Perang Israel−Hamas 2023: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Pembaruan 2 November Tag: halaman dengan galat kutipan VisualEditor |
Hanamanteo (bicara | kontrib) k Hanamanteo memindahkan halaman Perang Israel−Hamas ke Perang Israel−Hamas 2023 dengan menimpa pengalihan lama |
||
| (46 revisi perantara oleh 25 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{Terkini}}
{{expand language|langcode=en|otherarticle=2023 Israel–Hamas war|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Perang Israel−Hamas
| partof = [[Konflik
| image = October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict.svg
| caption = {{leftlegend|#F08080|[[Jalur Gaza]] di bawah kendali Palestina}}{{leftlegend|#4169E1|
| date = {{start and end date|2023|10|7|sekarang|df=yes}}{{br}}({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year=2023|month=10|day=7|sc=y}})
| place =
| result =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} '''[[Hamas]]'''<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.svg}} [[Jihad Islam Palestina]]<br>{{flagicon image|
| combatant2 = '''{{flag|Israel}}'''
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[Ismail Haniyah]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[Yahya Sinwar]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[Mohammed Deif|Mohammed Al-Daif]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[Abu Obaida (Hamas)|Abu Obaida]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[Murad Abu Murad]]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.svg}} [[Ziyad al-Nakhalah]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.svg}} [[Abu Hamzah (Jihad Islam Palestina)|Abu Hamzah]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.svg}} [[Nayef Hawatmeh]]<br>{{Flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} [[Hassan Nasrallah]]
| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Israel}} [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]<br/>{{flagdeco|Israel}} [[Isaac Herzog]]<br/>{{flagdeco|Israel}} [[Yoav
| strength1 =[[Brigade Izzuddin al-Qassam|Brigade al-Qassam]]: 40.000<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=How Hamas secretly built a 'mini-army' to fight Israel |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-hamas-secretly-built-mini-army-fight-israel-2023-10-13/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013214141/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-hamas-secretly-built-mini-army-fight-israel-2023-10-13/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><br />2.500 menyusup ke Israel{{efn|Per Israel<ref name="strength1">{{Cite news |date=13 October 2023 |script-title=he:ההערכה: 2,500 מחבלי חמאס חדרו בשבת לישראל |language=Hebrew |trans-title=The estimate: 2,500 Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel on Saturday |work=News 1 |url=https://www.news1.co.il/Archive/001-D-475427-00.html |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013183111/https://www.news1.co.il/Archive/001-D-475427-00.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>}}
| strength2 =529.500 total kekuatan IDF{{efn|Including 169,500 active personnel<ref>{{Cite book |last=International Institute for Strategic Studies |url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2021 |title=The Military Balance 2021 |date=25 February 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-032-01227-8 |location=[[London]] |page=344 |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121114152/https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2021 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and 360,000 reservists<ref>{{Cite news |title=Israel's massive mobilization of 360,000 reservists upends lives |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/10/israel-military-draft-reservists/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030031425/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/10/israel-military-draft-reservists/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>}}
| casualties1 = '''
*
*
* 8.000 hilang
'''Di dalam Israel
* 1.000+ militan terbunuh<!-- Do not change this to 1,500. This was revised down to 1,000 by the IDF on 12 October. --><ref name="casclaim1">{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Israel killed at least 1,000 Gaza infiltrators, reinforcing nationwide, military says |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-killed-least-1000-gaza-infiltrators-reinforcing-nationwide-military-2023-10-11/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013064421/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-killed-least-1000-gaza-infiltrators-reinforcing-nationwide-military-2023-10-11/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
'''Tepi Barat :'''
*
* 2.469 terluka<ref name="caswb2">{{Cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=51 shhydan mundh alsabt .. 14 shahidan birasas alaihtilal fi aldifat walqudsaqra almazid eabr almarkaz alfilastinii lil'iielam |script-title=ar:51 شهيدًا منذ السبت .. 14 شهيدا برصاص الاحتلال في الضفة والقدساقرأ المزيد عبر المركز الفلسطيني للإعلام |language=ar |trans-title=51 martyrs since Saturday... 14 martyrs shot by the occupation in the West Bank and Jerusalem. Read more via the Palestinian Information Center |page=Arabic |work=Palestine News & Info Agency |url=https://palinfo.com/news/2023/10/13/854160/ |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref>
'''Lebanon :'''
*
* 11–13 pasukan Hezbollah
*
* 3 militan Hamas<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hamas says 3 members who infiltrated Israel from Lebanon were killed in IAF strike |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-says-3-members-who-infiltrated-israel-from-lebanon-were-killed-in-iaf-strike/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |archive-date=2023-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014234939/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-says-3-members-who-infiltrated-israel-from-lebanon-were-killed-in-iaf-strike/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
*
* 7 warga sipil<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2023 |title=Two Civilians Killed In Israel Shelling Of Lebanon: Mayor |work=Barron's |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/two-civilians-killed-in-israel-shelling-of-lebanon-mayor-d8985f85 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=2023-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014201335/https://www.barrons.com/news/two-civilians-killed-in-israel-shelling-of-lebanon-mayor-d8985f85 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2023 |title=Reuters journalist killed in Lebanon in missile fire from direction of Israel |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/reuters-videographer-killed-southern-lebanon-2023-10-13/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=2023-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017205418/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/reuters-videographer-killed-southern-lebanon-2023-10-13/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2023 |title=At least four killed in Lebanon near Israel border, Red Cross says |work=EFE |url=https://efe.com/en/latest-news/2023-10-17/at-least-four-killed-in-lebanon-near-israel-border-red-cross-says/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=2023-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018003609/https://efe.com/en/latest-news/2023-10-17/at-least-four-killed-in-lebanon-near-israel-border-red-cross-says/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>}}{{br}}
*29.000 orang mengungsi
'''Suriah :'''
*52 terbunuh{{br}}
'''Mesir :'''
*7 penjaga perbatasan terluka
*6 warga sipil terluka
| casualties2 = {{pb}}<!-- This {{pb}} is placed to avoid long dashes, do not remove it. -->
'''Israel :'''
* 1.
* setidaknya 854 warga sipil,<ref>{{cite news|title=IDF: 361 out of 854 bodies of civilians brought to rabbinate are identified, along with 222 soldiers|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-361-out-of-854-bodies-of-civilians-brought-to-rabbinate-are-identified-along-with-222-soldiers/
* (884 Warga Sipil, 557 Tentara)
*
*
*
| casualties3 =1.000.000 warga Palestina mengungsi di Gaza{{efn|Per the UN<ref name="displaced1">{{Cite news |date=15 October 2023 |title=Gaza's desperate civilians flee or huddle in hopes of safety, as warnings of Israeli offensive mount |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-785e0eb833715354cade4694e8ccbf67 |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=...Juliette Touma, a spokesperson for the U.N. agency for Palestinian refugees. An estimated 1 million people have been displaced in Gaza in one week, she said.}}</ref>}}<br>▼
* 1.000 Kendaraan Militer Hancur
500.000 warga Israel mengungsi<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=Approximately 500,000 people displaced in Israel |publisher=i24 News |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1697526771-around-half-a-million-people-displaced-in-israel |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> ▼
▲| casualties3 =1.
▲500.000 warga Israel mengungsi<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=Approximately 500,000 people displaced in Israel |publisher=i24 News |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1697526771-around-half-a-million-people-displaced-in-israel |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=2023-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021165830/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1697526771-around-half-a-million-people-displaced-in-israel |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| units1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[Brigade Izzuddin al-Qassam|Brigade al-Qassam]]<ref name="roya" /><br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[Nukhba (Hamas)|Nukhba]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine.svg}} [[Brigade al-Quds]]<br/>{{flagicon image|PFLP_Infobox_Flag.svg}} [[Brigade Abu Ali Mustafa]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.svg}} Brigade Perlawanan Nasional<br>{{Flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} [[Kekuatan bersenjata Hizbullah|Sayap paramiliter Hizbullah]]
| units2 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces.svg}} [[Pasukan Pertahanan Israel]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Israel Police.svg}} [[Polisi Israel|Kepolisian Israel]]<br>{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Shin Bet]]<br>{{flagicon|Israel}}
| status = Sedang berlangsung {{bulletedlist|Militan Palestina menerobos [[Penghalang Gaza-Israel|perbatasan Gaza-Israel]] dan menyerang Israel selatan pada 7 Oktober|Israel membalas dengan serangan udara dan memulai blokade total terhadap Gaza pada tanggal 9 Oktober|Israel memerintahkan warga Palestina untuk mengungsi dari Gaza utara, termasuk [[Gaza|Kota Gaza]], pada 13 Oktober|Israel melancarkan invasi darat ke Gaza utara pada 27 Oktober|Israel mulai mengepung Kota Gaza|Israel dan Hamas menerapkan [[gencatan senjata Israel–Hamas 2023|perjanjian gencatan senjata empat hari]] (kemudian diperpanjang menjadi tujuh hari) pada tanggal 24–30 November}}
| campaignbox = {{kotak kampanye konflik Gaza–Israel}}
}}
Pada tanggal 7 Oktober 2023, [[Kekerasan politik Palestina|kelompok militan Palestina]] yang dipimpin oleh [[Hamas]] melancarkan [[invasi]] dan serangan besar-besaran terhadap [[Israel]] dari [[Jalur Gaza]], menerobos [[Penghalang Gaza-Israel|tembok pembatas Gaza-Israel]] dan memaksa masuk melalui penyeberangan perbatasan Gaza, ke pemukiman terdekat dan [[Pangkalan militer|instalasi militer]] Israel. Hamas menamainya sebagai '''Operasi
Untuk pertama kalinya sejak [[Perang Yom Kippur]] tahun 1973, yang terjadi hampir tepat lima puluh tahun sebelum serangan tahun 2023, Israel secara resmi mendeklarasikan perang.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-08|title=Israel declares war, bombards Gaza and battles to dislodge Hamas fighters after surprise attack|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71|website=AP News|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051308/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71|dead-url=no}}</ref> Operasi yang diluncurkan Israel sebagai aksi balasan dinamai sebagai '''Operasi Pedang Besi''' ([[bahasa Inggris]]: ''Operation Swords of Iron'') oleh [[Pasukan Pertahanan Israel|IDF]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-07|title=IDF strikes Hamas as operation 'Iron Swords' commences|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-762075|website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007220630/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-762075|dead-url=no}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 07.jpg|jmpl|220x220px|Reruntuhan Watan Tower yang hancur akibat serangan udara Israel .]]
