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{{About|pemain catur automaton|kegunaan lain|Turk (disambiguasi)}}[[Image:Turk-engraving5.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Gambaran Turk oleh Karl Gottlieb von Windisch dalam buku 1784 ''Inanimate Reason'']]
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[[Image:Kempelen chess1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Rekonstruksi Turk]]
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'''Turk''' yang juga dikenal sebagai '''Mesin Turki''' atau '''Pemain Catur Automaton''' (Jerman: Schachtürke, "catur Turki" 'Hungaria: A Torok), merupakan [[kecerdasan buatan|mesin]] bermain [[catur]] palsu yang dibuat pada akhir abad ke-18. Dari tahun 1770 sehingga kemusnahannya dalam kebakaran pada tahun 1854, ia dipamerkan oleh ramai pemilik berbeda sebagai [[automaton]], sungguhpun ia didedahkan pada awal 1820-an sebagai penipuan sulit.<ref name="WIllis">See SCHAFFER, Simon (1999), "Enlightened Automata", in Clark et al. (Eds), ''The Sciences in Enlightened Europe'', Chicago and London, The University of Chicago Press, pp. 126-165.</ref> Dibuat dan didedahkan pada tahun 1770 oleh Wolfgang von Kempelen (1734–1804) bagi mengkagumkan Ratu [[Maria Theresa dari Austria]], mekanisme tersebut terlihat seolah-olah mampu bermain permainan bagus melawan lawan manusia, termasuk juga melakukan [[perjalanan kuda]], teka-teki yang memerlukan pemain mengerakkan kuda bagi menduduki setiap petak papan catur hanya sekali.
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The Turk sebenarnya ilusi mekanika yang membenarkan pakar catur manusia bersembunyi di dalam bagi mengendalikan mesin. Dengan pengendali yang mahir, the Turk memenangi kebanyakan permainan yang dimainkan sewaktu pertunjukannya di seluruh Eropa dan Amerika untuk tempoh selama 84 tahun, bermain dan mengalahkan banyak pencabar termasuk negarawan seperti [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] dan [[Benjamin Franklin]]. Pengendali dalam mekanisme sewaktu tur asal Kempelen kekal tidak diketahui. Apabila peralatan tersebut dibeli pada tahun 1804 dan dipamerkan oleh Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, master catur yang mengendalikannya secara rahasia antara lain adalah [[Johann Baptist Allgaier]], [[Boncourt (pemain catur)|Boncourt]], [[Aaron Alexandre]], [[William Lewis]], [[Jacques François Mouret]], dan [[William Schlumberger]].
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==Pembuatan==
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[[Image:kempelen-charcoal.jpg|right|thumb|Potret diri arang bertanda tangan oleh Wolfgang von Kempelen, pembuat Turk]]
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Kempelen mendapat ilham untuk membuat The Turk berikutan dengan kehadirannya di istana Maria Theresa dari Austria di Istana Schönbrunn, di mana François Pelletier mempersembahkan aksi ilusi. Perbualan selepas pertunjukkan menyebabkan Kempelen berjanji untuk kembali ke Istana dengan ciptaan yang akan mengatasi ilusi tersebut.<ref name="Anomalies">[[Ricky Jay]], "The Automaton Chess Player, the Invisible Girl, and the Telephone," ''[[Jay's Journal of Anomalies]]'', vol.&nbsp;4 no.&nbsp;4, 2000.</ref>
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[[Image:Tuerkischer schachspieler windisch4.jpg|left|thumb|Ukiran tembaga the Turk, menunjukkan kabinet terbuka dan bahagian kerja. Perhatikan pembaris di bawah kanan imej, yang memudahkan bagi memastikan dimensi automatan. Kempelen merupakan pakar pengukir dan mungkin telah melakar imej ini sendiri.]]
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Hasil cabaran ini adalah pemain catur automaton,<ref name="Poe">Edgar Allan Poe, "Maelzel's Chess-Player," ''Southern Literary Journal'', April 1836; available on the internet via the [http://www.eapoe.org/works/essays/maelzel.htm Edgar Allan Poe Society] of Baltimore, Maryland, URL accessed 19 Desember 2006.</ref><ref name="Windisch">Karl Gottlieb von Windisch, ''Briefe über den Schachspieler von Kempelen nebst drey Kupferstichen die diese berühmte Maschine vorstellen'', or ''Inanimate Reason; or, A Circumstantial Account of that Astonishing Piece of Mechanism, M. de Kempelen's Chess-Player, Now Exhibiting at No. 9 Savile-Row, Burlington Gardens'' (London, 1784); translation taken from Levitt.</ref> yang dikenali masa moden sebagai The Turk. Mesin itu terdiri dari patung seukuran manusia dengan kepala dan badan manusia, dengan janggut hitam dan mata kelabu,<ref>Stephen Patrick Rice, ''Minding the Machine: Languages of Class in Early Industrial America'' (Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004), 12.</ref> dan berpakaian dalam jubah Turki dan [[sorban]] – "kastum tradisi", menurut pemberita dan pengarang Tom Standage, "dari tukang sihir "The Orient"." Lengan kirinya memegang paip merokok Turki yang panjang ketiak berehat, sementara tangan kanannya diletakkan di atas kabinet besar<ref>Tom Standage, ''The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing Machine'' (New York: Walker, 2002), 22–23.</ref> yang berukuran sekitar tiga setengah kaki (110&nbsp;cm<ref>The dimensions from ''Jay's Journal,'' which expresses them to the nearest half-foot. Metric versions thus can only be precise to the nearest multiple of ''lima belas'' [[sentimeter]]. If we conventionally round to the closest multiple of ''five'' centimetres, the cabinet was very roughly 110×60×75&nbsp;cm and the chessboard very roughly 50&nbsp;cm square.</ref>) panjang, dua kaki (60&nbsp;cm) lebar dan dua setengah kaki (75&nbsp;cm) tinggi. Diletakkan di atas kabinet itu adalah papan catur, yang berukuran lapan belas inci persegi. Bahagian hadapan kabinet terdiri dari tiga pintu, satu bukaan, laci, yang boleh dibuka bagi mendedahkan set catur gading merah dan putih.<ref>Standage, 24.</ref>
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[[Image:Turk-engraving-figure.jpg|right|thumb|Gambaran kerja model. Pelbagai bahagian diarah oleh manusia melalui tuil dan mesin dalaman. Ini merupakan ukuran herot berdasarkan pengiraan Racknitz, menunjukkan reka bentuk mustahil berbanding dimensi sebenar mesin.<ref name="Standage, 88">Standage, 88</ref>]]Bahagian dalam mesin amat rumit dan direka bagi mengelirukan siapapun yang memantaunya.<ref name=Anomalies/> Apabila dibuka di sebelah kiri, pintu hadapan kabinet menunjukkan sejumlah gear dan kog sama seperti dalam jam. Seksyen ini direka agar sekiranya pintu belakang kabinet dibuka pada masa yang sama seseorang dapat melihat menembusi mesin. Bahagian sebelahnya tidak mempunyai mesin; sebaliknya ie memiliki kusyen merah dan bahagian boleh dialih, termasuk struktur [[tembaga]]. Bahagian ini turut direka bagi memberikan pandangan terus yang jelas melalui mesin. Di bawah jubah model Turki, dua lagi pintu disembunyikan. Ini turut mendedahkan mesin gerakan jam dan memberikan pandangan tidak terhalang yang sama menembusi mesin. Reka bentuk membenarkan pengacara mesin membuka setiap pintu yang ada kepada orang awam, bagi mengekalkan ilusi.<ref>Standage, 24–27.</ref>
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Neither the clockwork visible to the left side of the machine nor the drawer that housed the chess set extended fully to the rear of the cabinet; they instead went only one third of the way. A sliding seat was also installed, allowing the director inside to slide from place to place and thus evade observation as the presenter membuka berbagai pintu. The sliding of the seat caused dummy machinery to slide into its place to further conceal the person inside the cabinet.<ref>Standage, 195–199.</ref>
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The chessboard on the top of the cabinet was thin enough to allow for a magnetic linkage. Each piece in the set catur had a small, strong magnet attached to its base, and when they were placed on the board the pieces would attract a magnet attached to a string under their specific places on the board. This allowed the director inside the machine to see which pieces moved where on the papan catur.<ref>Standage, 202.</ref> The bottom of the chessboard had corresponding numbers, 1–64, allowing the director to see which places on the board were affected by a player's move.<ref>{{cite book| title = Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country| url = http://books.google.com/?id=3VrPAAAAMAAJ| year = 1839| publisher = James Fraser }}</ref> The internal magnets were positioned in a way that outside magnetic forces did not influence them, and Kempelen would often allow a magnet besar untuk didik di the side of the board in an attempt to show that the machine was tidak dipengaruhi oleh magnetisme.<ref>Thomas Leroy Hankins and Robert J. Silverman, ''Instruments and the Imagination'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995), 191.</ref>
