used in the [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] industry as a source of nitrogen for microorganisms and to adjust pH during fermentation.
===Zat antimikroba untuk produk makanan===
===Antimicrobial agent for food products===
As early as in 1895, it was known that ammonia was "strongly [[antiseptic]] ... it requires 1.4 grams per litre to preserve [[beef tea]]."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/disinfectiondisi00rideuoft|title=Disinfection and Disinfectants: An Introduction to the Study of|author=Samuel Rideal|publisher=Charles Griffin and Company|place=London|year=1895|page=109}}</ref> In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of [[zoonotic bacteria]] in 3 types of [[compound feed|animal feed]], but not [[silage]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040|title=Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds — Laboratory study|author=Tajkarimi, Mehrdad|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|volume=122|issue= 1–2|year=2008|pages=23–28|pmid=18155794|last2=Riemann|first2=H. P.|last3=Hajmeer|first3=M. N.|last4=Gomez|first4=E. L.|last5=Razavilar|first5=V.|last6=Cliver|first6=D. O.|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=JS |last2=Lee |first2=YY |last3=Kim |first3=TH |title=A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. |journal=Bioresource Technology |date=January 2016 |volume=199 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085 |pmid=26341010}}</ref> Anhydrous ammonia is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate [[microbial]] contamination of [[beef]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811220534/http://asae.frymulti.com/abstract.asp?aid=27245&t=2 Evaluation of Treatment Methods for Reducing Bacteria in Textured Beef]", Jensen, Jean L ''et al.'', [[American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers]] Annual Meeting 2009</ref><ref>''[http://haccpalliance.org/sub/Antimicrobial%20Interventions%20for%20Beef.pdf Reference Document: Antimicrobial Interventions for Beef]'', Dawna Winkler and Kerri B. Harris, Center for Food Safety, Department of Animal Science, [[Texas A&M University]], May 2009, page 12</ref> ▼Pada awal tahun 1895, diketahui bahwa amonia "[[antiseptik]] kuat ... dibutuhkan 1,4 gram per liter untuk mengawetkan [[Kaldu|kaldu sapi]]."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/disinfectiondisi00rideuoft|title=Disinfection and Disinfectants: An Introduction to the Study of|author=Samuel Rideal|publisher=Charles Griffin and Company|place=London|year=1895|page=109}}</ref> Dalam sebuah penelitian, amonia anhidrat menghancurkan 99,999% [[Zoonosis|bakteri zoonosis]] pada 3 jenis [[Pakan|pakan hewan]], tetapi bukan [[silase]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040|title=Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds — Laboratory study|author=Tajkarimi, Mehrdad|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|volume=122|issue= 1–2|year=2008|pages=23–28|pmid=18155794|last2=Riemann|first2=H. P.|last3=Hajmeer|first3=M. N.|last4=Gomez|first4=E. L.|last5=Razavilar|first5=V.|last6=Cliver|first6=D. O.|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=JS |last2=Lee |first2=YY |last3=Kim |first3=TH |title=A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. |journal=Bioresource Technology |date=January 2016 |volume=199 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085 |pmid=26341010}}</ref> Amonia anhidrat saat ini digunakan secara komersial untuk mengurangi atau menghilangkan kontaminasi mikroba daging sapi. [57] [58] Daging sapi tanpa lemak bertekstur halus di industri daging sapi terbuat dari hiasan daging sapi berlemak (sekitar 50-70% lemak) dengan menghilangkan lemak menggunakan panas dan sentrifugasi, kemudian memperlakukannya dengan amonia untuk membunuh E. coli. Proses itu dianggap efektif dan aman oleh Departemen Pertanian AS berdasarkan studi yang menemukan bahwa perawatan mengurangi E. coli ke tingkat yang tidak terdeteksi. [59] Ada masalah keamanan tentang proses tersebut serta keluhan konsumen tentang rasa dan bau daging sapi yang diolah pada tingkat amonia yang optimal. [60] Tingkat amonia dalam produk akhir apa pun belum mendekati tingkat toksik bagi manusia.
▲As early as in 1895, it was known that ammonia was "strongly [[antiseptic]] ... it requires 1.4 grams per litre to preserve [[beef tea]]." <ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/disinfectiondisi00rideuoft|title=Disinfection and Disinfectants: An Introduction to the Study of|author=Samuel Rideal|publisher=Charles Griffin and Company|place=London|year=1895|page=109}}</ref> In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of [[zoonotic bacteria]] in 3 types of [[compound feed|animal feed]], but not [[silage]]. <ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040|title=Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds — Laboratory study|author=Tajkarimi, Mehrdad|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|volume=122|issue= 1–2|year=2008|pages=23–28|pmid=18155794|last2=Riemann|first2=H. P.|last3=Hajmeer|first3=M. N.|last4=Gomez|first4=E. L.|last5=Razavilar|first5=V.|last6=Cliver|first6=D. O.|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=JS |last2=Lee |first2=YY |last3=Kim |first3=TH |title=A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. |journal=Bioresource Technology |date=January 2016 |volume=199 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085 |pmid=26341010}}</ref> Anhydrous ammonia is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate [[microbial]] contamination of [[beef]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811220534/http://asae.frymulti.com/abstract.asp?aid=27245&t=2 Evaluation of Treatment Methods for Reducing Bacteria in Textured Beef]", Jensen, Jean L ''et al.'', [[American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers]] Annual Meeting 2009</ref><ref>''[http://haccpalliance.org/sub/Antimicrobial%20Interventions%20for%20Beef.pdf Reference Document: Antimicrobial Interventions for Beef]'', Dawna Winkler and Kerri B. Harris, Center for Food Safety, Department of Animal Science, [[Texas A&M University]], May 2009, page 12</ref>
Lean finely textured beef in the beef industry is made from fatty [[beef trimmings]] (c. 50–70% fat) by removing the fat using heat and [[centrifugation]], then treating it with ammonia to kill ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]''. The process was deemed effective and safe by the [[US Department of Agriculture]] based on a study that found that the treatment reduces ''E. coli'' to undetectable levels.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/health/04meat.html | work=The New York Times | title=The Burger That Shattered Her Life | first=Michael | last=Moss | date=3 October 2009}}</ref> There have been safety concerns about the process as well as consumer complaints about the taste and smell of beef treated at optimal levels of ammonia.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/us/31meat.html | work=The New York Times | title=Safety of Beef Processing Method Is Questioned | first=Michael | last=Moss | date=31 December 2009}}</ref> The level of ammonia in any final product has not come close to toxic levels to humans.
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