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Sebelum ketersediaan gas alam, hidrogen sebagai prekursor untuk [[produksi amonia]] diproduksi melalui [[elektrolisis]] air atau menggunakan [[proses kloralkali]].
 
Dengan munculnya industri baja di abad ke-20, amonia menjadi produk sampingan dari produksi batubara.
Before the availability of natural gas, hydrogen as a precursor to [[ammonia production]] was produced via the [[electrolysis]] of water or using the [[chloralkali process]].
 
==Penggunaan==
With the advent of the steel industry in the 20th century, ammonia became a byproduct of the production of coking coal.
 
==Uses=Pupuk===
GloballySecara global, approximatelysekitar 88% amonia (as ofpada 2014) ofdigunakan ammoniasebagai is used as fertilizers eitherpupuk, asbaik itssebagai saltsgaramnya, solutionslarutannya oratau anhydrouslyanhidratnya.<ref name="USGS2016"/> WhenKetika appliedditerapkan topada soiltanah, itini helpsmembantu providepeningkatan increasedhasil yieldspanen ofseperti cropspada suchjagung as maize anddan wheatgandum.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lassaletta|first1=Luis|last2=Billen|first2=Gilles|last3=Grizzetti|first3=Bruna|last4=Anglade|first4=Juliette|last5=Garnier|first5=Josette|title=50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: the relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland|journal=Environmental Research Letters|date=2014|volume=9|issue=10|pages=105011|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105011|language=en|issn=1748-9326|bibcode=2014ERL.....9j5011L}}</ref> Sekitar 30% of agricultural nitrogen appliedpertanian inyang thedigunakan USAdi isAS inadalah thedalam formbentuk ofamonia anhydrousanhidrat ammoniadan and110 worldwidejuta 110ton milliondigunakan tonnesdi areseluruh applieddunia eachsetiap yeartahun.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/anhydrous-ammonia-fertilizer-abundant-important-hazardous/2013/04/18/c2d4c69c-a85a-11e2-a8e2-5b98cb59187f_story.html|title=Anhydrous ammonia fertilizer: abundant, important, hazardous|publisher=Washington Post|author=David Brown|date=18 April 2013|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref>▼
 
===Prekursor senyawa-senyawa bernitrogen===
===Fertilizer===
AmmoniaAmonia issecara directlylangsung oratau indirectlytidak thelangsung precursormerupakan toprekursor mostbagi nitrogen-containingsebagian compounds.besar Virtuallysenyawa allyang syntheticmengandung nitrogen. compoundsHampir semua senyawa nitrogen aresintetik derivedberasal fromdari ammoniaamonia. AnTurunannya importantyang derivativepenting isadalah [[nitricasam acidnitrat]]. ThisBahan keykunci materialini isdihasilkan generated via theoleh [[Ostwaldproses processOstwald]] bymelalui [[oxidationoksidasi]] ofamonia ammoniadengan withudara airdi overatas akatalis [[platinumplatina]] catalyst atpada {{convert|700|–|850|°C}}, ~9 atm. [[NitricNitrogen oxidemonoksida]] isadalah anproduk intermediateantara indalam thiskonversi conversionini:<ref>{{cite book|author1=Holleman, A. F. |author2=Wiberg, E. |title=Inorganic Chemistry|publisher=Academic Press|location= San Diego|year=2001|isbn=978-0-12-352651-9}}</ref>▼
▲Globally, approximately 88% (as of 2014) of ammonia is used as fertilizers either as its salts, solutions or anhydrously.<ref name="USGS2016"/> When applied to soil, it helps provide increased yields of crops such as maize and wheat.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lassaletta|first1=Luis|last2=Billen|first2=Gilles|last3=Grizzetti|first3=Bruna|last4=Anglade|first4=Juliette|last5=Garnier|first5=Josette|title=50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: the relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland|journal=Environmental Research Letters|date=2014|volume=9|issue=10|pages=105011|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105011|language=en|issn=1748-9326|bibcode=2014ERL.....9j5011L}}</ref> 30% of agricultural nitrogen applied in the USA is in the form of anhydrous ammonia and worldwide 110 million tonnes are applied each year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/anhydrous-ammonia-fertilizer-abundant-important-hazardous/2013/04/18/c2d4c69c-a85a-11e2-a8e2-5b98cb59187f_story.html|title=Anhydrous ammonia fertilizer: abundant, important, hazardous|publisher=Washington Post|author=David Brown|date=18 April 2013|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref>
: <chem>NH3 + 2 O2 -> HNO3 + H2O</chem>
Asam nitrat digunakan untuk produksi [[pupuk]], [[bahan peledak]], dan banyak senyawa organonitrogen.
 
