Wikipedia

Penyakit seliak

Revisi sejak 25 Juni 2018 10.48 oleh Danu Widjajanto (bicara | kontrib)

Penyakit seliak adalah gangguan autoimun jangka panjang yang mempengaruhi usus kecil. [18] Gejala klasik termasuk masalah gastrointestinal seperti diare kronis, distensi abdomen, malabsorpsi, hilangnya nafsu makan dan diantara anak-anak gagal untuk tumbuh secara normal. [19] Penyakit ini biasanya dimulai pada usia enam bulan dan dua tahun. [20] Gejala non-klasik lebih umum, terutama pada orang yang lebih tua. [21][22][23][24] Mungkin ada beberapa gejala. [25] Penyakit celiac pertama kali dijelaskan pada anak-anak; [26][27] namun, dapat menjangkit segala usia. [28][29] Hal ini terkait dengan penyakit autoimun lainnya, seperti diabetes mellitus tipe 1 dan tiroiditis. [30]

Penyakit seliak
Biopsi dari usus halus yang menunjukkan penyakit seliak yang dapat dilihat dengan menumpulkan villus usus],hipertrofi crypt, dan limfosit infiltrasi crypts
Informasi umum
Pelafalan
SpesialisasiGastroenterologi, obat penyakit dalam
PenyebabReaksi terhadap gluten[1]
Aspek klinis
Gejala dan tandaTidak ada atau non-specific, distensi abdomen, diare, konstipasi, malabsorption, penurunan berat badan, dermatitis herpetiformis[2][3]
KomplikasiAnemia, osteoporosis, infertilitas, kanker, masalah neurologis, lainnya penyakit autoimun[4][5][6][7][8]
Awal munculSeua umur [9][10]
DurasiSeumur hidup [11]
Diagnosis Riwayat keluarga, tes darah antibodi, usus biopsi, pengujian genetik, respon pada penarikan gluten [12][13][14]
Kondisi serupaPenyakit Inflamasi usus, parasit usus, sindrom iritasi usus, fibrosis kistik[15]
PerawatanDiet bebas Gluten[16]
Prevalensi~1 sampai 135[17]

Penyakit celiac disebabkan oleh reaksi terhadap gluten, yang sama seperti butiran gandum dan rye. [31][32][33] Jumlah oat yang moderat, bebas kontaminasi dengan biji-bijian lain yang mengandung gluten, biasanya ditoleransi.[34][35] Terjadinya penyakit ini mungkin tergantung pada jenis oat yang dikonsumsi.[36][37] Penyakit ini terjadi pada orang yang secara genetis memiliki kecenderungan. [38] Setelah terpapar oleh gluten, respons imun abnormal dapat menyebabkan produksi beberapa autoantibodi yang berbeda yang dapat mempengaruhi sejumlah organ yang berbeda. [39][40] Dalam usus kecil, ini menyebabkan reaksi peradangan dan dapat memendekkan vili yang melapisi usus kecil (vili atrofi). [41][42] Hal ini mempengaruhi penyerapan nutrisi, yang sering menyebabkan anemia. [43][44]

Diagnosis biasanya dibuat oleh kombinasi tes antibodi darah dan biopsi usus, dibantu oleh uji genetik secara spesifik. [45] Membuat diagnosis tidak selalu mudah. [46] Seringkali, autoantibodi dalam darah negatif, [47][48] dan banyak orang hanya mengalami perubahan usus kecil dengan vili yang normal. [49][50] Orang-orang mungkin memiliki gejala berat dan diteliti selama bertahun-tahun sebelum diagnosis tercapai. [51] Semakin banyak, diagnosis dibuat pada orang tanpa gejala, sebagai akibat dari skrining. [52] Bukti dari efek penyaringan, tidak akan cukup untuk menentukan kegunaannya. [53] Sementara penyakit ini disebabkan oleh intoleransi permanen terhadap protein gandum, dan itu bukan bentuk dari alergi gandum. [54]

Satu-satunya pengobatan yang dikenal paling efektif sejauh ini adalah diet bebas gluten seumur hidup, yang mengarah pada pemulihan mukosa usus, mengurangi gejala dan mengurangi risiko adanya komplikasi pada kebanyakan orang. [55] Jika penyakit ini tidak diobati, dapat menyebabkan kanker seperti limfoma usus dan risiko kematian dini yang meningkat. [56] Angkanya bervariasi di berbagai wilayah di dunia, mulai dari 1 dari 300 hingga 1 dari 40, dengan rata-rata antara 1 dari 100 dan 1 dari 170 orang. [57] Di negara-negara maju, diperkirakan bahwa 80% kasus tidak terdiagnosis, biasanya karena sedikitnya keluhan gastrointestinal atau karena kurangnya kesadaran akan kondisi ini. [58][59] Penyakit celiac lebih sering terjadi pada wanita dibandingkan pada pria. [60] Istilah "celiac" berasal dari bahasa Yunani κοιλιακός (koiliakó, "perut") dan disahkan oleh Aretaeus dari Kapadokia. [61][62]

Referensi

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