== Awal mula ==
{{Informasi lebih lanjut|Operasi Banjir Al-Aqsa}}
Setidaknya 3.000 roket ditembakkan dari Jalur Gaza ketika militan Hamas menerobos perbatasan dan memasuki Israel, menewaskan sedikitnya 900 warga Israel<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2023-10-08|title=Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Hezbollah also launches strikes|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=At Least 700 Israelis Killed, 2,000 Wounded; Over 130 Civilians and Soldiers Held Hostage in Gaza|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-08/ty-article-live/over-250-israelis-killed-1-590-wounded-civilians-and-soldiers-held-hostage-in-gaza/0000018b-0cd2-d8fc-adff-6dfe855e0000|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref> dan mendorong pemerintah Israel untuk mengumumkan keadaan darurat. Perdana Menteri Israel [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] menyatakan bahwa Israel "sedang berperang" dalam pidato nasionalnya setelah dimulainya serangan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CNN|first=By <a href="/profiles/andrew-raine">Andrew Raine</a>, Chris Lau, Joshua Berlinger, <a href="/profiles/aditi-sandal">Aditi Sangal</a>, Thom Poole and <a href="/profiles/matt-meyer">Matt Meyer</a>|date=2023-10-07|title=Israel-Gaza conflict erupts into fighting after attack by Palestinian militants|url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/index.html|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=McKernan|first=Bethan|date=2023-10-07|title=Israel and Hamas at war after surprise attacks from Gaza Strip|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=ToI|title=‘We are at war,’ Netanyahu says, after Hamas launches devastating surprise attack|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-are-at-war-netanyahu-says-after-hamas-launches-devastating-surprise-attack/|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref> Militan Palestina yang menyusup ke Israel memasuki beberapa ''[[Kibbutz|kibbutzim]]'' dekat Jalur Gaza serta kota [[Sderot]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ynet|date=2023-10-07|title=Dozens killed, abducted as Israel comes under surprise Hamas attack|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rysg8i0l6|newspaper=Ynetnews|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref> Baik media Palestina dan Israel melaporkan bahwa tentara Israel dan warga sipil, termasuk anak-anak, telah disandera oleh militan Palestina;<ref>{{Cite web|title=https://twitter.com/Russianowarabic/status/1710562275646411223|url=https://twitter.com/Russianowarabic/status/1710562275646411223|website=X (formerly Twitter)|language=id|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref> beberapa dari sandera ini dilaporkan telah dibawa ke Jalur Gaza. Kasus kekerasan terhadap warga sipil Israel telah banyak terjadi sejak awal serangan Hamas, termasuk [[Pembantaian festival musik Re'im|pembantaian festival musik di Re'im]] yang menewaskan sedikitnya 260 orang.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crisp|first=James|date=2023-10-07|title=Naked woman paraded by jeering Hamas fighters|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/10/07/naked-israeli-woman-paraded-jeering-hamas-fighters/|newspaper=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Nightmare Scenario': Hamas’ Victory Is an Israeli Failure on a Massive Scale|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-07/ty-article/.premium/hamas-victory-is-an-israeli-failure-massive-scale/0000018b-0a1a-d8fc-adff-6b7e7e3b0000|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref> ▼
▲Setidaknya 3.000 roket ditembakkan dari Jalur Gaza ketika militan Hamas menerobos perbatasan dan memasuki Israel, menewaskan sedikitnya 900 warga Israel<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2023-10-08|title=Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Hezbollah also launches strikes|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185151/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=At Least 700 Israelis Killed, 2,000 Wounded; Over 130 Civilians and Soldiers Held Hostage in Gaza|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-08/ty-article-live/over-250-israelis-killed-1-590-wounded-civilians-and-soldiers-held-hostage-in-gaza/0000018b-0cd2-d8fc-adff-6dfe855e0000|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008062437/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-08/ty-article-live/over-250-israelis-killed-1-590-wounded-civilians-and-soldiers-held-hostage-in-gaza/0000018b-0cd2-d8fc-adff-6dfe855e0000|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan mendorong pemerintah Israel untuk mengumumkan keadaan darurat. Perdana Menteri Israel [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] menyatakan bahwa Israel "sedang berperang" dalam pidato nasionalnya setelah dimulainya serangan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CNN|first=By <a href="/profiles/andrew-raine">Andrew Raine</a>, Chris Lau, Joshua Berlinger, <a href="/profiles/aditi-sandal">Aditi Sangal</a>, Thom Poole and <a href="/profiles/matt-meyer">Matt Meyer</a>|date=2023-10-07|title=Israel-Gaza conflict erupts into fighting after attack by Palestinian militants|url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/index.html|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007221148/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/index.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=McKernan|first=Bethan|date=2023-10-07|title=Israel and Hamas at war after surprise attacks from Gaza Strip|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007101214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=ToI|title=‘We are at war,’ Netanyahu says, after Hamas launches devastating surprise attack|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-are-at-war-netanyahu-says-after-hamas-launches-devastating-surprise-attack/|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007104131/https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-are-at-war-netanyahu-says-after-hamas-launches-devastating-surprise-attack/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Militan Palestina yang menyusup ke Israel memasuki beberapa ''[[Kibbutz|kibbutzim]]'' dekat Jalur Gaza serta kota [[Sderot]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ynet|date=2023-10-07|title=Dozens killed, abducted as Israel comes under surprise Hamas attack|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rysg8i0l6|newspaper=Ynetnews|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007052803/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rysg8i0l6|dead-url=no}}</ref> Baik media Palestina dan Israel melaporkan bahwa tentara Israel dan warga sipil, termasuk anak-anak, telah disandera oleh militan Palestina;<ref>{{Cite web|title=https://twitter.com/Russianowarabic/status/1710562275646411223|url=https://twitter.com/Russianowarabic/status/1710562275646411223|website=X (formerly Twitter)|language=id|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref> beberapa dari sandera ini dilaporkan telah dibawa ke Jalur Gaza. Kasus kekerasan terhadap warga sipil Israel telah banyak terjadi sejak awal serangan Hamas, termasuk [[Pembantaian festival musik Re'im|pembantaian festival musik di Re'im]] yang menewaskan sedikitnya 260 orang.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crisp|first=James|date=2023-10-07|title=Naked woman paraded by jeering Hamas fighters|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/10/07/naked-israeli-woman-paraded-jeering-hamas-fighters/|newspaper=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007211651/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/10/07/naked-israeli-woman-paraded-jeering-hamas-fighters/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Nightmare Scenario': Hamas’ Victory Is an Israeli Failure on a Massive Scale|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-07/ty-article/.premium/hamas-victory-is-an-israeli-failure-massive-scale/0000018b-0a1a-d8fc-adff-6b7e7e3b0000|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007211915/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-07/ty-article/.premium/hamas-victory-is-an-israeli-failure-massive-scale/0000018b-0a1a-d8fc-adff-6b7e7e3b0000|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Israel membalas invasi tersebut dengan membombardir bangunan-bangunan strategis dan sasaran militer, dengan 20 laporan kasus penembakan terhadap infrastruktur sipil, termasuk bangunan tempat tinggal, masjid, rumah sakit, dan bank. [[Kementerian Kesehatan Palestina]] yang dipimpin oleh Hamas di Gaza melaporkan bahwa Israel telah membunuh sedikitnya 500 warga Palestina dalam baku tembak dan serangan udara di Gaza dan Israel, termasuk warga sipil, 78 anak-anak, dan 41 wanita; sementara Pasukan Pertahanan Israel (IDF) menyatakan pihaknya membunuh "lebih dari 400 teroris".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kingsley|first=Patrick|last2=Kershner|first2=Isabel|date=2023-10-07|title=Israel-Gaza Conflict: Air-Raid Sirens in Israel Warn of Continued Strikes on Sunday|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-08|title=Hamas launches surprise land, air and sea attack on Israel|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-says-palestinian-militants-are-infiltrating-gaza-rcna119315|website=NBC News|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bureau|first=The Hindu|date=2023-10-08|title=Israel-Palestine conflict October 8 updates {{!}} Israel declares war and approves ‘significant’ steps to retaliate for surprise attack by Hamas|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/israel-palestine-hamas-gaza-conflict-october-8-2023-live-updates/article67395219.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Israel-Palestine war: 'We are fighting human animals', Israeli defence minister says|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-fighting-human-animals-defence-minister|website=Middle East Eye|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Oct 7|first=Lauren Edmonds|last2=2023|title=Doctors Without Borders criticizes Israeli forces for hospital attack|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/doctors-without-borders-hospitals-ambulances-targets-israel-hamas-gaza-2023-10|website=Business Insider|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-10|last3=Et|first3=2:05 Pm}}</ref>▼
▲Israel membalas invasi tersebut dengan membombardir bangunan-bangunan strategis dan sasaran militer, dengan 20 laporan kasus penembakan terhadap infrastruktur sipil, termasuk bangunan tempat tinggal, masjid, rumah sakit, dan bank. [[Kementerian Kesehatan Palestina]] yang dipimpin oleh Hamas di Gaza melaporkan bahwa Israel telah membunuh sedikitnya 500 warga Palestina dalam baku tembak dan serangan udara di Gaza dan Israel, termasuk warga sipil, 78 anak-anak, dan 41 wanita; sementara Pasukan Pertahanan Israel (IDF) menyatakan pihaknya membunuh "lebih dari 400 teroris".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kingsley|first=Patrick|last2=Kershner|first2=Isabel|date=2023-10-07|title=Israel-Gaza Conflict: Air-Raid Sirens in Israel Warn of Continued Strikes on Sunday|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075901/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-08|title=Hamas launches surprise land, air and sea attack on Israel|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-says-palestinian-militants-are-infiltrating-gaza-rcna119315|website=NBC News|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008035129/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-says-palestinian-militants-are-infiltrating-gaza-rcna119315|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bureau|first=The Hindu|date=2023-10-08|title=Israel-Palestine conflict October 8 updates {{!}} Israel declares war and approves ‘significant’ steps to retaliate for surprise attack by Hamas|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/israel-palestine-hamas-gaza-conflict-october-8-2023-live-updates/article67395219.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008085932/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/israel-palestine-hamas-gaza-conflict-october-8-2023-live-updates/article67395219.ece|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Israel-Palestine war: 'We are fighting human animals', Israeli defence minister says|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-fighting-human-animals-defence-minister|website=Middle East Eye|language=en|access-date=2023-10-10|archive-date=2023-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170222/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-fighting-human-animals-defence-minister|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Oct 7|first=Lauren Edmonds|last2=2023|title=Doctors Without Borders criticizes Israeli forces for hospital attack|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/doctors-without-borders-hospitals-ambulances-targets-israel-hamas-gaza-2023-10|website=Business Insider|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-10|last3=Et|first3=2:05 Pm|archive-date=2023-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008044430/https://www.businessinsider.com/doctors-without-borders-hospitals-ambulances-targets-israel-hamas-gaza-2023-10|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Selama operasi darat IDF di Gaza, IDF merilis video yang menunjukkan puluhan peluncur roket di halaman masjid dan di sebuah kamp pramuka untuk anak-anak. IDF juga mengklaim bahwa ada terowongan Hamas di bawah rumah sakit, yang menurut mereka digunakan untuk mencegah Israel mengebomnya, dengan menggunakan orang-orang Palestina yang tidak bersalah sebagai perisai manusia.