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As a further means of misdirection, the Turk came dengan sebuah peti kayu kecil seperti ketak that the presenter would place on the top of the cabinet.<ref name=Anomalies/> While [[Johann Nepomuk Mälzel]], a later owner of the machine, did not use the box,<ref>Gerald M. Levitt, ''The Turk, Chess Automaton'' (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2000), 40.</ref> Kempelen often peered into the box during play, suggesting that the box controlled some aspect of the machine.<ref name=Anomalies/> The box was believed by some to mempunyai kekuatan supernatural, with Karl Gottlieb von Windisch writing in his 1784 book ''Inanimate Reason'' that "[o]ne old lady, in particular, who had not forgotten the tales she had been told in her youth&nbsp;… went and hid herself in a window seat, as distant as she could from the ''evil spirit,'' which she firmly believed [[spiritual possession|possessed]] the machine."<ref name=Windisch/>
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[[Image:Tuerkischer schachspieler racknitz3.jpg|left|thumb|A cross-section of the Turk from Racknitz, showing how he thought the director sat inside as he played his opponent. Racknitz was wrong both about the position of the director and the dimensions of the automaton.<ref name="Standage, 88"/>]]The interior also contained a papan catur [[perforated hardboard|pegboard]] connected to a [[pantograph]]-style series of levers that controlled the model's left arm. The metal pointer on the pantograph moved over the interior papan catur, and would simultaneously move the arm of the Turk over the papan catur on the cabinet. The range of motion allowed the director to move the Turk's arm up and down, and turning the lever would open and close tangan Turk, allowing it to grasp the pieces on the board. All of this was made visible to the director by using a simple candle, which had a ventilation system through the model.<ref>Levitt, 147–150.</ref> Other parts of the machinery allowed for a clockwork-type sound to be played when the Turk made a move, further adding to the machinery illusion, and for the Turk to make various facial expressions.<ref>Sound: Standage, 27–9. Facial expressions: George Atkinson, ''Chess and Machine Intuition'' (Exeter: Intellect, 1998), 15–16.</ref> A [[Speech synthesis#History|voice box]] was added following the Turk's acquisition by Mälzel, allowing the machine to mengatakan "Échec!" (bahasa Perancis untuk "[[skak (catur)|skak]]") saat pertandingan.<ref name=Poe/>
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An operator inside the machine juga had tools to assist in communicating with the presenter outside. Two brass discs equipped with numbers were positioned opposite each other on the inside and outside of the cabinet. A rod could rotate the discs to the desired number, which acted as a code between the two.<ref>Standage, 203–204.</ref>
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==Pameran==
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Turk memulai debutnya pada tahun 1770 di Istana Schönbrunn, sekitar enam bulan setelah pertunjukan Pelletier. Kempelen ditangani pengadilan, memperlihatkan apa yang telah ia buat, dan memulai demonstrasi mesin dan bagian-bagiannya. Dengan setiap pertunjukan Turk, Kempelen memulai dengan membuka pintu dan laci kabinet, yang memungkinkan anggota audiens untuk memeriksa mesin tersebut. Setelah penampilannya tersebut, Kempelen akan mengumumkan bahwa mesin ini sudah siap untuk seorang penantang.<ref>Standage, 24–17.</ref>
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Kempelen would inform the player that the Turk would use the [[Rules of chess#Initial setup|white pieces]] dan have the first move. Between moves the Turk kept its left arm on the cushion. The Turk could nod twice if it threatened its opponent's [[ratu (catur)|ratu]], dan three times upon placing the [[raja (catur)|raja]] in skak. If an opponent made an illegal move, the Turk would shake its head, move the piece back and make its own move, thus forcing a forfeit of its opponent's move.<ref>Levitt, 17.</ref> [[Louis Dutens]], seorang penjelajah yang observed a showing of the Turk, attempted to trick the machine "by giving the Ratu the move of a Knight, but my mechanic opponent was not to be so imposed upon; he took up my Queen and replaced her in the square from which I had moved her."<ref name="Dutens">Louis Dutens, from a letter published in ''Le Mercure du France'' ([[Paris]], circa October 1770; later translated into English and reprinted in ''Gentleman's Magazine'' ([[London]]); translation taken from Levitt.</ref> Kempelen made it a point to traverse the room saat pertandingan, and invited observers to bring magnet, irons, and [[lodestone]]s to the cabinet to test whether the machine was run by a form of magnetism or weights. Orang pertama yang bermain dengan Turk adalah [[Johann Ludwig von Cobenzl]], seorang [[abdi dalem]] Austria di istana. Along with other challengers that day, he was quickly defeated, with observers of the pertandingan stating that the machine played aggressively, and typically beat its opponents within tiga menit.<ref>Standage, 30.</ref>[[Image:Turk-knights-tour.svg|left|thumb|[[Perjalanan kuda]] yang dituntaskan oleh Turk. The closed loop that is formed allows the tour to be completed from any starting point on the board.<ref name="Standage, 30–31">Standage, 30–31.</ref>]]
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Another part of pameran mesin was the completion of the [[perjalanan kuda]], a famed chess puzzle. The puzzle requires the player to move a knight around a papan catur, touching each square once along the way. While most experienced pemain catur of the time still struggled with the puzzle, the Turk was capable of completing the tour without any difficulty from any starting point via a pegboard used by the director with a mapping of the puzzle laid out.<ref name="Standage, 30–31"/>
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Turk juga had the ability to converse with spectators using a letter board. The director, whose identity during the period when Kempelen presented the machine di Istana Schönbrunn is unknown,<ref>Standage, 204–205</ref> was able to do this in Inggris, Perancis, dan Jerman. [[Carl Hindenburg|Carl Friedrich Hindenburg]], sebuah universitas matematika, kept a record of the conversations during the Turk's time di [[Leipzig]] dan mempublikasikannya pada tahun 1789 dengan judul ''Über den Schachspieler des Herrn von Kempelen und dessen Nachbildung'' (atau ''On the Pemain Catur Tuan von Kempelen dan Replikanya''). Topics of questions put to dan dijawab oleh Turk included its age, marital status, dan its secret workings.<ref>Levitt, 33–34.</ref>
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==Tur Eropa==
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Following word of its debut, interest in the machine grew across Eropa. Kempelen, however, was more interested in his other projects and avoided exhibiting the Turk, often lying about status perbaikan mesin to prospective challengers. Von Windisch wrote at one point that Kempelen "refused the entreaties of his friends, and a crowd of curious persons from all countries, the satisfaction of seeing this far-famed machine."<ref>Standage, 37.</ref> In the decade following its debut di Istana Schönbrunn the Turk hanya bermain satu opponent, Sir [[Robert Murray Keith]], a [[Skotlandia|Scottish]] noble, and Kempelen went as far as dismantling the Turk entirely following the pertandingan.<ref>Standage, 36–38.</ref> Kempelen was quoted as referring to the invention as a "mere [[:wikt:bagatelle|bagatelle]]", as he was not pleased with its popularity and would rather continue work on [[steam engine]]s and machines that replicated human speech.