Amonia juga digunakan untuk membuat senyawa berikut:
===Precursor to nitrogenous compounds===
* [[Hidrazin]], dalam [[proses Olin Raschig]] dan [[proses peroksida]]
▲Ammonia is directly or indirectly the precursor to most nitrogen-containing compounds. Virtually all synthetic nitrogen compounds are derived from ammonia. An important derivative is [[nitric acid]]. This key material is generated via the [[Ostwald process]] by [[oxidation]] of ammonia with air over a [[platinum]] catalyst at {{convert|700|–|850|°C}}, ~9 atm. [[Nitric oxide]] is an intermediate in this conversion:<ref>{{cite book|author1=Holleman, A. F. |author2=Wiberg, E. |title=Inorganic Chemistry|publisher=Academic Press|location= San Diego|year=2001|isbn=978-0-12-352651-9}}</ref>
* [[Hidrogen sianida]], dalam [[proses BMA]] dan [[proses Andrussow]]
: NH<sub>3</sub> + 2 O<sub>2</sub> → HNO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
* [[Hidroksilamina]] dan [[amonium karbonat]], dalam [[proses Raschig]]
Nitric acid is used for the production of [[fertilizer]]s, [[explosive]]s, and many organonitrogen compounds.
* [[Fenol]], dalam [[proses Raschig – Hooker]]
* [[Urea]], dalam [[proses urea Bosch – Meiser]] dan dalam [[sintesis Wöhler]]
* [[Asam amino]], menggunakan [[Sintesis asam amino Strecker]]
* [[Akrilonitril]], dalam [[proses Sohio]]
 
Amonia juga dapat digunakan untuk membuat senyawa dalam reaksi yang tidak disebutkan namanya secara spesifik. Contoh-contoh senyawa tersebut meliputi: [[amonium perklorat]], [[amonium nitrat]], [[formamida]], [[dinitrogen tetroksida]], [[alprazolam]], [[etanolamina]], [[etil karbamat]], [[heksametilenatetramina]], dan [[amonium bikarbonat]].
Ammonia is also used to make the following compounds:
* [[Hydrazine]], in the [[Olin Raschig process]] and the [[peroxide process]]
* [[Hydrogen cyanide]], in the [[BMA process]] and the [[Andrussow process]]
* [[Hydroxylamine]] and [[ammonium carbonate]], in the [[Raschig process]]
* [[Phenol]], in the [[Raschig–Hooker process]]
* [[Urea]], in the [[Bosch–Meiser urea process]] and in [[Wöhler synthesis]]
* [[Amino acid]]s, using [[Strecker amino-acid synthesis]]
* [[Acrylonitrile]], in the [[Sohio process]]
 
===Sebagai pembersih===
Ammonia can also be used to make compounds in reactions which are not specifically named. Examples of such compounds include: [[ammonium perchlorate]], [[ammonium nitrate]], [[formamide]], [[dinitrogen tetroxide]], [[alprazolam]], [[ethanolamine]], [[ethyl carbamate]], [[hexamethylenetetramine]], and [[ammonium bicarbonate]].
HouseholdAmonia ammoniarumah istangga aadalah solution oflarutan {{chem|NH<sub>|3</sub>}} indalam waterair (i.e.,yaitu [[ammoniumamonium hydroxidehidroksida]]) usedyang asumumnya adigunakan generalsebagai purposepembersih cleanerpermukaan. forAmonia manymenghasilkan surfaces.kilau Becauseyang ammoniarelatif resultsbebas ingoresan, aoleh relatively streak-freekarena shineitu, onesalah ofsatu itskegunaannya mostyang commonpaling usesumum isadalah topembersih clean glasskaca, porcelainporselen, anddan stainlessbaja steelnirkarat. ItAmonia isjuga alsosering frequentlydigunakan useduntuk formembersihkan cleaningoven ovensdan andmerendam soakingbarang itemsuntuk tomelonggarkan loosenkotoran baked-onbekas grimememanggang. HouseholdAmonia ammoniarumah rangestangga inberada concentrationdalam bykisaran weight fromkonsentrasi 5 tohingga 10% ammoniaamonia, berdasarkan berat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/emergency/chemical_terrorism/ammonia_tech.htm|title=The Facts About Ammonia|website=www.health.ny.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref> UnitedProdusen Statesproduk manufacturerspembersih ofAmerika cleaningSerikat productsdiharuskan are required to provide the product'smenyediakan [[material safetylembar data sheetkeselamatan bahan]] whichproduknya, yang listsmencantumkan thekonsentrasi concentrationyang useddigunakan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3514.pdf|title=OSHA Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets|last=|first=|date=|website=OSHA|access-date=}}</ref>▼
 