<ref>{{Citation | year=2023 | title=Dozens of Hamas rockets found inside youth center, mosque | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107000744/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/379831 | access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2023 | title=Israel says it exposed Hamas network beneath and next to Gaza’s hospitals | url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/11/05/Israel-says-it-exposed-Hamas-network-beneath-and-next-to-Gaza-s-hospitals | access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2023 | title=Israel publishes ‘proof’ Hamas is hiding terror tunnels under hospital | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106183048/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/11/05/israel-hamas-concealing-terror-tunnels-hospital/ | access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2023 | title=Israel claims it has 'proof' of Hamas hideouts under hospitals in Gaza | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106120041/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1831913/israel-hamas-gaza-hospitals-video | access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2023 | title=Hamas Hid Rocket Launchers Aimed at Israel Inside Boy Scout Building Where Kids Play: IDF | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107004025/https://themessenger.com/news/hamas-rocket-launchers-hidden-inside-boy-scouts-gaza-israel-children-play | access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 32.jpg|jmpl|225px|Kerusakan di El-Remal, [[Gaza]] akibat serangan udara Israel pada 9 Oktober 2023]]
[[Berkas:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 39.jpg|jmpl|225px|Petugas medis membawa seorang anak
== Etimologi ==
Beberapa kantor berita dan pengamat menyebut konflik yang sedang berlangsung ini ialah [[Intifadah Kedua|Intifadah Ketiga]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Arjun |date=2023-10-07 |title=A Third Intifada? What we know about the latest Hamas-Israel escalation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/third-intifada-hamas-israel-escalation-8972498/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007160227/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/third-intifada-hamas-israel-escalation-8972498/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=Some observers have referred to the latest escalation as the beginning of the "Third Intifada".}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=jcookson |date=2023-10-07 |title=Experts react: Israel is 'at war' after Hamas militants launch major assault |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/experts-react/experts-react-israel-is-at-war-after-hamas-militants-launch-major-assault/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007182346/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/experts-react/experts-react-israel-is-at-war-after-hamas-militants-launch-major-assault/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref>
Kelompok militan Palestina menjuluki serangan mereka '''Operasi
== Kejahatan perang ==
=== Oleh Palestina ===
==== Pembantaian, penyanderaan, dan tuduhan genosida ====
{{Further information|Pembantaian festival musik Re'im|Pembantaian Netiv HaAsara|Pembantaian Be'eri|Pembantaian Kfar Aza|Pembantaian Nahal Oz|Pembantaian Nir Oz|Pembantaian Holit}}Pada serangan awal mereka, militan-militan Palestina menargetkan warga sipil, menembaki mobil-mobil warga sipil saat mereka sedang berkendara,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kingsley|first=Patrick|last2=Bergman|first2=Ronen|date=2023-10-13|title=The Secrets Hamas Knew About Israel’s Military|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/13/world/middleeast/hamas-israel-attack-gaza.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014235033/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/13/world/middleeast/hamas-israel-attack-gaza.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan kemudian setelah mencapai target, mereka melakukan [[Daftar pembantaian selama perang Israel-Hamas tahun 2023|pembantaian]]; di [[Pembantaian festival musik Re'im|festival musik Re'im]] mereka membunuh lebih dari 260 warga sipil, sementara di [[Pembantaian Be'eri|Be'eri]] dan [[Pembantaian Kfar Aza|Kfar Aza]] mereka masing-masing membunuh sedikitnya 112 dan 73 orang. Korbannya termasuk bayi dan anak-anak, dan banyak dari mereka yang [[Eksekusi pembakaran|dibakar]], [[Eksekusi pemotongan|dipotong-potong]], dan [[Pemancungan|dipenggal]]. Laporan mengenai bayi yang dipenggal kepalanya belum dapat dikonfirmasi secara independen.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srivastava|first=Mehul|last2=Clark|first2=Dan|last3=Williams|first3=Justine|last4=Joiner|first4=Sam|last5=Andringa|first5=Peter|last6=Campbell|first6=Chris|last7=Hemingway|first7=Eade|last8=Zilber|first8=Neri|last9=Reed|first9=John|date=2023-10-13|title=Seventeen hours of terror: how Hamas invaded one Israeli community|url=https://www.ft.com/content/209de510-e4d7-44c1-8bb1-b086af6a1f8a|newspaper=Financial Times|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-13|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231013183640/https://www.ft.com/content/209de510-e4d7-44c1-8bb1-b086af6a1f8a|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-07|title=עדויות תושבי העוטף ממתקפת הפתע על ישראל: "טובחים כאן בתינוקות" {{!}} ישראל היום|url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14679668|website=www.israelhayom.co.il|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009173239/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14679668|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-11|title=Israel kibbutz the scene of a Hamas "massacre," first responders say: "The depravity of it is haunting" - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-babies-killed-hamas-terror-attack-kibbutz-kfar-aza-first-responders-say/|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011133214/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-babies-killed-hamas-terror-attack-kibbutz-kfar-aza-first-responders-say/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-12|title=Photos of babies being burnt, decapitated confirmed|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-767951|website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013045824/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-767951|dead-url=no}}</ref> Video-video yang dirilis di media sosial (terutama oleh Hamas) mendokumentasikan penyiksaan, kekerasan seksual, kekerasan terhadap anak-anak, dan penganiayaan terhadap tubuh korban.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Winer|first=Stuart|title=Hamas actions are war crimes, could constitute genocide – international law experts|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-actions-are-war-crimes-could-constitute-genocide-international-law-experts/|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015112831/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-actions-are-war-crimes-could-constitute-genocide-international-law-experts/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Berdasarkan hukum internasional, hal ini termasuk kejahatan perang dan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan;<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-12|title=International Criminal Law Analysis of the Situation in Israel|url=https://opiniojuris.org/2023/10/12/international-criminal-law-analysis-of-the-situation-in-israel/|website=Opinio Juris|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010014/https://opiniojuris.org/2023/10/12/international-criminal-law-analysis-of-the-situation-in-israel/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharon|first=Jeremy|title=Footage of Hamas assault on civilians shows likely war crimes, experts say|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/footage-of-hamas-assault-on-civilians-shows-likely-war-crimes-experts-say/|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008204916/https://www.timesofisrael.com/footage-of-hamas-assault-on-civilians-shows-likely-war-crimes-experts-say/|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Konvensi Jenewa]] menggambarkan penyanderaan sebagai "pelanggaran berat". Selain itu, menurut 100 lebih pakar internasional, karena tindakan ini tampaknya dilakukan dengan "niat untuk menghancurkan, secara keseluruhan atau sebagian" sebuah kelompok nasional yang sejalan dengan tujuan eksplisit Hamas, tindakan ini "sangat mungkin" dianggap sama dengan genosida.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Deadly Hamas Rampage Constitutes 'International Crime of Genocide,' Hundreds of Legal Experts Say|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-16/ty-article/hamas-deadly-rampage-constitutes-crime-of-genocide-hundreds-of-legal-experts-say/0000018b-37d1-d450-a3af-7fddda070000|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016123615/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-16/ty-article/hamas-deadly-rampage-constitutes-crime-of-genocide-hundreds-of-legal-experts-say/0000018b-37d1-d450-a3af-7fddda070000|dead-url=no}}</ref> Ketika para militan mundur, mereka menculik sekitar 150 orang, sebagian besar warga sipil, untuk dijadikan sandera; orang-orang bersenjata kemudian terlihat mengarak setengah telanjang seorang sandera di jalan-jalan Gaza dalam gambar yang digambarkan oleh [[Amnesty International]] sebagai "adegan dari mimpi buruk".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-09|title=Images of the Mass Kidnapping of Israelis by Hamas|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/kidnappings-israel-hamas-photographs/675593/|website=The Atlantic|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010012057/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/kidnappings-israel-hamas-photographs/675593/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Penyanderaan dilarang oleh hukum internasional dan merupakan kejahatan perang; [[Human Rights Watch]] menggambarkannya sebagai kejahatan keji yang tidak memiliki justifikasi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-15|title=Rules of war: international law and the Israel-Hamas conflict|url=https://www.afr.com/world/middle-east/rules-of-war-international-law-and-the-israel-hamas-conflict-20231015-p5ecef|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015043121/https://www.afr.com/world/middle-east/rules-of-war-international-law-and-the-israel-hamas-conflict-20231015-p5ecef|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-12|title=Israel: Palestinian armed groups must be held accountable for deliberate civilian killings, abductions and indiscriminate attacks|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-palestinian-armed-groups-must-be-held-accountable-for-deliberate-civilian-killings-abductions-and-indiscriminate-attacks/|website=Amnesty International|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010015/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-palestinian-armed-groups-must-be-held-accountable-for-deliberate-civilian-killings-abductions-and-indiscriminate-attacks/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
==== Tameng manusia dan ancaman mengeksekusi sandera ====
{{Main article|Penculikan selama perang Israel-Hamas 2023}}