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Pada tahun 1781, Kempelen was ordered by [[Joseph II, Kaisar Romawi Suci|Kaisar Joseph II]] to reconstruct the Turk dan mengirimkannya ke [[Vienna]] untuk kunjungan kenegaraan dari Adipati Agung [[Paul I dari Rusia|Paul dari Rusia]] dan istrinya. The appearance was so successful that Adipati Agung Paul suggested a tour of Eropa untuk the Turk, a request to which Kempelen reluctantly agreed.<ref>Standage, 40–42.</ref>
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[[Image:André Philidor.jpg|right|frame|[[François-André Danican Philidor]] menang dalam permainannya melawan Turk di [[Paris]] pada tahun 1793.]]The Turk began its tur Eropa pada tahun 1783, beginning with an appearance in [[Perancis]] pada bulan April. A stop at [[Versailles]] preceded sebuah pameran in Paris, dimana Turk lost a pertandingan to [[Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne]], the [[La Tour d'Auvergne#Later history: Adipati of Bouillon and Albret|Duc de Bouillon]]. Upon arrival di Paris pada bulan Mei 1783 it was displayed to the public and played a variety of opponents, including seorang pengacara bernama Tuan Bernard yang was a [[Catur#Titles and rankings|peringkat]] kedua in chess ability.<ref>Standage, 44–45.</ref> Following the sessions at Versailles, demands increased for sebuah pertandingan dengan [[François-André Danican Philidor]], yang was considered the pemain catur terbaik pada masanya.<ref>Standage, 49.</ref> Moving to the [[Café de la Régence]], the machine played many of the most skilled players, often losing (e.g. melawan [[Bernard (pemain catur)|Bernard]] dan [[Verdoni (pemain catur)|Verdoni]]),<ref>The Oxford Companion to Chess – David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld (1992) p.431</ref> until securing a pertandingan dengan Philidor di [[Akademi Sains Perancis|Académie des Sciences]]. While Philidor memenangkan pertandingannya dengan Turk, putra Philidor noted that his father called it "his most fatiguing permainan catur ever!"<ref>Levitt, 26.</ref> Akhir permainan Turk di Paris was melawan Benjamin Franklin, yang menjabat sebagai duta besar Perancis untuk Amerika Serikat. Franklin dikabarkan menikmati permainannya dengan Turk dan was interested in the machine for the rest of his life, keeping a copy of [[Philip Thicknesse]]'s book ''The Speaking Figure and the Automaton Chess Player, Exposed and Detected'' di perpustakaan pribadinya.<ref>Levitt, 27–29.</ref>
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Mengikuti langkah turnya di Paris, Kempelen memindahkan Turk ke [[London]], where it was exhibited daily for five [[shilling]]s. Thicknesse, known in his time as a [[skeptisme|skeptis]], sought out the Turk in an attempt to expose the inner workings of the machine.<ref>Levitt, 30–31.</ref> While he respected Kempelen sebagai "a very ingenious man",<ref name="Anomalies"/> he asserted that the Turk was an elaborate hoax with a small child inside the machine, menggambarkan mesin ini sebagai "a complicated piece of clockwork&nbsp;... which is nothing more, than one, of many other ingenious devices, to misguide and delude the observers."<ref name="Thicknesse">Philip Thicknesse, ''The Speaking Figure and the Automaton Chess Player, Exposed and Detected'' (London, 1794), quoted in Levitt's ''The Turk, Chess Automaton.''</ref>
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Setelah setahun di London, Kempelen dan Turk kemudian mengunjungi Leipzig, berhenti di berbagai kota Eropa di setiap perjalanan. From Leipzig, it went to [[Dresden]], dimana [[Joseph Friedrich Freiherr von Racknitz]] viewed the Turk and published his findings in ''Über den Schachspieler des Herrn von Kempelen, nebst einer Abbildung und Beschreibung seiner Sprachmachine'', along dengan menampilkan gambaran dugaannya mengenai bagaimana mesin ini beroperasi. It then berpindah ke [[Amsterdam]], setelah which Kempelen is mengatakan to have accepted an invitation to Istana [[Sanssouci]] di [[Potsdam]] of [[Friedrich II dari Prusia|Friedrich Agung]], [[Kerajaan Prussia|Raja Prussia]]. The story goes that Frederick enjoyed the Turk so much that he paid a large sum of money to Kempelen in exchange for the Turk's secrets. Frederick tidak pernah memberikan rahasianya away, namun was reportedly disappointed to learn how the machine worked.<ref>Levitt, 33–37.</ref> (This story is almost certainly apocryphal; there is no evidence of the Turk's encounter bersama Frederick, the first mention of which comes in the awal abad ke-19, by which time the Turk was juga incorrectly said to dapat bermain melawan George III dari Inggris.<ref>Standage, 90-91</ref>) It seems most likely that the machine stayed dormant at Istana Schönbrunn for over dua dekade, although Kempelen attempted tidak sukses untuk menjualnya hingga akhir hidupnya. Kempelen wafat pada usia 70 pada tanggal 26 Maret 1804.<ref>Levitt, 37–38.</ref>
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==Mälzel dan mesin==
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Pasca kematian Kempelen, the Turk remained un-exhibited until some time sebelum 1804 when putra Kempelen decided to sell it to Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, seorang musisi [[Bavaria]] with an interest in various machines and devices. Mälzel, whose successes included patenting a form of [[metronome]], had tried to purchase the Turk once before, prior to Kempelen's death. The original attempt had failed, owing to Kempelen's asking price of 20,000 [[franc]]s; putra Kempelen menjual mesin tersebut kepada Mälzel for half this sum.<ref>Levitt, 38–39.</ref>
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Upon acquiring the Turk, Mälzel had to learn its secrets and make some repairs to get it back in working order. His stated goal was to make explaining the Turk a greater challenge. While the completion of this goal took sepuluh tahun, the Turk still made appearances, most notably dengan Napoleon Bonaparte.<ref>Levitt, 30.</ref>
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Pada tahun 1809, [[Napoleon I dari Perancis]] mengunjungi di [[Istana Schönbrunn]] untuk bermain dengan Turk. Menurut to an eyewitness report, Mälzel took responsibility untuk konstruksi mesin while preparing the game, dan Turk ([[Johann Baptist Allgaier]]) memberi hormat kepada Napoleon prior to memulai pertandingan. The details of the pertandingan have been published over the years in numerous accounts, many of them contradictory.<ref>Standage, 105–106.</ref> Menurut [[Bradley Ewart]], it is believed that the Turk sat at its kabinet, and Napoleon sat at a separate chess table. Napoleon's table was in a roped-off area and he was not allowed to cross into the Turk's area, with Mälzel crossing back and forth to make each player's move and allowing a clear view for the spectators. In a surprise move, Napoleon took the first turn instead of allowing the Turk to make the first move, as was usual; but Mälzel allowed the game to continue. Shortly thereafter, Napoleon attempted an ilegal move. Upon noticing the move, the Turk returned the piece to its original spot and continued the game. Napoleon attempted the ilegal move a second time, and the Turk responded by removing the piece from the board entirely and taking its turn. Napoleon then attempted the move a third time, the Turk responding with a sweep of its arm, knocking all the pieces off the board. Napoleon was reportedly amused, dan then played a real game with the machine, completing nineteen moves before tipping over rajanya in surrender.<ref name="Ewart">Bradley Ewart, ''Chess: Man vs. Machine'' (London: Tantivy, 1980).</ref> Versi lain of the story include Napoleon menjadi tidak senang about losing to the machine, playing the machine at a later time, playing one pertandingan dengan sebuah magnet on the board, dan memainkan sebuah pertandingan dengan sebuah [[selendang]] around the kepala dan tubuh Turk in an attempt to obscure its vision.<ref>Levitt, 39–42.</ref>
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Pada tahun 1811, Mälzel membawa Turk ke [[Milan]] untuk penampilannya bersama [[Eugène de Beauharnais]], Pangeran Venice dan Viceroy Italia. Beauharnais menikmati the machine so much that he offered to purchase it from Mälzel. After some serious bargaining, Beauharnais acquired the Turk for 30,000 franc – tiga times what Mälzel had paid – dan kept it untuk empat tahun. Pada tahun 1815, Mälzel returned to Beauharnais in Munich and asked to buy the Turk back. Dua versi of how much he had to pay exist, eventually working out sebuah perjanjian.<ref>Levitt, 42–23</ref> One version appeared in Surat Perancis ''Palamede''.
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<ref group=Note>"The writer in the ''Palamede'' makes the result a kind of partnership in an exhibition tour – the title of the Automaton was to remain in the princely owner, and Maelzel was to pay the interest of the original cost as his partner's fair proportion of the profits. But another account – current, Aku percaya, di Munich – makes the transaction to have been a sale: Maelzel bought back the Automaton for the same thirty thousand francs, and was to pay for it out of the profits of pamerannya – " Provided, nevertheless," that Maelzel was not to leave the Continent to give such exhibitions. The latter account I believe to be the more correct one."
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The Book of the first American Chess Congress, page 427,[http://books.google.at/books?id=HrBAAAAAcAAJ&dq=Mr.%20Maelzel%20often&pg=PA427&ci=99%2C753%2C778%2C337&source=bookclip Online]</ref> The complete story does not make a lot of sense sejak Mälzel mengunjungi Paris lagi, dan ia juga could import his "Conflagration of Moscow".<ref group=Note>"Mr. Maelzel, who had already experienced some regret at parting with his protegi, requested the favour to be again reinstated in the charge, promising to pay Eugene (he interest of the thirty thousand francs Mr. M. hod pocketed. This proposition was graciously conceded by the gallant Beauharnois, dan Maelzel thus had the satisfaction of finding he had made a tolerably good bargain, '''getting literally the money for nothing at all!'''
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Leaving Bavaria with the Automaton, Maelzel was once more en ramie, as travelling showman of the wooden genius. Other automata were adopted into the family, and a handsome income was realised by their ingenious proprietor. Himself an inferior player, he called the assistance of first-rale talent to the field as his ally. On limits compel us to skip over some interval of time here, during which M. Boncourt (mereka percaya) was chef Slaelzel di Paris, dimana the machine was received with all its former favour; and we take up the subject pada tahun 1819, when Maelzel again appeared with the Chess Automaton in London." Fraser's magazine for town and country, Band 19, James Fraser, 1839 [http://books.google.com/books?id=3VrPAAAAMAAJ&hl=de&pg=PA726&ci=547%2C118%2C404%2C299&source=bookclip Online]</ref>
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Insiden San Felipe (1596)|San Felipe incident (1596)}}
 
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Linimasa nama Palestina|Timeline of the name Palestine}}
[[Image:Malzels-exhibition-ad.JPG|right|thumb|Sebuah iklan untuk penampilan [[Johann Nepomuk Mälzel|Mälzel]] dengan Turk di [[London]]<ref>Levitt, 45.</ref>]]Mengikuti the repurchase, Mälzel brought the Turk kembali ke Paris where he made acquaintances of many of the leading chess players at Café de la Régence. Mälzel tinggal di Perancis dengan mesin tersebut until 1818, dimana ia pindah ke London dan held a number of performances with the Turk dan banyak mesin lainnya. Di London, Mälzel dan his act received a large amount of press, and he continued improving the machine,<ref>Levitt, 45–48.</ref> ultimately installing sebuah kotak suara so the machine could say "Échec!" when placing a player in skak.<ref>Standage, 125.</ref>
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kontroversi pengambilan sumpah Al-Qur'an pada Kongres Amerika Serikat ke-110|Quran oath controversy of the 110th United States Congress}}
 
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Pada tahun 1819, Mälzel took the Turk on a tur Britania Raya. There were several new developments in the act, such as allowing the opponent the first move dan eliminating the king's bishop's [[pion (catur)|pion]] from the Turk's pieces. This [[Chess handicap#Other forms of handicap|pion handicap]] created further interest in the Turk, and spawned a book by [[W. J. Hunneman]] chronicling the matches played with this handicap.<ref>W. J. Hunneman, ''Chess. A Selection of Fifty Games, from Those Played by the Pemain Catur Automaton, During Its Exhibition in London, in 1820'' (1820); quotation taken from Levitt.</ref> Despite the handicap, the Turk (dikendalikan oleh [[Jacques François Mouret|Mouret]] pada waktu itu<ref>The Oxford Companion to Chess – David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld (1992) p. 265</ref>) ended up with empat puluh lima menang, tiga kalah, dan dua [[remis (catur)|remis]].<ref>Levitt, 49.</ref>
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==Mälzel di Amerika==
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The appearances of the Turk were profitable for Mälzel, and he continued by taking it and mesinnya yang lain to the Amerika Serikat. Pada tahun 1826, ia membuka sebuah pameran di [[New York City]] that slowly grew in popularity, giving rise to many newspaper stories dan anonymous threats of exposure of the secret. Masalah Mälzel was finding a proper director for the machine,<ref>Levitt, 68–69.</ref> having trained seorang wanita tidak diketahui di Perancis sebelum berkunjung ke Amerika Serikat. Ia mengakhiri recalling seorang mantan direktur, [[William Schlumberger]], from [[Elsass]] in Eropa to come to Amerika dan work for him again once Mälzel was able to provide the money for Schlumberger's transport.