===As a cleanerFermentasi===
Larutan amonia dalam rentang konsentrasi 16% hingga 25% digunakan dalam industri [[Fermentasi industri|fermentasi]] sebagai sumber nitrogen untuk mikroorganisme dan untuk menyesuaikan pH selama fermentasi.
▲Household ammonia is a solution of NH<sub>3</sub> in water (i.e., [[ammonium hydroxide]]) used as a general purpose cleaner for many surfaces. Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-free shine, one of its most common uses is to clean glass, porcelain and stainless steel. It is also frequently used for cleaning ovens and soaking items to loosen baked-on grime. Household ammonia ranges in concentration by weight from 5 to 10% ammonia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/emergency/chemical_terrorism/ammonia_tech.htm|title=The Facts About Ammonia|website=www.health.ny.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref> United States manufacturers of cleaning products are required to provide the product's [[material safety data sheet]] which lists the concentration used.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3514.pdf|title=OSHA Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets|last=|first=|date=|website=OSHA|access-date=}}</ref>
 
===Zat antimikroba untuk produk makanan===
===Fermentation===
Solutions of ammonia ranging from 16% to 25% are used in the [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] industry as a source of nitrogen for microorganisms and to adjust pH during fermentation.
 
AsPada earlyawal as intahun 1895, itdiketahui wasbahwa known that ammonia wasamonia "strongly [[antisepticantiseptik]] kuat ... it requiresdibutuhkan 1.,4 gramsgram per litreliter tountuk preservemengawetkan [[beefKaldu|kaldu teasapi]]."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/disinfectiondisi00rideuoft|title=Disinfection and Disinfectants: An Introduction to the Study of|author=Samuel Rideal|publisher=Charles Griffin and Company|place=London|year=1895|page=109}}</ref> InDalam onesebuah studypenelitian, anhydrousamonia ammoniaanhidrat destroyedmenghancurkan 99.,999% of [[zoonoticZoonosis|bakteri bacteriazoonosis]] inpada 3 types ofjenis [[compound feedPakan|animalpakan feedhewan]], buttetapi notbukan [[silagesilase]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040|title=Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds — Laboratory study|author=Tajkarimi, Mehrdad|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|volume=122|issue= 1–2|year=2008|pages=23–28|pmid=18155794|last2=Riemann|first2=H. P.|last3=Hajmeer|first3=M. N.|last4=Gomez|first4=E. L.|last5=Razavilar|first5=V.|last6=Cliver|first6=D. O.|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=JS |last2=Lee |first2=YY |last3=Kim |first3=TH |title=A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. |journal=Bioresource Technology |date=January 2016 |volume=199 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085 |pmid=26341010}}</ref> AnhydrousAmonia ammoniaanhidrat issaat currentlyini useddigunakan commerciallysecara tokomersial reduceuntuk ormengurangi eliminateatau [[microbial]]menghilangkan contaminationkontaminasi ofmikroba daging sapi. [57] [beef58]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811220534/http://asae.frymulti.com/abstract.asp?aid=27245&t=2 EvaluationDaging ofsapi Treatmenttanpa Methodslemak forbertekstur Reducinghalus Bacteriadi inindustri Textureddaging Beef]",sapi terbuat dari Jensenhiasan daging sapi berlemak (sekitar 50-70% lemak) dengan menghilangkan lemak menggunakan panas dan sentrifugasi, Jeankemudian Lmemperlakukannya dengan ''etamonia aluntuk membunuh E.'', [[Americancoli. SocietyProses ofitu Agriculturaldianggap andefektif Biologicaldan Engineers]]aman oleh Departemen AnnualPertanian MeetingAS 2009</ref><ref>''[http://haccpallianceberdasarkan studi yang menemukan bahwa perawatan mengurangi E.org/sub/Antimicrobial%20Interventions%20for%20Beef.pdf Referencecoli Document:ke Antimicrobialtingkat Interventionsyang fortidak terdeteksi. Beef[59]'', DawnaAda Winklermasalah andkeamanan Kerritentang B.proses Harris,tersebut Centerserta forkeluhan Foodkonsumen Safety,tentang Departmentrasa ofdan Animalbau Science,daging [[Texassapi A&Myang Universitydiolah pada tingkat amonia yang optimal. [60]], MayTingkat 2009,amonia pagedalam produk akhir 12</ref>apa pun belum mendekati tingkat toksik bagi manusia.▼
===Antimicrobial agent for food products===
 