Juru bicara [[Komisi Eropa]] Eric Mamer,<ref>{{Cite web|title=EU ready to support UN efforts to open humanitarian corridors to Gaza|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/eu-ready-to-support-un-efforts-to-open-humanitarian-corridors-to-gaza/3018487|website=www.aa.com.tr|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092627/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/eu-ready-to-support-un-efforts-to-open-humanitarian-corridors-to-gaza/3018487|dead-url=no}}</ref> Menteri Pertahanan Inggris [[Grant Shapps]], Menteri Luar Negeri Inggris [[James Cleverly]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stacey|first=Kiran|last2=correspondent|first2=Kiran Stacey Political|date=2023-10-15|title=UK foreign secretary urges Israel to show ‘restraint’ in Gaza offensive|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/oct/15/israel-gaza-hamas-uk-foreign-secretary-james-cleverly|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018143541/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/oct/15/israel-gaza-hamas-uk-foreign-secretary-james-cleverly|dead-url=no}}</ref> pakar Angkatan Udara AS [[David Deptula]],<ref>{{Citation|title=Israel War: What a ground war in Gaza could look like|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QzYT7Z9hB8|accessdate=2023-10-20|language=id-ID|archive-date=2023-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101123334/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QzYT7Z9hB8|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan analis dari Institut Kebijakan Strategis Australia semuanya mengatakan bahwa Hamas telah menggunakan warga sipil atau sandera sebagai [[tameng manusia]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Hamas will use Palestinians as ‘human shields’ during Israeli ground invasion|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8DaINiII_Y|accessdate=2023-10-20|language=id-ID|archive-date=2023-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022003745/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8DaINiII_Y|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CNN.com - Transcripts|url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/cnr/date/2023-10-14/segment/22|website=transcripts.cnn.com|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022005145/https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/cnr/date/2023-10-14/segment/22|dead-url=no}}</ref> Meskipun penyanderaan itu sendiri merupakan kejahatan perang, penggunaan sandera dengan cara ini juga dilarang dan merupakan pelanggaran terhadap [[Statuta Roma]], yang menyatakan bahwa menggunakan warga sipil untuk membuat “titik, wilayah, atau kekuatan militer tertentu kebal dari operasi militer” adalah tindakan yang melanggar hukum. kejahatan perang.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-13|title=Have war crimes been committed in Israel and Gaza?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/13/war-crimes-israel-gaza-hamas/|website=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022002635/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/13/war-crimes-israel-gaza-hamas/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-09|title=Questions and Answers: October 2023 Hostilities between Israel and Palestinian Armed Groups {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/09/questions-and-answers-october-2023-hostilities-between-israel-and-palestinian-armed|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015070706/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/09/questions-and-answers-october-2023-hostilities-between-israel-and-palestinian-armed|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Hamas mengancam akan mengeksekusi sandera setiap kali Israel menyerang sebuah rumah di Jalur Gaza, dan menyiarkan langsung eksekusi tersebut di internet.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harwell|first=Drew|date=2023-10-13|title=Hamas vows to broadcast hostage executions. Tech firms can’t stop them.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/12/hamas-hostage-video-threat/|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010520/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/12/hamas-hostage-video-threat/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Eksekusi seperti itu, jika dilakukan, merupakan kejahatan perang.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamas says will kill hostages if Israeli attacks on Gaza civilians continue|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/10/hamas-says-will-kill-hostages-if-israeli-attacks-on-gaza-civilians-continue|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014045159/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/10/hamas-says-will-kill-hostages-if-israeli-attacks-on-gaza-civilians-continue|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-09|title=Hamas vows to kill an Israeli for every strike on Gaza|url=https://thewest.com.au/news/conflict/hamas-vows-to-kill-hostage-for-each-israel-attack-c-12155200|website=The West Australian|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014170715/https://thewest.com.au/news/conflict/hamas-vows-to-kill-hostage-for-each-israel-attack-c-12155200|dead-url=no}}</ref>
==== Serangan roket tanpa pandang bulu ====
Palestina melakukan serangan awak dengan meluncurkan sedikitnya 3.000 roket dari Jalur Gaza menuju Israel,<ref name=":7" /> dan pada hari-hari berikutnya serangan terus berlanjut. Roket-roket ini telah menyerang hingga [[Tel Aviv]] dan pinggiran [[Yerusalem]], membuat sistem pertahanan [[Iron Dome]] kewalahan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Martínez|first=Andrés R.|last2=Bubola|first2=Emma|last3=Pronczuk|first3=Monika|date=2023-10-20|title=What We Know About the Hamas Attack and Israel’s Response|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143358/https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Serangan roket semacam itu merupakan serangan tanpa pandang bulu terhadap warga sipil, dan karenanya merupakan kejahatan perang.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-12|title=Palestinian Rockets in May Killed Civilians in Israel, Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/08/12/palestinian-rockets-may-killed-civilians-israel-gaza|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011172605/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/08/12/palestinian-rockets-may-killed-civilians-israel-gaza|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-12|title=The Rules of War and Human Rights in the Israel-Hamas War {{!}} Johns Hopkins {{!}} Bloomberg School of Public Health|url=https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/the-rules-of-war-and-human-rights-in-the-israel-hamas-war|website=publichealth.jhu.edu|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015200256/https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/the-rules-of-war-and-human-rights-in-the-israel-hamas-war|dead-url=no}}</ref>
=== Oleh Israel ===
Baris 90 ⟶ 96:
==== Hukuman kolektif ====
Beberapa tindakan yang diambil oleh Israel termasuk blokade listrik, makanan, bahan bakar, dan air, dikategorikan sebagai [[hukuman kolektif]], sebuah kejahatan perang yang dilarang oleh perjanjian baik dalam konflik bersenjata internasional maupun non-internasional, lebih khusus lagi Pasal Umum 3 Jenewa. Konvensi dan Protokol Tambahan II. Presiden Israel [[Isaac Herzog]] menuduh penduduk Gaza bertanggung jawab kolektif atas perang tersebut.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srivastava|first=Mehul|last2=Reed|first2=John|date=2023-10-13|title=Residents flee Gaza City as Israel tells 1.1mn to leave|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8ea2374e-c21c-4232-bc69-615e36b26caa|newspaper=Financial Times|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026012259/https://www.ft.com/content/8ea2374e-c21c-4232-bc69-615e36b26caa|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-17|title=Israeli President Suggests That Civilians In Gaza Are Legitimate Targets|url=https://news.yahoo.com/israeli-president-says-no-innocent-154330724.html|website=Yahoo News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011553/https://news.yahoo.com/israeli-president-says-no-innocent-154330724.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Presiden internasional [[Dokter Lintas Batas|Doctors Without Borders]] Christos Christou mengatakan jutaan warga sipil di Gaza menghadapi "hukuman kolektif" karena blokade Israel terhadap bahan bakar dan obat-obatan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tanno|first=Helen Regan,Caitlin Hu,Mohammed Tawfeeq,Akanksha Sharma,Nadeen Ebrahim,Sophie|date=2023-10-13|title=Israel tells 1.1 million Gazans to evacuate south. UN says order is 'impossible'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/13/middleeast/israel-gaza-hamas-war-friday-intl-hnk/index.html|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012054/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/13/middleeast/israel-gaza-hamas-war-friday-intl-hnk/index.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indiscriminate violence and the collective punishment of Gaza must cease {{!}} MSF|url=https://www.msf.org/indiscriminate-violence-and-collective-punishment-gaza-must-cease|website=Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012057/https://www.msf.org/indiscriminate-violence-and-collective-punishment-gaza-must-cease|dead-url=no}}</ref> Profesor hukum [[Universitas Tufts]], Tom Dannenbaum, menulis bahwa perintah pengepungan tersebut "memerintahkan kelaparan warga sipil sebagai metode peperangan, yang merupakan pelanggaran hukum kemanusiaan internasional dan kejahatan perang."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dannenbaum|first=Tom|date=2023-10-11|title=The Siege of Gaza and the Starvation War Crime|url=https://www.justsecurity.org/89403/the-siege-of-gaza-and-the-starvation-war-crime/|website=Just Security|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014170123/https://www.justsecurity.org/89403/the-siege-of-gaza-and-the-starvation-war-crime/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Sebagai bagian dari blokade Israel di Gaza, semua akses terhadap air ditutup.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-14|title=Gaza residents struggle to follow Israeli evacuation order amid critical water shortage|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/gaza-residents-struggle-to-follow-israeli-evacuation-order-amid-critical-water-shortage|website=PBS NewsHour|language=en-us|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015020157/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/gaza-residents-struggle-to-follow-israeli-evacuation-order-amid-critical-water-shortage|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-10-19|title=Cutting off water to Gaza is a war crime|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/19/cutting-off-water-to-gaza-is-a-war|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019171300/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/19/cutting-off-water-to-gaza-is-a-war|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pasal 51 [[Peraturan Berlin tentang Sumber Daya Air]] melarang kombatan mengambil air atau infrastruktur air yang dapat menyebabkan kematian atau memaksa pergerakannya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water and Armed Conflicts {{!}} How does law protect in war? - Online casebook|url=https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/water-and-armed-conflicts|website=casebook.icrc.org|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015200255/https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/water-and-armed-conflicts|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kepala diplomat Uni Eropa Josep Borrell menyebut tindakan Israel yang memutus pasokan air, listrik, dan makanan sebagai tindakan yang "tidak sesuai dengan hukum internasional".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Israel’s move to cut Gaza off from food and water is against international law, says EU|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/10/10/cutting-gaza-off-from-food-and-water-against-international-law-says-eu/|website=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015185207/https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/10/10/cutting-gaza-off-from-food-and-water-against-international-law-says-eu/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada tanggal 14 Oktober, [[Agensi Pekerjaan dan Pemulihan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa untuk Pengungsi Palestina di Timur Dekat|UNRWA]] mengumumkan bahwa Gaza tidak lagi memiliki air minum bersih, dan dua juta orang berada dalam risiko kematian akibat dehidrasi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water a ‘matter of life and death’ for Gaza after Israeli siege, says UN|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/14/water-a-matter-of-life-and-death-for-gaza-strip-says-un-agency|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014215043/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/14/water-a-matter-of-life-and-death-for-gaza-strip-says-un-agency|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada tanggal 15 Oktober, Israel mengumumkan telah melanjutkan pasokan air ke satu lokasi di Gaza selatan untuk "mendorong" pergerakan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-16|title=Israel says it is restarting water supply to southern Gaza Strip {{!}} The Times of Israel|url=
==== Serangan tanpa pandang bulu ====
[[Berkas:Tasnim News Agency - Footage from Israeli airstrikes levelling Gazan buildings.webm|kiri|jmpl|225x225px|Bangunan di Gaza diratakan oleh rudal Israel.]]