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Upon Schlumberger's arrival, the Turk debuted di [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], Mälzel spinning a story that the New York chess players could not handle full games and that the Boston players were much better opponents.<ref>In Boston in 1826 the automaton chess player appeared at [[Julien Hall (Boston)|Julien Hall]]. (cf. Boston Commercial Gazette, Sept. 14, 1826)</ref> This was a success for many weeks, dan melakukan tur di [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] untuk tiga bulan. Setelah di Philadelphia, Turk berpindah ke [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], dimana ia bermain untuk beberapa bulan, including losing sebuah pertandingan melawan [[Charles Carroll dari Carrollton|Charles Carroll]], seorang penanda tangan [[Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat|Deklarasi Kemerdekaan]]. Sebuah pameran di Baltimore brought news bahwa dua bersaudara had constructed their own machine, the [[Walker Chess-player]]. Mälzel viewed the competing machine and attempted to buy it, but the offer was declined and the duplicate machine toured untuk a number of years, never receiving the fame that Mälzel's machine did and eventually falling into obscurity.<ref>Levitt, 71–83.</ref>
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Mälzel melanjutkan dengan pameran around the Amerika Serikat until 1828, when he took some time off dan mengunjungi Eropa, returning in 1829. Throughout the 1830an, ia melanjutkan tur di Amerika Seikat, exhibiting the machine as far west as the [[Sungai Mississippi]] dan mengunjungi [[Kanada]]. Di [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[Virginia]], Turk diobservasi oleh [[Edgar Allan Poe]], yang menulis ''[[Southern Literary Messenger]]''. Esay Poe berjudul "[[Maelzel's Chess Player]]" dipublikasi pada bulan April 1836 dan is the most famous essay on the Turk, even though banyak hipotesis Poe were incorrect (such as that sebuah mesin pemain catur must always menang).<ref>Levitt, 83–86.</ref>
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Mälzel eventually took the Turk melakukan tur keduanya di [[Havana]], [[Kuba]]. Di Kuba, Schlumberger wafat akibat [[demam kuning]], leaving Mälzel without a director untuk mesinnya. Dejected, Mälzel wafat di atas laut pada tahun 1838 di usia 66 tahun saat his return trip, leaving his machinery with kapten kapal.<ref>Levitt, 87–91.</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Daniel Willard Fiske| title = The Book of the first American Chess Congress: Containing the Proceedings of that celebrated Assemblage, held in New York, in the Year 1857| url = http://books.google.com/?id=HrBAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA420| year = 1859| publisher = Rudd & Carleton| page = 420-483 }}</ref>
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==Tahun-tahun terakhir dan seterusnya==
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Setelah kembalinya kapal tempat dimana Mälzel wafat, berbagai mesinnya, termasuk Turk, jatuh ke tangan teman Mälzel, pengusaha John Ohl. Ia berusaha untuk melelang Turk, namun karena penawarannya rendah akhirnya ia sendiri yang membelinya dengan harga $400.<ref>Levitt, 92–93.</ref> Hanya Dr. [[John Kearsley Mitchell]] dari Philadelphia, dokter pribadi Edgar Allan Poe dan seorang pengagum Turk, mendekati Ohl sehingga Turk berpindah tangan lagi.<ref name=Anomalies/> Mitchell membentuk sebuah kelompok restorasi dan melakukan bisnis memperbaiki Turk untuk penampilan publik, restorasi tersebut selesai pada tahun 1840.<ref>Levitt, 94–95.</ref>
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As interest in the Turk outgrew its location, Mitchell dan klubnya memilih untuk mendonasikan mesin tersebut ke [[Museum Peale|Museum China]] [[Charles Willson Peale]]. While the Turk still occasionally gave performances, it was eventually relegated to the corners of the museum and forgotten about until 5 Juli 1854, when a fire that started at Teater Nasional di Philadelphia reached the Museum dan destroyed the Turk.<ref>Levitt, 97.</ref> Mitchell believed he had heard "through the struggling flames&nbsp;... the last words of our departed friend, the sternly whispered, oft repeated syllables, 'echec! echec!!'<ref name="Mitchell">Silas Weir Mitchell, "The Last of a Veteran Chess Player," ''The Chess Monthly,'' January 1857; reprinted in Levitt's ''The Turk, Chess Automaton.''</ref>
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[[Image:TurkSColes.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Truk hasil rekonstruksi [[John Gaughan]]]][[John Gaughan]], seorang ahli manufaktur Amerika of equipment for magicians based di [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], spent $US120,000 building his own version of Kempelen's machine over a five-year periode dari tahun 1984.<ref>Levitt, 243.</ref> The machine memakai papan catur original, which was stored separately from the original Turk and was not destroyed in the fire. The first public display of Gaughan's Turk was pada bulan November 1989 di sebuah sejarah konferensi [[sulap]]. The machine was presented much as Kempelen presented the original, except that the opponent was replaced by a [[catur komputer|computer running a program catur]].<ref>Standage, 216–217.</ref>
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* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kanonisasi ekuivalen|Equivalent canonization}}
==Pembongkaran Rahasia==
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While many books and articles were written during the Turk's life about how it worked, most were inaccurate, drawing incorrect inferences from external observation.
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It was not until Dr. Silas Mitchell's series of articles for ''[[The Chess Monthly]]'' that the secret was fully revealed. Mitchell, son of the final private owner of the Turk, John Kearsley Mitchell,<ref>Levitt, 236.</ref> wrote that "no secret was ever kept as the Turk's has been. Guessed at, in part, many times, no one of the several explanations&nbsp;... ever solved this amusing puzzle." As the Turk was lost to fire at the time of publikasi ini, Silas Mitchell felt that there were "no longer any reasons for concealing from the amateurs of chess, the solution to this ancient enigma."<ref name=Mitchell/>
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The most important sejarah biografi mengenai pemain catur dan Mälzel was presented in ''Containing the Proceedings of that celebrated Assemblage, held in New York, in the Year 1857'', dipublikasikan oleh [[Daniel Willard Fiske]].<ref>{{cite book| author = Daniel Willard Fiske| title = The Book of the first American Chess Congress: Containing the Proceedings of that celebrated Assemblage, held in New York, in the Year 1857| url = http://books.google.com/?id=HrBAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA420| year = 1859| publisher = Rudd & Carleton| page = 420-483 }}</ref>
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Pada tahun 1859, sebuah surat dipublikasikan di ''[[Philadelphia Sunday Dispatch]]'' oleh [[William F. Kummer]], seorang yang bekerja sebagai seorang direktur dibawah John Mitchell, revealed another piece of the secret: a candle inside the cabinet. A series of tubes led from the lamp to the sorban of the Turk for ventilation. The smoke rising from the turban would be disguised oleh asap yang datang dari [[tempat lilin]] lainnya di area tersebut dimana permainan tersebut dimainkan.<ref>Levitt, 150.</ref>
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Later in 1859, an uncredited article appeared in ''[[Littell's Living Age]]'' that purported to be the story of the Turk dari pesulap Perancis [[Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin]]. This was rife with errors ranging from dates of events to a story of a Polish officer whose legs were amputated, but ended up being rescued by Kempelen and smuggled back to [[Russia]] inside the machine.<ref>Levitt, 151.</ref>
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A new article about the Turk did not turn up until 1899, when ''[[The American Chess Magazine]]'' published an account of pertandingan Turk dengan Napoleon Bonaparte. The story was basically a review of previous accounts, and a substantive published account would not appear until 1947, when ''[[Chess Review]]'' published articles by [[Kenneth Harkness]] and Jack Straley Battell that amounted to a comprehensive history and description of the Turk, complete with new diagrams that synthesized information from previous publikasi. Artikel lain ditulis pada tahun 1960 di ''[[American Heritage (majalah)|American Heritage]]'' oleh [[Ernest Wittenberg]] provided new diagrams describing how the director sat inside the cabinet.<ref>Levitt, 151–152.</ref>
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In [[Henry A. Davidson]]'s 1945 publication ''A Short History of Chess'', significant weight is given to Poe's essay which erroneously suggested that the player sat inside the Turk figure, rather than on a moving seat inside the cabinet. A similar error would occur in [[Alex G. Bell]]'s 1978 book, ''The Machine Plays Chess'', which falsely asserted that "the operator was a trained boy (or very small adult) who followed the directions of the chess player who was hidden elsewhere on stage or in the theater…"<ref>Levitt, 153.</ref>
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More books were published about the Turk toward the akhir abad ke-20. Along with Bell's book, [[Charles Michael Carroll]]'s ''The Great Chess Automaton'' (1975) focused more on the studies of the Turk. Bradley Ewart's ''Chess: Man vs. Machine'' (1980) discussed the Turk as well as other purported chess-playing automatons.<ref>Levitt, 154–155.</ref>
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It was not until the creation of [[IBM Deep Blue|Deep Blue]], [[IBM]]'s attempt at a computer that could challenge the world's best players, that interest increased again, and two more books were published: [[Gerald M. Levitt]]'s ''The Turk, Chess Automaton'' (2000), and Tom Standage's ''The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing Machine'', dipublikasikan pada tahun 2002.<ref>Deep Blue: Feng-hsiung Hsu, ''Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002). Levitt's book: ''[http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?isbn=0-7864-2903-8 The Turk, Chess Automaton]'' product listing. URL accessed 1 January 2007. Standage's book: ''[http://www.walkerbooks.com/books/catalog.php?key=227 The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing Machine]'' product listing. URL accessed 1 January 2007.</ref> The Turk was digunakan sebagai personifikasi Deep Blue pada tahun 2003 yang didokumentasi pada ''[[Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine]]''.<ref name="GameOver">''Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine,'' directed by Vikram Jayanti, 2003.</ref>
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==Budaya populer==
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pasangan roh|Spirit spouse}}
[[Image:Ajeeb.jpg|right|thumb|Sebuah iklan untuk sebuah pameran [[Ajeeb]], termasuk sebuah ilustrasi penampilannya. Ajeeb adalah tiruan Turk.]]