▲As early as in 1895, it was known that ammonia was "strongly [[antiseptic]] ... it requires 1.4 grams per litre to preserve [[beef tea]]."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/disinfectiondisi00rideuoft|title=Disinfection and Disinfectants: An Introduction to the Study of|author=Samuel Rideal|publisher=Charles Griffin and Company|place=London|year=1895|page=109}}</ref> In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of [[zoonotic bacteria]] in 3 types of [[compound feed|animal feed]], but not [[silage]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040|title=Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds — Laboratory study|author=Tajkarimi, Mehrdad|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|volume=122|issue= 1–2|year=2008|pages=23–28|pmid=18155794|last2=Riemann|first2=H. P.|last3=Hajmeer|first3=M. N.|last4=Gomez|first4=E. L.|last5=Razavilar|first5=V.|last6=Cliver|first6=D. O.|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=JS |last2=Lee |first2=YY |last3=Kim |first3=TH |title=A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. |journal=Bioresource Technology |date=January 2016 |volume=199 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085 |pmid=26341010}}</ref> Anhydrous ammonia is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate [[microbial]] contamination of [[beef]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811220534/http://asae.frymulti.com/abstract.asp?aid=27245&t=2 Evaluation of Treatment Methods for Reducing Bacteria in Textured Beef]", Jensen, Jean L ''et al.'', [[American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers]] Annual Meeting 2009</ref><ref>''[http://haccpalliance.org/sub/Antimicrobial%20Interventions%20for%20Beef.pdf Reference Document: Antimicrobial Interventions for Beef]'', Dawna Winkler and Kerri B. Harris, Center for Food Safety, Department of Animal Science, [[Texas A&M University]], May 2009, page 12</ref>
 
As early as in 1895, it was known that ammonia was "strongly [[antiseptic]] ... it requires 1.4 grams per litre to preserve [[beef tea]]." In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of [[zoonotic bacteria]] in 3 types of [[compound feed|animal feed]], but not [[silage]]. Anhydrous ammonia is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate [[microbial]] contamination of [[beef]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811220534/http://asae.frymulti.com/abstract.asp?aid=27245&t=2 Evaluation of Treatment Methods for Reducing Bacteria in Textured Beef]", Jensen, Jean L ''et al.'', [[American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers]] Annual Meeting 2009</ref><ref>''[http://haccpalliance.org/sub/Antimicrobial%20Interventions%20for%20Beef.pdf Reference Document: Antimicrobial Interventions for Beef]'', Dawna Winkler and Kerri B. Harris, Center for Food Safety, Department of Animal Science, [[Texas A&M University]], May 2009, page 12</ref>
Lean finely textured beef in the beef industry is made from fatty [[beef trimmings]] (c. 50–70% fat) by removing the fat using heat and [[centrifugation]], then treating it with ammonia to kill ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]''. The process was deemed effective and safe by the [[US Department of Agriculture]] based on a study that found that the treatment reduces ''E. coli'' to undetectable levels.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/health/04meat.html | work=The New York Times | title=The Burger That Shattered Her Life | first=Michael | last=Moss | date=3 October 2009}}</ref> There have been safety concerns about the process as well as consumer complaints about the taste and smell of beef treated at optimal levels of ammonia.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/us/31meat.html | work=The New York Times | title=Safety of Beef Processing Method Is Questioned | first=Michael | last=Moss | date=31 December 2009}}</ref> The level of ammonia in any final product has not come close to toxic levels to humans.
 
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