IDF melakukan ribuan serangan udara di Gaza, menewaskan ribuan warga sipil. Serangan udara telah menghantam lokasi-lokasi yang dilindungi secara khusus, termasuk rumah sakit, pasar, kamp pengungsi, masjid, fasilitas pendidikan, dan seluruh lingkungan sekitar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-10-16|title=Hamas’s actions are war crimes. Israel should not respond with further war crimes.|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/hamas-israel-war-crimes/|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011548/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/hamas-israel-war-crimes/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sekelompok [[Pelapor Khusus Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|pelapor khusus PBB]] menegaskan bahwa serangan udara Israel yang sembarangan "benar-benar dilarang berdasarkan hukum internasional dan merupakan kejahatan perang."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-10-12|title=UN experts say Israel's strikes on Gaza amount to 'collective punishment'|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-experts-say-israels-strikes-gaza-amount-collective-punishment-2023-10-12/|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012114750/https://www.reuters.com/world/un-experts-say-israels-strikes-gaza-amount-collective-punishment-2023-10-12/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Pada tanggal 9 Oktober, IDF melancarkan serangan udara yang memakan banyak korban jiwa di [[Serangan udara kamp pengungsi Jabalia|pasar kamp pengungsi Jabalia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palestinian media: Strike on Jabalia hit a crowded market, leading to horrible massacre against people of Gaza – Al-Manar TV Lebanon|url=https://english.almanar.com.lb/1922098|website=english.almanar.com.lb|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010015455/https://english.almanar.com.lb/1922098|dead-url=no}}</ref> Serangan tersebut mengakibatkan kematian lebih dari enam puluh warga sipil dan kerusakan parah pada pasar.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abdulrahim|first=Raja|last2=Harouda|first2=Ameera|date=2023-10-09|title=Israeli Airstrikes Hit Marketplace and Mosques in Gaza, Killing Dozens|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-market-air-strike-jabaliya.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009155140/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-market-air-strike-jabaliya.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Pada tanggal 9 Oktober, IDF melakukan serangan udara di [[kamp pengungsi Al-Shati]] yang padat penduduk.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abdulrahim|first=Raja|last2=Harouda|first2=Ameera|date=2023-10-09|title=Israeli Airstrikes Hit Marketplace and Mosques in Gaza, Killing Dozens|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-market-air-strike-jabaliya.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009155140/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-market-air-strike-jabaliya.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Media Palestina melaporkan bahwa serangan ini mengakibatkan banyak korban sipil dan kehancuran empat masjid, termasuk masjid al-Gharbi, masjid Yassin, dan masjid al-Sousi, yang semuanya dipastikan hancur berdasarkan rekaman satelit. Berdasarkan [[Statuta Roma]], penyerangan secara sengaja terhadap tempat ibadah dalam konflik non-internasional merupakan kejahatan perang.{{Butuh rujukan}}
Pada tanggal 17 Oktober, serangan udara IDF menghantam sekolah [[Agensi Pekerjaan dan Pemulihan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa untuk Pengungsi Palestina di Timur Dekat|UNRWA]] yang menampung 4.000 pengungsi di kamp pengungsi Al-Maghazi, menewaskan enam orang dan melukai puluhan lainnya. Philippe Lazzarini, Komisaris Jenderal UNRWA, menyebut serangan itu "keterlaluan" dan menunjukkan "pengabaian yang mencolok terhadap nyawa warga sipil."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-10-17|title=At least 6 people killed in Israeli air strike on UNRWA school in Gaza|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-6-people-killed-israeli-air-strike-unrwa-school-gaza-2023-10-17/|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017164355/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-6-people-killed-israeli-air-strike-unrwa-school-gaza-2023-10-17/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
==== Netralitas medis ====
Israel
==== Fosfor putih ====
Human Rights Watch dan Crisis Evidence Lab milik [[Amnesty International]] berbagi bukti bahwa unit militer Israel yang menyerang di Gaza dan Lebanon menggunakan [[Amunisi fosfor putih|peluru artileri fosfor putih]]; Israel membantah laporan tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-13|title=Israel Accused of Using White Phosphorous in Gaza|url=https://time.com/6323482/israel-white-phosphorus-gaza-lebanon/|website=TIME|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011038/https://time.com/6323482/israel-white-phosphorus-gaza-lebanon/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2023-10-12|title=Israel: White Phosphorus Used in Gaza, Lebanon {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon|language=en|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011547/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-14|title=Amnesty International shares evidence that Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza - anews|url=
==== Evakuasi paksa ====
Pada tanggal 13 Oktober, tentara Israel memerintahkan [[Evakuasi Jalur Gaza bagian utara|evakuasi]] 1,1 juta orang dari Gaza Utara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-13|title=Israel orders evacuation of 1 million in northern Gaza in 24 hours|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israel-orders-evacuation-of-1-million-in-northern-gaza-in-24-hours|website=PBS NewsHour|language=en-us|access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011029/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israel-orders-evacuation-of-1-million-in-northern-gaza-in-24-hours|dead-url=no}}</ref> Perintah evakuasi ini dicirikan sebagai [[Pemindahan penduduk|pemindahan paksa]] oleh [[Jan Egeland]], mantan diplomat Norwegia yang terlibat dalam [[Perjanjian Oslo]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-14|title=Gazans stream south to seek shelter from Israeli bombardment {{!}} Financial Times|url=
== Reaksi ==
=== Amerika Serikat ===
{{USA}}: Presiden [[Joe Biden]] dalam pernyataannya menyatakan bahwa selama 75 tahun Israel telah menjadi penjamin utama bagi keamanan umat Yahudi di seluruh dunia, sehingga kekejaman di masa lalu tidak akan dapat terjadi lagi. Ia mengatakan bahwa Israel memiliki dukungan dari AS.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-10-10|title=Remarks by President Biden on the Terrorist Attacks in Israel|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/10/10/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-terrorist-attacks-in-israel-2/|website=The White House|language=en|access-date=15 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016013458/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/10/10/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-terrorist-attacks-in-israel-2/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
=== Tiongkok ===
{{CHN}}: Kementerian Luar Negeri menyatakan keprihatinan yang mendalam “atas meningkatnya ketegangan dan kekerasan antara Palestina dan Israel” dan mendesak pihak-pihak terkait untuk “tetap tenang, menahan diri dan segera mengakhiri permusuhan untuk melindungi warga sipil dan menghindari memburuknya situasi.”<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-10-08 |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson's Remarks on the Escalation of Tensions Between Palestine and Israel |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/202310/t20231008_11157299.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008045159/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/202310/t20231008_11157299.html |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-08 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3237203/china-calls-calm-and-restraint-israel-declares-war-after-deadly-hamas-raid|title=China calls for 'calm and restraint' as Israel declares war after deadly Hamas raid|date=8 October 2023|access-date=8 October 2023|first=Laura|last=Zhou|publisher=[[South China Morning Post]]|archive-date=October 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009182143/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3237203/china-calls-calm-and-restraint-israel-declares-war-after-deadly-hamas-raid|url-status=live}}</ref>
Menlu [[Wang Yi]] menyoroti empat prioritas yang dianggap mendesak oleh Tiongkok mengingat parahnya situasi saat ini. Yang pertama adalah menghentikan konflik sesegera mungkin, mencegah kekerasan tanpa henti, dan menghindari memburuknya situasi. Kedua, sangat penting untuk mematuhi hukum humaniter internasional, melakukan segala upaya untuk menjamin keselamatan warga sipil, membuka jalur penyelamatan dan bantuan kemanusiaan secepat mungkin, dan mencegah bencana kemanusiaan yang parah. Ketiga, negara-negara terkait harus tetap tenang dan menahan diri, mengambil sikap objektif dan adil, berupaya meredakan konflik, dan menghindari dampak yang lebih besar terhadap keamanan regional dan internasional. Keempat, PBB harus memainkan perannya dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan Palestina. Dewan Keamanan PBB perlu memikul tanggung jawab penting dalam hal ini, membangun konsensus internasional secepat mungkin dan mengambil tindakan nyata untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng./wjdt_665385/wshd_665389/202310/t20231014_11160987.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2023-10-16 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029055447/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng./wjdt_665385/wshd_665389/202310/t20231014_11160987.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Menlu Wang Yi juga menekankan bahwa persoalan Palestina adalah inti permasalahan Timur Tengah terletak pada lamanya penundaan dalam mewujudkan impian Negara Palestina merdeka dan kegagalan memperbaiki ketidakadilan historis yang diderita rakyat Palestina. Israel mempunyai hak untuk menjadi negara, begitu pula Palestina. Israel telah mendapatkan perlindungan untuk bertahan hidup, tapi tidak ada yang peduli dengan kelangsungan hidup rakyat Palestina. Bangsa Yahudi tidak lagi tercerai-berai, namun bangsa Palestina belum kembali ke kampung halamannya.