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Karena popularitas dan misteri Turk, konstruksi tersebut menginspirasikan sejumlah penemuan dan peniruan,<ref name=Anomalies/> termasuk [[Ajeeb]], atau "The Egyptian", sebuah peniruan Amerika buatan [[Charles Hopper]] yang bermain dengan [[Presiden Amerika Serikat|Presiden]] [[Grover Cleveland]] pada tahun 1885, dan [[Mephisto (automaton)|Mephisto]], yang menggambarkan dirinya mesin "paling terkenal", yang sedikit diketahui.<ref>Imitations: Jay, "The Automaton Chess Player, the Invisible Girl, and the Telephone. Ajeeb or the Egyptian: Ramón Jiménez, "[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1799 The Rook Endgame Machine of Torres y Quevedo]." ChessBase, 20 July 2004. URL accessed 15 January 2006. Played by Grover Cleveland: ''International Chess Magazine'' September 1885. Mephisto: Levitt, 154.</ref> Imitasi pertama yang buatan Mälzel dibuat di [[Baltimore]]. Dibuat oleh Brothers Walker, "American Chess Player" memulai debutnya pada bulan Mei 1827 di New York.<ref>{{cite book| author = Daniel Willard Fiske| title = The Book of the first American Chess Congress: Containing the Proceedings of that celebrated Assemblage, held in New York, in the Year 1857| url = http://books.google.com/?id=HrBAAAAAcAAJ| year = 1859| publisher = Rudd & Carleton| page = 456 }}</ref> [[El Ajedrecista]] dibuat pada tahun 1912 oleh [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo]] sebagai pemain catur automaton dan membuat debut publiknya saat Paris World Fair pada tahun 1914. Mampu memainkan benteng dan raja melawan raja di akhir pertandingan menggunakan elektromagnetik, ini adalah pemain catur automaton betulan pertama, dan sebuah prekursor sejenis Deep Blue.<ref>Ramón Jiménez, "[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1799 The Rook Endgame Machine of Torres y Quevedo]."</ref>
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Ketika Turk dikunjungi oleh Rev. [[Edmund Cartwright]] di London pada tahun 1784. Ia begitu tertarik dengan Turk yang kemudian ia mempertanyakan apakah "hal ini lebih sulit untuk mengkonstruksi sebuah mesin untuk menenun dari yang satu membuat semua variasi gerakan yang dibutuhkan dalam permainan rumit." Cartwright akan mematenkan [[prototipe]] untuk [[mesin alat tenun]] pada tahun yang sama.<ref>Levitt, 31–32.</ref> [[Charles Wheatstone|Sir Charles Wheatstone]], seorang penemu, melihat penampilan lanjutan dari Turk yang saat itu dimiliki oleh Mälzel. Ia juga melihat beberapa mesin berbicara Mälzel, dan Mälzel kemudian memperlihatkan sebuah demonstrasi dari mesin berbicara kepada seorang peneliti dan putra remajanya. [[Alexander Graham Bell]] memperoleh sebuah salinan buku buatan [[Kempelen]] mengenai mesin berbicara setelah terinspirasi dengan mesin yang sama yang dibuat oleh Wheatstone; Bell melanjutkannya dengan [[Penemuan telepon|mengajukan paten pertama yang berhasil untuk telepon]].<ref name=Anomalies/>
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Sebuah mainan, ''The Automaton Chess Player'', diluncurkan di New York City pada tahun 1845. The advertising, as well as an article that appeared in ''The Illustrated London News'', claimed that the play featured Kempelen's Turk, but it was in fact a copy of the Turk dibuat oleh J. Walker, who had earlier presented pemain Catur Berjalan.<ref>Levitt, 241–242.</ref>
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Film bisu buatan [[Raymond Bernard]] berjudul ''[[Le joueur d'échecs]]'' (''The Chess Player'', Perancis 1927) weaves elements from the real story of the Turk into an adventure tale set in the aftermath of the first of the [[Pemisahan Polandia]] pada tahun 1772. The film's "Baron von Kempelen" helps a dashing nasionalis pemuda Polandia on the run from the occupying Russians, who also happens to be an expert pemain catur, by hiding him inside a pemain catur automaton called the Turk, closely based on the real Kempelen model. Just as they are about to escape over the border, the Baron is summoned to [[Saint Petersburg]] to present the Turk to the empress [[Yekaterina II dari Rusia|Yekaterina II]]. In an echo of insiden Napoleon, Catherine attempts to cheat the Turk, who wipes all the pieces from the board in response.<ref>Maureen Furniss, "''Le Joueur d'Echecs/The Chess Player'' (review)," ''The Moving Image'' 4, no.&nbsp;1, Spring 2004, pp.&nbsp;149–151.</ref> An advanced hardware- and software-based AI chess-playing platform bearing the contraption's name is a key plot element in drama televisi 2008 ''[[Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles]]'', first referenced in the [[The Turk (Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles)|episode ketiga]].
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Turk juga menginspirasi karya literatur fiksi. Pada tahun 1849, just several years before the Turk was destroyed, [[Edgar Allan Poe]] published a tale "Von Kempelen and His Discovery".<ref>{{cite book| last = Sova| first = Dawn B.| title = Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z| year = 2001| publisher = Checkmark Books| location = New York| isbn = 0-8160-4161-X }}, the tale is available at [[s:Von Kempelen and His Discovery|Wikisource]]</ref> [[Ambrose Bierce]]'s short story "[[Moxon's Master]]", dipublikasi pada tahun 1909, is a morbid tale about a chess-playing automaton that resembles the Turk. Pada tahun 1938, [[John Dickson Carr]] mempublikasikan ''[[The Crooked Hinge]]'',<ref>''Time'', "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883155,00.html Mystery of the Month]." 31 October 1938, URL accessed 14 February 2007.</ref> a [[misteri ruang terkunci]] in his line of novel detektif [[Gideon Fell|Dr. Gideon Fell]]. Among the puzzles presented included an automaton that operates in a way that is unexplainable to the characters.<ref>S. T. Joshi, ''John Dickson Carr: A Critical Study''. [[Bowling Green State University Popular Press|Bowling Green Press]], 1990.</ref> sebuah cerita pendek [[fiksi ilmiah]] 1977 buatan [[Gene Wolfe]], "The Marvellous Brass Chessplaying Automaton", also features a device very similar to the Turk.<ref>[[Terry Carr]] (Editor), ''Universe 7''. Doubleday, 1977.</ref> [[F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre]]'s 2007 story "The Clockwork Horror" reconstructs Edgar Allan Poe's original encounter dengan pemain catur Mälzel, and also establishes (from contemporary advertisements in a surat kabar Richmond) precisely when and where this encounter took place.<ref>[[James Robert Smith (author)|James Robert Smith]] & [[Stephen Mark Rainey]] (editor), ''[[Evermore (buku)|Evermore]]'', Arkham House, 2007; reprinted in [[Stephen Jones (author)|Stephen Jones]] (editor), ''[[The Mammoth Book of Best New Horror]]'', Carroll & Graf, 2007.</ref>
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[[Walter Benjamin]] alludes to the Mechanical Turk in the tesis pertama of his [[Tesis Filosofi Sejarah]] (Über den Begriff der Geschichte), ditulis pada tahun 1940.<ref>{{cite book| author = Walter Benjamin| title = Illuminations| year = 1968| publisher = Schocken| isbn = 978-0-8052-0241-0| page = 253 }}</ref>
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* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pertahanan Gudang Sihang|Defense of Sihang Warehouse}}
Pada tahun 2005, [[Amazon.com]] meluncurkan [[Amazon Mechanical Turk]]. The [[world wide web|web-based]] [[aplikasi perangkat lunak]] coordinates [[computer programming|programming]] tasks with human intelligence, inspired in part by the way Kempelen's Turk operated.<ref name="AMT">Amazon.com: "[http://www.mturk.com/mturk/help?helpPage=whatis FAQ: What is Amazon Mechanical Turk?] URL accessed 15 January 2006.</ref> The program is designed to have humans perform tasks, such as color comparisons, that computers struggle with.<ref name="Salon">Katharine Mieszkowski, "[http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2006/07/24/turks/ 'I make $1.45 a week and I love it']," [[Salon.com]], 24 July 2006. URL accessed 15 January 2007.</ref>
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* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Yang Huimin}}
Pada tahun 2013, the [[Doctor Who]] episode [[Nightmare in Silver]] featured a version of Turk in the far future, dengan sebuah [[Cyberman]] sebagai pemain.