Baris 125 ⟶ 132:
Selain itu ia juga menyebutkan bahwa ketidakadilan terhadap Palestina telah berlangsung selama lebih dari setengah abad. Penderitaan yang melanda generasi ke generasi tidak boleh berlanjut. Jawaban atas pertanyaan tersebut adalah solusi dua negara dan Negara Palestina yang merdeka. Inilah cara Palestina dan Israel bisa hidup berdampingan secara damai dan bagaimana bangsa Arab dan Yahudi bisa hidup harmonis. Hanya ketika solusi dua negara diterapkan sepenuhnya, Timur Tengah dapat benar-benar menikmati perdamaian dan Israel menikmati keamanan yang langgeng. Cara yang tepat untuk memajukan solusi dua negara adalah dengan melanjutkan perundingan damai sesegera mungkin. Semua mekanisme perdamaian harus berperan positif.
Utusan Khusus Pemerintah Tiongkok untuk Masalah Timur Tengah akan segera mengunjungi negara-negara terkait di kawasan dan melakukan upaya aktif untuk memfasilitasi penghentian kekerasan dan meredakan situasi.<ref>{{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20231017031934/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kK4-EnmUsT4 Tiongkok berpihak pada perdamaian, keadilan, dan hati nurani manusia dalam masalah Palestina: Menlu Tiongkok Wang Yi]</ref><ref>
<!--
== India ==
*{{IND}}: Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] said the government condemned the "terrorist attacks on Israel", adding that "we stand in solidarity with Israel at this difficult hour".<ref>{{Cite X post|number=1710614655620534296|user=narendramodi|title=Deeply shocked by the news of terrorist attacks in Israel. Our thoughts and prayers are with the innocent victims and their families. We stand in solidarity with Israel at this difficult hour.|first=Narendra|last=Modi|date=7 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India stands in solidarity with Israel at this difficult hour, says PM Modi after Hamas attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/stand-in-solidarity-with-israel-at-this-difficult-hour-pm-modi/articleshow/104241034.cms?from=mdr |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007211751/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/stand-in-solidarity-with-israel-at-this-difficult-hour-pm-modi/articleshow/104241034.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry Of External Affairs]] added that while they condemned the actions of Hamas, they supported [[Two-state solution|the establishment of Palestine]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Hamas Actions Are 'Terrorist Attacks' But India Supports Establishment Of Independent State Of Palestine: Ministry Of External Affairs | website=Outlook India| date=2023-10-12 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/hamas-actions-are-terrorist-attacks-but-india-supports-establishment-of-independent-state-of-palestine-ministry-of-external-affairs-news-324160 | access-date=2023-10-12 | archive-date=October 12, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012162928/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/hamas-actions-are-terrorist-attacks-but-india-supports-establishment-of-independent-state-of-palestine-ministry-of-external-affairs-news-324160 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-->=== Rusia ===
{{RUS}}: Menteri Luar Negeri Rusia, [[Sergey Lavrov|Sergei Lavrov]], berkata bahwa pembentukan negara Palestina adalah solusi yang dapat diandalkan untuk menciptakan perdamaian di mana Palestina hidup berdampingan dengan Israel. Ia juga menyatakan [[Rusia]] memiliki pertanyaan serius mengenai kebijakan [[Dunia Barat|Barat]] terhadap Israel. Lavrov juga berujar bahwa Rusia dan [[Liga Arab]] akan bekerja untuk menghentikan pertumpahan darah di Israel dan Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-10-10|title=Rusia: Negara Palestina Solusi Paling Tepat Setop Perang Hamas-Israel|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20231010021957-134-1009165/rusia-negara-palestina-solusi-paling-tepat-setop-perang-hamas-israel|website=CNN Indonesia|language=id|access-date=15 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017034940/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20231010021957-134-1009165/rusia-negara-palestina-solusi-paling-tepat-setop-perang-hamas-israel|dead-url=no}}</ref>
=== Indonesia ===
Baris 139 ⟶ 146:
=== Ukraina ===
{{UKR}}: Kementerian Luar Negeri Ukraina menyatakan dukungan untuk Israel atas haknya untuk membela diri dan rakyatnya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-10-9|title=Dukung Israel, Zelensky tidak Singgung Isu Pendudukan Israel terhadap Palestina|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/internasional/619669/dukung-israel-zelensky-tidak-singgung-isu-pendudukan-israel-terhadap-palestina|website=mediaindonesia.com|language=id|access-date=15 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029135946/https://mediaindonesia.com/internasional/619669/dukung-israel-zelensky-tidak-singgung-isu-pendudukan-israel-terhadap-palestina|dead-url=no}}</ref> Presiden Ukraina, [[Volodymyr Zelensky]], menyebut Hamas dengan sebutan teroris. Menurutnya, keberanian yang dilakukan Hamas cukup mengejutkan. Zelensky berkata bahwa ia sudah berbicara dengan [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] dan menyampaikan belasungkawa atas ratusan korban yang ada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2023-10-9|title=Presiden Ukraina Zelensky Dukung Israel, Sebut Hamas Teroris|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20231009175412-4-479181/presiden-ukraina-zelensky-dukung-israel-sebut-hamas-teroris|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|access-date=15 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028214857/https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20231009175412-4-479181/presiden-ukraina-zelensky-dukung-israel-sebut-hamas-teroris|dead-url=no}}</ref>
=== Arab Saudi ===
{{KSA}}[[Kementerian Luar Negeri Arab Saudi|: Kemenlu Arab Saudi]] memberikan pernyataan yang menyerukan penghentian segera terhadap kekerasan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-10-08|title=Reaksi Dunia terhadap Serangan Hamas ke Israel, Apa Saja?|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2023/10/08/131500265/reaksi-dunia-terhadap-serangan-hamas-ke-israel-apa-saja-|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=15 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017031946/https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2023/10/08/131500265/reaksi-dunia-terhadap-serangan-hamas-ke-israel-apa-saja-|dead-url=no}}</ref>
=== Mesir ===
Baris 165 ⟶ 172:
=== Pembekuan dana Iran ===
Pada 18 September 2023, [[Iran]] membebaskan lima warga [[Amerika Serikat]] yang sebelumnya berada dalam penahanan. Lima warga AS yang di antaranya merupakan seorang pengusaha dan aktivis konservasi diterbangkan menuju ibu kota [[Qatar]], [[Doha]] menggunakan sebuah pesawat Qatar. Pejabat Gedung Putih memberi konfirmasi bahwa sebagai balasannya, Presiden [[Joe Biden]] memberikan pengampunan dan membebaskan lima warga Iran yang dipenjara.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|date=2023-09-19|title=Iran-AS Saling Tukar Tahanan usai Dana Rp92 T Milik Teheran Cair|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20230918210049-120-1000638/iran-as-saling-tukar-tahanan-usai-dana-rp92-t-milik-teheran-cair|website=CNN Indonesia|language=id|access-date=15 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017034936/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20230918210049-120-1000638/iran-as-saling-tukar-tahanan-usai-dana-rp92-t-milik-teheran-cair|dead-url=no}}</ref> Iran dan Amerika Serikat sepakat melakukan pertukaran tahanan setelah pencairan dana milik Iran sebesar 6 miliar [[Dolar Amerika Serikat|dolar AS]] di bank Qatar. Dana tersebut didapat Iran dari menjual minyak ke [[Korea Selatan]] beberapa tahun sebelumnya.<ref name=":1" />
Akan tetapi, pada Oktober 2023, Pemerintah AS dan Qatar sepakat untuk memblokir akses Iran terhadap dana tersebut. Menurut laporan [[NBC News]], Wakil [[Menteri Keuangan Amerika Serikat|Menteri Keuangan AS]] saat itu, Wally Adeyemo, tidak memberikan jangka waktu berapa lama AS dan Qatar melakukan pemblokiran akses Iran terhadap dana tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-13|title=AS dan Qatar Sepakat Bekukan Kembali Dana Milik Iran|url=https://republika.co.id/share/s2fzti383|website=Republika.co.id|language=id|access-date=15 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017031937/https://republika.co.id/share/s2fzti383|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Pertanyaan mengenai akses Iran terhadap dana tersebut telah menjadi sorotan sejak [[Hamas]] yang didukung Iran melancarkan serangan terhadap [[Israel]] pada 7 Oktober 2023. [[Menteri Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat|Menlu AS]], [[Antony Blinken]], dalam konferensi berita di [[Tel Aviv]] mengungkapkan bahwa pihaknya memiliki pengawasan yang ketat terhadap dana tersebut, dan bahwa mereka mempertahankan hak untuk membekukannya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Pamuk|first=Humeyra|last2=Psaledakis|first2=Daphne|date=2023-10-12|title=US says Iran cannot access its $6 billion in Qatar any time soon|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-signals-iran-wont-access-its-6-bln-qatar-any-time-soon-2023-10-12/|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=15 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019032212/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-signals-iran-wont-access-its-6-bln-qatar-any-time-soon-2023-10-12/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Meski begitu, [[Pemimpin Tertinggi Iran|pemimpin tertinggi Iran]], [[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]], mengatakan bahwa Teheran tidak terlibat dalam serangan Hamas terhadap Israel.<ref name=":2" />
=== Pengerahan kapal induk AS ===
Menteri Pertahanan Amerika Serikat [[Lloyd Austin]] memerintahkan pengerahan kapal induk [[USS Gerald R. Ford]] yang bertenaga nuklir untuk berlayar ke [[Laut Mediterania|perairan Mediterania]] timur dan bersiap untuk membantu Israel selepas dilancarkannya serangan oleh Hamas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-10-11|title=Perang Israel Vs Hamas, Kapal Induk AS Tiba di Mediterania Timur|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-6975811/perang-israel-vs-hamas-kapal-induk-as-tiba-di-mediterania-timur|website=detikNews|language=id|access-date=15 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017040445/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-6975811/perang-israel-vs-hamas-kapal-induk-as-tiba-di-mediterania-timur|dead-url=no}}</ref> Menurut pejabat AS, pengerahan kapal induk ini juga dimaksudkan untuk mencegah Iran ataupun [[Hizbullah (Lebanon)|Hizbullah]] bergabung dalam perang Israel-Hamas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-15|title=Cegah Iran dan Hizbullah Bantu Hamas, Pentagon Kirim Kapal Induk ke-2 ke Mediterania|url=https://republika.co.id/share/s2jqp1383|website=Republika.co.id|language=id|access-date=15 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020225928/https://republika.co.id/share/s2jqp1383|dead-url=no}}</ref> USS Gerald R. Ford tiba di timur Laut Mediterania pada Selasa, 10 Oktober 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vlamis|first=Kelsey|title=A US Navy carrier strike group is now in place to stop anyone from making the Israel-Hamas war any worse than it already is|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/uss-gerald-ford-supercarrier-strike-group-arrive-israel-hamas-war-2023-10|website=Business Insider|language=en-US|access-date=2023-10-15|archive-date=2023-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017031936/https://www.businessinsider.com/uss-gerald-ford-supercarrier-strike-group-arrive-israel-hamas-war-2023-10|dead-url=no}}</ref> Lalu pada 14 Oktober, [[Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Pentagon]] memerintahkan pengerahan [[USS Dwight D. Eisenhower]] dari [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], [[Virginia]] menuju timur Laut Mediterania.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-10-15|title=US sending second carrier strike group, fighter jets to region as Israel prepares to expand Gaza operations|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/14/middleeast/us-aircraft-carrier-eisenhower-israel-gaza-intl-hnk-ml/index.html|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=15 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021192917/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/14/middleeast/us-aircraft-carrier-eisenhower-israel-gaza-intl-hnk-ml/index.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Perkembangan ==
=== Oktober 2023 ===
Pada Jumat, 13 Oktober, Israel mengultimatum warga sipil untuk keluar dari [[Gaza|Kota Gaza]] dan berpindah ke arah selatan dalam waktu 24 jam.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Hadi|first=M. Samsul|date=2023-10-13|title=Israel Ultimatum Warga untuk Keluar dari Kota Gaza, Serangan Darat Kian Dekat|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/internasional/2023/10/13/israel-ultimatum-warga-untuk-keluar-dari-kota-gaza-sinyal-serangan-darat-kian-dekat|website=Kompas.id|language=id|access-date=16 Oktober 2023}}</ref> Ultimatum ini disampaikan oleh [[Menteri Pertahanan Israel]], [[Yoav Galant|Yoav Gallant]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-10-14|title=Israel Ultimatum 1,1 Juta Warga Gaza Segera Dievakuasi: Saatnya Perang|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20231014074045-120-1011129/israel-ultimatum-11-juta-warga-gaza-segera-dievakuasi-saatnya-perang|website=CNN Indonesia|language=id|access-date=16 Oktober 2023}}</ref> Ultimatum ini juga diperkirakan menjadi sinyal bahwa serangan darat Israel ke Gaza semakin dekat. [[Pasukan Pertahanan Israel]] atau IDF juga menyerukan evakuasi warga Gaza dari rumah mereka ke arah selatan untuk keselamatan warga itu sendiri.<ref name=":4" /> Kepala kantor media Hamas, Salama Marouf, mengatakan bahwa ultimatum yang berisi peringatan relokasi dan evakuasi tersebut merupakan salah satu upaya dari Israel untuk menyiarkan dan menyebarkan berita palsu.<ref name=":3" /> Pimpinan Hamas menyebutnya sebagai 'perang psikologis'. ▼
==== Pengeboman kamp pengungsi ====
Sementara itu, [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] meminta Israel untuk membatalkan peringatan evakuasi tersebut, dan menyebut pergerakan orang-orang dalam skala besar sekitar 1,1 juta orang tidaklah mungkin tanpa adanya konsekuensi kemanusiaan yang mengerikan dan merusak.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gostoli|first=Ylenia|date=2023-10-13|title=‘Nowhere safe to go’: Confusion, fear after Israel’s warning to evacuate|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/13/nowhere-safe-to-go-confusion-fear-after-israels-warning-to-evacuate|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=16 Oktober 2023}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2023-10-13|title=Palestinians flee their homes towards southern Gaza after Israeli order|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/13/palestinians-flee-their-homes-towards-southern-gaza-after-israeli-order|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|access-date=16 Oktober 2023}}</ref> Dikutip dari situs web [[Al Jazeera]], Yara Hawari dari Al-Shabaka berpendapat bahwa seruan evakuasi tersebut merupakan sebuah usaha pembersihan etnis. Ia juga mengatakan bahwa sejumlah menteri dan politisi Israel menyerukan pengosongan Gaza selama seminggu terakhir menggunakan bahasa yang tidak manusiawi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hawari|first=Yara|date=2023-10-16|title=Israel’s evacuation order is nothing but cover for ethnic cleansing|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/16/israels-evacuation-order-is-nothing-but-cover-for-ethnic-cleansing|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=16 Oktober 2023}}</ref> Selepas seruan militer Israel tersebut, ribuan warga Palestina mulai melarikan diri.<ref name=":5" />▼
Pada 9 Oktober, di tengah pengeboman yang intens pukul 11 siang waktu setempat, serangan udara [[Israel]] menghantam kamp pengungsian Jabalia tepat di utara [[Kota Gaza|Gaza]]. Kamp tersebut bukan hanya padat penduduk, tetapi juga tempat bagi 3 sekolah yang dijalankan oleh [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]] (UNRWA), di mana beberapa dari sekolah tersebut telah dialihfungsikan menjadi tempat penampungan bagi ratusan keluarga yang mengungsi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mhawish|first=Mohammed R.|date=2023-10-9|title=‘We will never be safe’: A day of bombing in Gaza’s Jabalia refugee camp|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/we-will-never-be-safe-a-day-of-bombing-in-gazas-jabalia-refugee-camp|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-date=2023-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102073317/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/we-will-never-be-safe-a-day-of-bombing-in-gazas-jabalia-refugee-camp|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-22|title=Israeli air attacks kill 30 in Gaza’s Jabalia refugee camp: Civil defence|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/22/israeli-air-attacks-kill-30-in-gazas-jabalia-refugee-camp-civil-defence|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-date=2023-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101182645/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/22/israeli-air-attacks-kill-30-in-gazas-jabalia-refugee-camp-civil-defence|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Laporan awal mengungkap banyaknya jumlah korban jiwa. Serangan pada Senin tersebut datang setelah [[Israel]] meluncurkan kampanye serangan udara besar-besaran terhadap sejumlah target di Gaza menyusul serangan yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya oleh [[Hamas]] yang dimulai pada Sabtu sebelumnya.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2023-10-9|title=Reports of mass casualties as Israeli air attack hits refugee camp in Gaza|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/reports-of-mass-casualties-as-israeli-air-attack-hits-refugee-camp-in-gaza|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-date=2023-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170317/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/reports-of-mass-casualties-as-israeli-air-attack-hits-refugee-camp-in-gaza|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Reuters]] mengutip Kementerian Kesehatan di Gaza yang mengatakan serangan tersebut telah menewaskan dan melukai puluhan orang.<ref name=":11" /> Sekolah yang dijalankan oleh UNRWA juga dihantam serangan tersebut. Youmna El Sayed dari [[Al Jazeera]] melaporkan puluhan korban jiwa telah dibawa ke RS Al-Shifa di Kota Gaza. Ia menambahkan serangan Israel lainnya juga menghantam kamp pengungsian Shati, yang juga dikenal sebagai ''Beach Camp''.<ref name=":11" />
Di tempat lainnya, tepatnya di selatan [[Lebanon]], serangan yang dilakukan Israel telah menewaskan sedikitnya satu jurnalis dan melukai 6 orang menurut pemberitaan Al Jazeera pada 13 Oktober 2023. Dua dari 6 orang yang terluka merupakan reporter Al Jazeera. [[Reuters]] juga mengonfirmasi bahwa videografer bernama Issam Abdullah turut menjadi korban tewas dalam serangan tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-13|title=Journalist killed, six people wounded in Israeli attack on south Lebanon|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/13/israeli-strike-in-southern-lebanon-kills-journalist-wounds-several|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=16 Oktober 2023}}</ref>▼
==== Ultimatum Israel ====
Sebelumnya, tembakan Israel menghantam kota-kota selatan di Lebanon pada Rabu, 11 Oktober 2023 sebagai respons terhadap serangan roket yang dilancarkan oleh kelompok bersenjata Hizbullah, ketika kekerasan lintas perbatasan berlanjut hingga hari keempat.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=2023-10-11|title=Israel bombs south Lebanon after Hezbollah rocket fire|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-reports-cross-border-fire-lebanon-where-residents-say-israeli-shelling-2023-10-11/|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=17 Oktober 2023}}</ref>▼
▲Pada Jumat, 13 Oktober, Israel mengultimatum warga sipil untuk keluar dari [[Gaza|Kota Gaza]] dan berpindah ke arah selatan dalam waktu 24 jam.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Hadi|first=M. Samsul|date=2023-10-13|title=Israel Ultimatum Warga untuk Keluar dari Kota Gaza, Serangan Darat Kian Dekat|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/internasional/2023/10/13/israel-ultimatum-warga-untuk-keluar-dari-kota-gaza-sinyal-serangan-darat-kian-dekat|website=Kompas.id|language=id|access-date=16 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018061329/https://www.kompas.id/baca/internasional/2023/10/13/israel-ultimatum-warga-untuk-keluar-dari-kota-gaza-sinyal-serangan-darat-kian-dekat|dead-url=no}}</ref> Ultimatum ini disampaikan oleh [[Menteri Pertahanan Israel]], [[Yoav Galant|Yoav Gallant]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-10-14|title=Israel Ultimatum 1,1 Juta Warga Gaza Segera Dievakuasi: Saatnya Perang|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20231014074045-120-1011129/israel-ultimatum-11-juta-warga-gaza-segera-dievakuasi-saatnya-perang|website=CNN Indonesia|language=id|access-date=16 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018061320/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20231014074045-120-1011129/israel-ultimatum-11-juta-warga-gaza-segera-dievakuasi-saatnya-perang|dead-url=no}}</ref> Ultimatum ini juga diperkirakan menjadi sinyal bahwa serangan darat Israel ke Gaza semakin dekat. [[Pasukan Pertahanan Israel]] atau IDF juga menyerukan evakuasi warga Gaza dari rumah mereka ke arah selatan untuk keselamatan warga itu sendiri.<ref name=":4" /> Kepala kantor media Hamas, Salama Marouf, mengatakan bahwa ultimatum yang berisi peringatan relokasi dan evakuasi tersebut merupakan salah satu upaya dari Israel untuk menyiarkan dan menyebarkan berita palsu.<ref name=":3" /> Pimpinan Hamas menyebutnya sebagai 'perang psikologis'.