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|OC Oerlikon}}
 
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Picada}}
== Catatan kaki ==
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kulit tahu gulung|Tofu skin roll}}
<references group="Note" />
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Chaoshou}}
 
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Skilandis}}
== Catatan ==
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Malidzano}}
{{reflist|2}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Remonce}}
 
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bobó de camarão}}
== Referensi ==
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kucing (shio)|Cat (zodiac)}}
* {{cite book| author = George W. Atkinson| title = Chess and Machine Intuition| date = 1998-01-01| publisher = Intellect L & D E F A E| isbn = 978-1-871516-44-9 }}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Perjanjian Salomo|Testament of Solomon}}
* {{cite book| author = Bradley Ewart| title = Chess, man vs. machine| year = 1980| publisher = A S Barnes & Co| isbn = 0-498-02167-X }}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Knysza}}
* {{cite book| author = Professor Thomas L Hankins| coauthors = Robert J. Silverman| title = Instruments and the Imagination| year = 1995| isbn = 978-0-691-02997-9 }}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kota di atas gunung|City upon a Hill}}
* {{cite book| author = Feng-hsiung Hsu| title = Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion| year = 2002| isbn = 978-0-691-09065-8 }}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Xu Xiaodong}}
* {{cite book| author = Gerald M. Levitt| title = The Turk, chess automaton| year = 2000| publisher = McFarland & Co Inc Pub| isbn = 0-7864-0778-6 }}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Raptor persecution}}
* {{cite book| author = Robert Löhr| coauthors = Anthea Bell| title = The chess machine| date = 2007-07-05| publisher = Penguin Group USA| isbn = 1-59420-126-9 }}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Panggang kering|Dry roasting}}
* {{cite book| author = Stephen Patrick Rice| title = Minding the Machine: Languages of Class in Early Industrial America| year = 2004| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-22781-1 }}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees}}
* {{cite book| author = Tom Standage| title = The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous 19th Century Chess-Playing Machine| date = 2002-04-01| publisher = Walker| isbn = 978-0-8027-1391-9 }}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Ranting zaitun|Olive branch}}
* {{cite book| author = Gaby Wood| title = Living Dolls: A Magical History of the Quest for Mechanical Life| year = 2002| publisher = Faber & Faber| isbn = 978-0-571-17879-7 }}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Personifikasi Rusia|Personification of Russia}}
 
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Arròs negre}}
==Pranala luar==
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Violence begets violence}}
{{Commons category|The Turk}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Antiquarian}}
* {{Chessgames player|id=77026}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Skandal Röhm|Röhm scandal}}
* [http://www.clockwork-comics.com/2011/03/01/diyarbakir-1205/ Clockwork Game:The illustrious career of a Chess-Playing Automation] from clockwork-comics.com
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Mitos Nazi gay|Gay Nazis myth}}
 
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pekerja kasar|Roughneck}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Turk}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Upacara perbatasan Wagah-Attari|Wagah-Attari border ceremony}}
[[Category:Automata (mekanika)]]
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Perbatasan India|Borders of India}}
[[Category:Sejarah catur]]
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Golf miniatur|Miniature golf}}
[[Category:Catur di abad ke-18]]
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Seragam juru masak|Chef's uniform}}
[[Category:Hoax dalam sains]]
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kematian Chow Tsz-lok|Death of Chow Tsz-lok}}
[[Category:Sejarah robot]]
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kalender Soviet|Soviet calendar}}
[[Category:Robot abad ke-18]]
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Patungan|Split billing}}
[[Category:Hoax abad ke-18]]
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Peran Israel pada Perang Iran-Irak|Israel's role in the Iran–Iraq war}}
 
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Chamber of the Holocaust}}
{{Link FA|cs}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Aseton peroksida|Acetone peroxide}}
{{Link FA|en}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Perjanjian Froman-Amayreh|Froman-Amayreh Agreement}}
{{Link FA|fi}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Mandi es|Ice bath}}
{{Link FA|he}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Teori asal usul HIV/AIDS yang ditinggalkan|Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories}}
{{Link GA|ja}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Analisis DNA forensik|Forensic DNA analysis}}
{{Link GA|pt}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Joy-Con}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Agnes Boulton}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Tari ekstatik|Ecstatic dance}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Teori Wabah Hitam|Theories of the Black Death}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Stik ikan|Fish finger}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Mangkok nasi besi|Iron rice bowl}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Undang-undang ekstradisi Hong Kong 2019|2019 Hong Kong extradition bill}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Hukum keamanan nasional Hong Kong|Hong Kong national security law}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Salam tiga jari (pro-demokrasi)|Three-finger salute (pro-democracy)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Keluarga Blank|Blank family}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kata terakhir|Last words}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Daftar kata terakhir|List of last words}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Mandi laut|Sea bathing}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Girdle of Thomas}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Girdle}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Buzzer}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Perkara Naama Issachar|Naama Issachar affair}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Antisemitisme dan Perjanjian Baru|Antisemitism and the New Testament}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Payung Bulgaria|Bulgarian umbrella}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Perlindungan Yahudi-Amerika terhadap rumah makan Tionghoa|Jewish-American patronage of Chinese restaurants}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Yahudi dan Natal|Jews and Christmas}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kreplach}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Nittel Nacht}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kue buah|Fruitcake}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Ludo (permainan papan)|Ludo (board game)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Hidrolisis alkalin (perlakuan jenazah)|Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Rekonsiliasi Kristen–Yahudi|Christian–Jewish reconciliation}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Penindasan umat Kristen dalam Perjanjian Baru|Persecution of Christians in the New Testament}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Air kalengan|Canned water}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Rock Tiongkok|Chinese rock}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Protes bakar diri oleh orang-orang Tibet di Tiongkok|Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pemberontakan Nuku|Nuku Rebellion}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Congee}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Putri altar|Female altar servers}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Chervonets}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Wakashū}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Hak sipil Amerika Asli|Native American civil rights}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Batang emas|Gold bar}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Siraitia grosvenorii}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Instabilitas Kelvin–Helmholtz|Kelvin–Helmholtz instability}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bola kristal|Crystal ball}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Gerakan politik Dayak|Dayak political movements}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|NEWater}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Chutzpah}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Air daur ulang|Reclaimed water}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Hukum Yahudi di wilayah kutub|Jewish law in the polar regions}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Daftar gereja Antarktika|List of Antarctic churches}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Deadnaming}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Opini kedua|Second opinion}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Whitewashing (penyensoran)|Whitewashing (censorship)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Hemipenis}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Penis rusa|Deer penis}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Penis harimau|Tiger penis}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|/pol/}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Superbulan Stroberi|Strawberry Supermoon}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Biara St Lot|Monastery of St Lot}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Legenda Gelap (Spanyol)|Black Legend (Spain)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Wanita Ku Klux Klan|Women of the Ku Klux Klan}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Lalpa Kohhran Thar}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Putler}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Jemaah Iblis|Synagogue of Satan}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Desa dependen militer|Military dependents' village}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Tragedi Nazino|Nazino tragedy}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Talasoterapi|Thalassotherapy}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Meriam Galileo|Galilean cannon}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kewarganegaraan Perantauan India|Overseas Citizenship of India}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Universitas Islam Gaza|Islamic University of Gaza}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Luka (Voyno-Yasenetsky)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Alexander Haig}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Milena Pires}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Willie Ong}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pauline Jaricot}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pankras dari Roma|Pancras of Rome}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bank darah|Blood bank}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Jose Gabriel del Rosario Brochero}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Eytan Stibbe}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Michael López-Alegría}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Larry Connor}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Mark Pathy}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Scott E. Parazynski}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Winston E. Scott}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Steven Smith (antariksawan)|Steven Smith (astronaut)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Joseph R. Tanner}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Daniel T. Barry}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Charles E. Brady Jr.}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|John M. Grunsfeld}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Jerry M. Linenger}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Richard M. Linnehan}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Children of Troubled Times}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Robert Sapolsky}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pria Berjas Melayang|Man in Business Suit Levitating emoji}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Cheng Qian}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Anthony Neely}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Hwasong-17}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Orang Israel Ibrani Afrika di Israel|African Hebrew Israelites in Israel}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Myosotis}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Saifuddin dari Tidore|Saifuddin of Tidore}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Hidangan Cajun|Cajun cuisine}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|ZIPAIR Tokyo}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Dewanampriya|Devanampriya}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Palang Merah Singapura|Singapore Red Cross Society}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Benny Friedman (penyanyi)|Benny Friedman (singer)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Zhao Benshan}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bangsa seluruh Rusia|All-Russian nation}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Rusia Kecil|Little Russia}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Situs Kristen Tersembunyi di Wilayah Nagasaki|Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pembunuhan Hello Kitty|Hello Kitty murder}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Gempa bumi dasar laut|Submarine earthquake}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Daecheongdo}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Endomag}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Khrushchyovka}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|China Digital Times}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Keluarga Rajapaksa|Rajapaksa family}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Wisata medis|Medical tourism}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Moros y cristianos}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Fitna al-Andalus|Fitna of al-Andalus}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Gelas koktail|Cocktail glass}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Rest in peace}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Yakobus si Kecil|James the Less}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Konvensi Senjata Konvensional Tertentu|Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Asif bin Barkhiya|Asif ibn Barkhiya}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Mitos mangonel puntiran|Torsion mangonel myth}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kelapan tangan|Fist}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Angkat kepalan tangan|Raised fist}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Angkat jempol|Thumb signal}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Paul Langevin}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Sejarah hubungan sipil-militer di Asia Tenggara|History of civil-military relations in Southeast Asia}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Taring Padi}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Devyani Rana}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Salve}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|McDonald's di Rusia}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kentang kebebasan|Freedom fries}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Edward Rowny}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Jumeok-bap}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Dosirak}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Wastafel perilaku|Behavioral sink}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Penyensoran dalam masyarakat Islam|Censorship in Islamic societies}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Legalitas ganja|Legality of cannabis}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Insiden 24 Mei|May 24 incident}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Arfan Bhatti}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pawai Kehidupan|March of the Living}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Jamón ibérico}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Soth Polin}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|EFREI}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Teknik frekuensi radio|Radio-frequency engineering}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pemilihan umum Kamboja 1946|1946 Cambodian general election}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Union Nationale des Étudiants de France}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Organisasi garis depan|Front organization}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kratié (kota)|Kratié (town)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pursat}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Partai Persatuan Nasional Kamboja|Cambodian National Unity Party}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Y Chhean}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pegunungan Dângrêk|Dângrêk Mountains}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Distrik Anlong Veng|Anlong Veng District}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Malcolm Caldwell}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Khmer Rumdo}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Virendranath Chattopadhyaya}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bhikaiji Cama}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Martin Woollacott}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Khan Chamkar Mon}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Dewa raja|God king}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Alfonso de la Cerda}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Henry dari Kastilia sang Senator|Henry of Castile the Senator}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Salobreña}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Puṇṇa Mantānīputta}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Shanavasa}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Majjhantika}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Sungai Rohni|Rohni River}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Nigrodharama}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Malla (suku)|Malla (tribe)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Iddhi}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Mahīśāsaka}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Patikulamanasikara}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Keinginan untuk hidup|Will to live}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Die Sieger}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Parsifal (opera)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Jonathan Harvey (komponis)|Jonathan Harvey (composer)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Wagner Dream}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Eugène Burnouf}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Mahāvastu}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Upasampadā}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Udayana (raja)|Udayana (king)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Samavati}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kalyāṇa-mittatā}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Chandala}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bhāṇaka}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Anuruddha}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Asava}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Jñāna}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Channa (Buddhis)|Channa (Buddhist)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Tempat ziarah umat Buddha|Buddhist pilgrimage sites}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Gregory Schopen}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Mara (iblis)|Mara (demon)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Delapan Garudhamma|Eight Garudhammas}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Isaline Blew Horner}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Ajaran Buddha|Buddha's Dispensation}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Oskar von Hinüber}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bhikkhu Analayo}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Koliya}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Sungai Rohni|Rohni River}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kammaṭṭhāna}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Licchavi (suku)|Licchavi (tribe)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Upagupta}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Memorial to the throne}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kementerian Perang (kekaisaran Tiongkok)|Ministry of War (imperial China)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Industri Tiongkok|Industry of China}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Ormus}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Apolofanes|Apollophanes}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Keremon|Chaeremon}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Lucius Annaeus Cornutus}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Obelus}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Katena|Catena (biblical commentary)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Herakleon|Heracleon}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Cara pengusutan Sokrates|Socratic questioning}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bantahan Terhadap Segala Bidah|Refutation of All Heresies}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Taman Eden Beserta Kemerosotan Manusia|The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Model siklus|Eternal return}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Eustathius dari Antiokhia|Eustathius of Antioch}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Apocrisiarius}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Menas dari Konstantinopel|Menas of Constantinople}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Sinode Konstantinopel (543)|Synod of Constantinople (543)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Francesc Eiximenis}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Llibre de les dones}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Edward Welchman}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|John Howson}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Francis Szpiner}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Proses Fowler|Fowler process}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Hidrofluoroolefin|Hydrofluoroolefin}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Klorodifluorometana|Chlorodifluoromethane}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|1,1-Dikloro-1-fluoroetana|1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropena|2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Proses kloralkali|Chloralkali process}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Perfluorobutana|Perfluorobutane}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Scotchgard}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Trifluralin}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Natrium monofluoroasetat|Sodium fluoroacetate}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Posum ekor sikat umum|Common brushtail possum}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Gugus trifluorometil|Trifluoromethyl group}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Antidepresan trisiklik|Tricyclic antidepressant}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Inhibitor penyerapan kembali serotonin selektif|Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Sitalopram|Citalopram}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Esitalopram|Escitalopram}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Paroksetin|Paroxetine}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Triamsinolon|Triamcinolone}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Sevofluran|Sevoflurane}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Desfluran|Desflurane}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Fluorodeoksiglukosa|Fluorodeoxyglucose}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Oxycyte}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Fluoroaseton|Fluoroacetone}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Fluorinase}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Senyawa organofluorin|Organofluorine chemistry}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Ikatan karbon–fluorin|Carbon–fluorine bond}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Industri fluorokimia|Fluorochemical industry}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|De re metallica}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Andreas Sigismund Marggraf}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Edmond Frémy}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Frigidaire}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Monofluorida|Monofluoride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Berilium fluorida|Beryllium fluoride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Molibdenum heksafluorida|Molybdenum hexafluoride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Renium heksafluorida|Rhenium hexafluoride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Wolfram heksafluorida|Tungsten hexafluoride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Neil Bartlett (kimiawan)|Neil Bartlett (chemist)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Xenon heksafluoroplatinat|Xenon hexafluoroplatinate}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Xenon difluorida|Xenon difluoride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Xenon heksafluorida|Xenon hexafluoride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Radon difluorida|Radon difluoride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Senyawa terperfluorinasi|Perfluorinated compound}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Alkana perfluoroalkoksi|Perfluoroalkoxy alkane}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Fluorotelomer}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Zat per- dan polifluoroalkil|Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Unit struktural|Structural unit}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Gugus trifluorometoksi|Trifluoromethoxy group}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Polivinilidena fluorida|Polyvinylidene fluoride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Etilena propilena terfluorinasi|Fluorinated ethylene propylene}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Mangan(III) fluorida|Manganese(III) fluoride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Alotrop oksigen|Allotropes of oxygen}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pemusing gas|Gas centrifuge}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Karbon tetrafluorida|Carbon tetrafluoride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Etsa plasma|Plasma etching}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pengasaman (logam)|Pickling (metal)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pernyataan bahaya GHS|GHS hazard statements}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Paço de São Cristóvão}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pesanggrahan Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz Estate}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pedro, Pangeran Brasil|Pedro, Prince of Brazil}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pedro de Araújo Lima|Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bias pengambilan sampel|Sampling bias}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Webby Awards 2013|2013 Webby Awards}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Steve Wilhite}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|CompuServe}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|ABC News (Australia)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Gretchen McCulloch}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Analisa frekuensi penggunaan|Frequency analysis}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Gizmodo}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Oxford Dictionary of English}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Petit Robert}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Petit Larousse}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|New Oxford American Dictionary}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Det Norske Akademis ordbok}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Webby Awards}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Columbia Journalism Review}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Giphy}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|The Daily Dot}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pau Pérez-Sales}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|John D. Bessler}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Hukuman badan yudisial|Judicial corporal punishment}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Fenomena barisan kematian|Death row phenomenon}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Eksekusi publik|Public execution}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Wawancara kognitif|Cognitive interview}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pengakuan palsu|False confession}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Penahanan pra-persidangan|Pre-trial detention}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Skenario bom waktu berdetak|Ticking time bomb scenario}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Perang asimetris|Asymmetric warfare}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Perang konvensional|Conventional warfare}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Penyiksaan dalam budaya populer|Torture in popular culture}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Ali Shallal al-Qaisi}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Cambuk kaki|Foot whipping}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Luka bakar rokok|Cigarette burns}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pencabutan kuku|Denailing}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Makan paksa|Force-feeding}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Ancaman kematian|Death threat}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Eksekusi palsu|Mock execution}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Deprivasi sensorik|Sensory deprivation}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Penyiksaan musik|Musical torture}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Penyiksaan posisi|Positional torture}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Jean Améry}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Lauritz Sand}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Trauma pelaku|Perpetrator trauma}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kekerasan politik|Political violence}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Neuropati perifer|Peripheral neuropathy}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Cedera otak traumatis|Traumatic brain injury}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Stres traumatis|Traumatic stress}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Perpisahan keluarga|Family separation}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pandangan agama tentang penyiksaan|Religious views on torture}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Etika penyiksaan|Ethics of torture}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kode Lieber|Lieber Code}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Monumen Torture Never Again|Torture Never Again Monument}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Darius Rejali}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kejahatan kesempatan|Crime of opportunity}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Asosiasi untuk Pencegahan Penyiksaan|Association for the Prevention of Torture}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pau de arara}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Sejarah Asiria|History of the Assyrians}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Almuñécar}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Perdamaian terpisah|Separate peace}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Abu al-Rabi Sulayman}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Zij}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Antequera}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Vélez-Málaga}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Hermandad General de Andalucía}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Alicún}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|María de Molina}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Isabella dari Portugal|Isabella of Portugal}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Crevillente}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Garis pemisah antara logam dan nonlogam|Dividing line between metals and nonmetals}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Dale R. Corson}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kenneth Ross MacKenzie}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Spektrum penyerapan|Absorption spectrum}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Transisi elektron atom|Atomic electron transition}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Sistem kristal ortorombus|Orthorhombic crystal system}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Sela pita|Band gap}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kopresipitasi|Coprecipitation}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pelacak radioaktif|Radioactive tracer}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Hidrogen astatida|Hydrogen astatide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Anion nonkoordinasi|Non-coordinating anion}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Natrium persulfat|Sodium persulfate}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Periodat|Periodate}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Selenourea}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Iodin monobromida|Iodine monobromide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Antarhalogen|Interhalogen}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Horia Hulubei}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Herbert G. MacPherson}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Fred Allison}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Yvette Cauchois}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Friedrich Paneth}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Helvetia}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Walter Minder}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Metastabilitas|Metastability}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Nanodetik|Nanosecond}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bijih uranium|Uranium ore}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pengurutan magnitudo (massa)|Orders of magnitude (mass)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Radiolisis|Radiolysis}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Penyemprotan (fisika)|Sputtering}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Volatilisasi|Volatilisation}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Dibutil eter|Dibutyl ether}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Diisopropil eter|Diisopropyl ether}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Tiosemikarbazida|Thiosemicarbazide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bismut(III) nitrat|Bismuth(III) nitrate}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Reseptor somatostatin|Somatostatin receptor}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bisfosfonat|Bisphosphonate}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Metastasis tulang|Bone metastasis}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Oktreotida|Octreotide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Adenokarsinoma|Adenocarcinomas}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Iodin-131|Iodine-131}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Radiofarmasi|Radiopharmaceutical}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Dehalogenasi|Dehalogenation}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Daftar metaloid|Lists of metalloids}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Penyimpanan optik|Optical storage}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Piroteknika|Pyrotechnics}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Industri semikonduktor|Semiconductor industry}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Semilogam|Semimetal}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Faktor pengepakan atom|Atomic packing factor}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Resistivitas dan konduktivitas listrik|Electrical resistivity and conductivity}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Senyawa antarlogam|Intermetallic}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Perak argentium|Argentium sterling silver}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pengerasan permukaan|Case-hardening}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Piuter|Pewter}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Logam huruf|Type metal}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Telurium tembaga|Tellurium copper}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Mesinabilitas|Machinability}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Daftar obat antileukemik|List of antileukemic drugs}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Atran (molekul)|Atrane}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Salvo}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Melarsoprol}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Leukemia promielositik akut|Acute promyelocytic leukemia}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Natrium stiboglukonat|Sodium stibogluconate}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Stibofen|Stibophen}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Antiparasitik|Antiparasitic}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Antimikroba|Antimicrobial}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Timbal hidrogen arsenat|Lead hydrogen arsenate}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Galium nitrat|Gallium nitrate}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Selenium sulfida|Selenium sulfide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Antimon(III) asetat|Antimony(III) acetate}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Asam telurit|Tellurous acid}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Boron tribromida|Boron tribromide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Asam sulfat silika|Silica sulfuric acid}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Germanium dioksida|Germanium dioxide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Telurium tetraklorida|Tellurium tetrachloride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Grafit oksida|Graphite oxide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Silsesquioksana|Silsesquioxane}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Natrium arsenat|Sodium arsenate}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Natrium arsenit|Sodium arsenite}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kaca borosilikat|Borosilicate glass}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Optika nonlinier|Nonlinear optics}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pewarnaan kaca dan penandaan warna|Glass coloring and color marking}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Logam amorf|Amorphous metal}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kaca fosfat|Phosphate glass}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|GeSbTe}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|AgInSbTe}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bahan perubahan fase|Phase-change material}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Memori perubahan fase|Phase-change memory}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Inisiator piroteknika|Pyrotechnic initiator}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Komposisi penundaan|Delay composition}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Boron karbida|Boron carbide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Heksakloroetana|Hexachloroethane}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Termit|Thermite}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Arsen trisulfida|Arsenic trisulfide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Cahaya biru (sinyal piroteknika)|Blue light (pyrotechnic signal)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Campuran Armstrong|Armstrong's mixture}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Tutup senjata|Cap gun}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Peletup pesta|Party popper}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Germanana|Germanane}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Silikon–germanium|Silicon–germanium}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Grafana|Graphane}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Daftar bahan semikonduktor|List of semiconductor materials}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Aluminium antimonida|Aluminium antimonide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Baterai ion natrium|Sodium-ion battery}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kadmium telurida|Cadmium telluride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bismut telurida|Bismuth telluride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Bahan termoelektrik|Thermoelectric materials}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Dopan|Dopant}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Semikonduktor ekstrinsik|Extrinsic semiconductor}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pelindung lonjakan arus|Surge protector}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kadmium arsenida|Cadmium arsenide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Komputer kuantum topologis|Topological quantum computer}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Insulator topologis|Topological insulator}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Setengah logam|Half-metal}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kromium(IV) oksida|Chromium(IV) oxide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Rombohedron|Rhombohedron}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Ikatan kovalen jaringan|Network covalent bonding}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Gugus atom|Nanocluster}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Borida|Boride}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Ikatan silikon–oksigen|Silicon–oxygen bond}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Senyawa organosilikon|Organosilicon chemistry}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Senyawa organogermanium|Organogermanium chemistry}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kilau (mineralogi)|Lustre (mineralogy)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Jumlah elektron d|d electron count}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Oksikation|Oxycation}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kimia organoantimon|Organoantimony chemistry}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Telurida|Telluride (chemistry)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kimia organotelurium|Organotellurium chemistry}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Asam fluorosulfat|Fluorosulfuric acid}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Elektron terdelokalisasi|Delocalized electron}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kisi heksagonal|Hexagonal lattice}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Interkalasi (kimia)|Intercalation (chemistry)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Ion karbenium|Carbenium ion}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Ion karbonium|Carbonium ion}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Asetilida|Acetylide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Potensial elektroda standar (halaman data)|Standard electrode potential (data page)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Keluarga kristal heksagon|Hexagonal crystal family}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Oleum}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Polonida|Polonide}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Pita valensi dan konduksi|Valence and conduction bands}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kristalit|Crystallite}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Sistem kristal tetragon|Tetragonal crystal system}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Sel elektrolitik|Electrolytic cell}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Traktat Paris antara Italia dan Blok Sekutu|Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Komite Nasional Pembebasan Yugoslavia|National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Periode Informbiro|Informbiro period}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Angkatan Darat Kerajaan Yugoslavia|Royal Yugoslav Army}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Partai Buruh Albania|Party of Labour of Albania}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Gerakan Pembebasan Nasional (Albania)|National Liberation Movement (Albania)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Angkatan Udara Yugoslavia|Yugoslav Air Force}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Makedonia Vardar|Vardar Macedonia}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Makedonia Pirin|Pirin Macedonia}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Makedonia Aegea|Aegean Macedonia}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Persetujuan Bled (1947)|Bled agreement (1947)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Tentara Demokratis Yunani|Democratic Army of Greece}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Dewan Eksekutif Republik Rakyat Kroasia ke-1|1st Executive Council of the People's Republic of Croatia}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Stara Gradiška}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Undang-Undang Bantuan Pertahanan Timbal Balik|Mutual Defense Assistance Act}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Operasi Rösselsprung (1944)|Operation Rösselsprung (1944)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Dupnitsa}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Slivnitsa}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Béla Király}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kementerian Keamanan Negara (Uni Soviet)|Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Kepala Staf Umum (Yugoslavia)|Chief of the General Staff (Yugoslavia)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Vladimir Dapčević}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Rudolf Slánský}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|László Rajk}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Traicho Kostov}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Little Nemo in Slumberland}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|The Enchanted Drawing}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Film trik|Trick film}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Fantasmagorie (film 1908)|Fantasmagorie (1908 film)}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Komik Minggu|Sunday comics}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|New York Herald}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Harry B. Smith}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Little Nemo: The Dream Master}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Jean Giraud}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Permainan video gulir samping|Side-scrolling video game}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|John Bunny}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Eugene V. Brewster}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|The Morning Telegraph}}
* {{Artikel tantangan mingguan|Claude Fayette Bragdon}}
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Pengguna:Erik_Evrest/Bak_pasir/1"