▲Sementara itu, [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] meminta Israel untuk membatalkan peringatan evakuasi tersebut, dan menyebut pergerakan orang-orang dalam skala besar sekitar 1,1 juta orang tidaklah mungkin tanpa adanya konsekuensi kemanusiaan yang mengerikan dan merusak.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gostoli|first=Ylenia|date=2023-10-13|title=‘Nowhere safe to go’: Confusion, fear after Israel’s warning to evacuate|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/13/nowhere-safe-to-go-confusion-fear-after-israels-warning-to-evacuate|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=16 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029160619/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/13/nowhere-safe-to-go-confusion-fear-after-israels-warning-to-evacuate|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2023-10-13|title=Palestinians flee their homes towards southern Gaza after Israeli order|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/13/palestinians-flee-their-homes-towards-southern-gaza-after-israeli-order|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|access-date=16 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026062424/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/13/palestinians-flee-their-homes-towards-southern-gaza-after-israeli-order|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dikutip dari situs web
▲Di tempat lainnya, tepatnya di selatan [[Lebanon]], serangan yang dilakukan Israel telah menewaskan sedikitnya satu jurnalis dan melukai 6 orang menurut pemberitaan Al Jazeera pada 13 Oktober 2023. Dua dari 6 orang yang terluka merupakan reporter Al Jazeera.
Pada 27 Oktober 2023 Jumat malam, Israel melancarkan serangan udara di dekat Rumah Sakit Al-Shifa dan [[Rumah Sakit Indonesia (Gaza)|Rumah Sakit Indonesia]] di Gaza. Media penyiaran yang berafiliasi dengan Hamas menyebut serangan tersebut juga menargetkan kamp pengungsian al-Bureij yang ada di Gaza tengah. Brigade Al-Qassam, sayap bersenjata Hamas, mengatakan para pejuangnya melawan invasi darat oleh Israel di daerah Beit Hanoun di Gaza utara dan timur kamp al-Bureij.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Syarifudin|first=|date=2023-10-29|title=Makin Barbar, Israel Bombardir Sekitar RS Al-Shifa dan Rumah Sakit Indonesia di Gaza|url=https://international.sindonews.com/read/1237709/43/makin-barbar-israel-bombardir-sekitar-rs-al-shifa-dan-rumah-sakit-indonesia-di-gaza-1698516639|website=SINDOnews Internasional|language=id|access-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>▼
▲Sebelumnya, tembakan Israel menghantam kota-kota selatan di Lebanon pada Rabu, 11 Oktober 2023 sebagai respons terhadap serangan roket yang dilancarkan oleh kelompok bersenjata [[Hizbullah (Lebanon)|Hizbullah]], ketika kekerasan lintas perbatasan berlanjut hingga hari keempat.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=2023-10-11|title=Israel bombs south Lebanon after Hezbollah rocket fire|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-reports-cross-border-fire-lebanon-where-residents-say-israeli-shelling-2023-10-11/|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=17 Oktober 2023|archive-date=2023-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101235035/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-reports-cross-border-fire-lebanon-where-residents-say-israeli-shelling-2023-10-11/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Hizbullah menyatakan bahwa mereka menembakkan rudal presisi ke arah Israel sebagai tanggapan terhadap terbunuhnya anggota kelompok mereka dalam serangan Israel pada awal pekan. Militer Israel berkata mereka melancarkan serangan udara dan juga telah menyerang Lebanon setelah sebuah pos militer di dekat Kota [[Arab al-Aramshe]] ditargetkan oleh tembakan anti-tank pada Rabu di hari yang sama.<ref name=":6" />
Pada 22 Oktober Minggu malam, Israel kembali melancarkan serangan udara terhadap kamp pengungsian Jabalia. Tiga puluh jenazah, sebagian besar perempuan dan anak-anak, ditemukan di bawah reruntuhan bangunan di kamp tersebut, kata unit pertahanan sipil. Kementerian Dalam Negeri Gaza mengatakan terdapat banyak korban menyusul serangan udara terhadap sebuah bangunan penduduk di salah satu dari 8 kamp pengungsian yang ada di Jalur Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-22|title=Israeli air attacks kill 30 in Gaza’s Jabalia refugee camp: Civil defence|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/22/israeli-air-attacks-kill-30-in-gazas-jabalia-refugee-camp-civil-defence|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-date=2023-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101182645/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/22/israeli-air-attacks-kill-30-in-gazas-jabalia-refugee-camp-civil-defence|dead-url=no}}</ref>
▲Pada 27 Oktober 2023 Jumat malam, Israel melancarkan serangan udara di dekat Rumah Sakit Al-Shifa dan [[Rumah Sakit Indonesia (Gaza)|Rumah Sakit Indonesia]] di Gaza. Media penyiaran yang berafiliasi dengan Hamas menyebut serangan tersebut juga menargetkan kamp pengungsian al-Bureij yang ada di Gaza tengah. [[Brigade Al-Qassam]], sayap bersenjata Hamas, mengatakan para pejuangnya melawan invasi darat oleh Israel di daerah Beit Hanoun di Gaza utara dan timur kamp al-Bureij.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Syarifudin|first=|date=2023-10-29|title=Makin Barbar, Israel Bombardir Sekitar RS Al-Shifa dan Rumah Sakit Indonesia di Gaza|url=https://international.sindonews.com/read/1237709/43/makin-barbar-israel-bombardir-sekitar-rs-al-shifa-dan-rumah-sakit-indonesia-di-gaza-1698516639|website=SINDOnews Internasional|language=id|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-date=2023-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103033959/https://international.sindonews.com/read/1237709/43/makin-barbar-israel-bombardir-sekitar-rs-al-shifa-dan-rumah-sakit-indonesia-di-gaza-1698516639|dead-url=no}}</ref>
==== Rumah Sakit Indonesia ====
Fikri Rofiul Haq, seorang relawan Medical Emergency Rescue Committee (MER-C), mengatakan Rumah Sakit Indonesia di Gaza telah dibanjiri para pasien setelah pengeboman tanpa henti oleh pasukan Israel. Di RS tersebut saja telah terdapat 870 orang meninggal dunia dan 2.530 orang telah dirawat karena terluka, sedangkan 164 pasien masih dirawat. Pada pekan sebelumnya, rumah sakit tersebut telah kehilangan daya akibat pemadaman listrik akibat kurangnya bahan bakar karena blokade Israel mencegah masuknya pasokan-pasokan penting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Llewellyn|first=Aisyah|date=2023-10-30|title=At Gaza’s Indonesian hospital, doctors battle blackouts to save lives|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/30/at-gazas-indonesia-hospital-medics-fight-to-save-lives-amid-israel-raids|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-date=2023-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102034656/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/30/at-gazas-indonesia-hospital-medics-fight-to-save-lives-amid-israel-raids|dead-url=no}}</ref>
IDF mengaku telah menyerang kamp Jabalia pada Selasa, 31 Oktober yang menyebabkan puluhan warga sipil tewas dan puluhan lainnya terluka. China kemudian mengutuk keras serangan tersebut dan mengaku sangat terkejut dengan serangan tersebut akibat banyaknya korban tewas. China pun mendesak Israel mematuhi resolusi PBB untuk melakukan gencatan senjata.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-11-2|title=Israel Akui Serang Kamp Pengungsian, China Kutuk Keras|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20231102084539-8-485707/israel-akui-serang-kamp-pengungsian-china-kutuk-keras|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-date=2023-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103034000/https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20231102084539-8-485707/israel-akui-serang-kamp-pengungsian-china-kutuk-keras|dead-url=no}}</ref>
=== November 2023 ===
Pada Rabu, 1 November, militer Israel kembali melancarkan serangan udara terhadap kamp pengungsian terbesar di Gaza, Jabalia, untuk kedua kalinya dalam dua hari berturut-turut di mana pada sehari sebelumnya, pesawat jet Israel menyerang kamp tersebut dan menewaskan lebih dari 50 orang. Israel menyebut pihaknya berhasil seorang komandan Hamas dalam serangan pada Selasa tersebut. Menurut [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], terdapat kira-kira 116.000 pengungsi yang terdaftar di kamp tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-1|title=Israel targets Gaza’s Jabalia refugee camp for second time|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/11/1/photos-dozens-killed-in-another-strike-on-jabalia-refugee-camp-in-gaza|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-date=2023-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102173604/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/11/1/photos-dozens-killed-in-another-strike-on-jabalia-refugee-camp-in-gaza|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Menurut pemberitaan pada 2 November 2023, pejabat Gaza menyebut 195 orang tewas dan 120 orang hilang dalam pengeboman Israel terhadap kamp pengungsian Jabalia, di mana PBB mengatakan bahwa pengeboman tersebut dapat dianggap sebagai kejahatan perang. Sementara itu, Rumah Sakit Persahabatan Turki-Palestina sebagai satu-satunya fasilitas medis di Gaza yang melayani pasien kanker terpaksa ditutup karena kehabisan bahan bakar, sedangkan [[Rumah Sakit Indonesia (Gaza)|Rumah Sakit Indonesia]] di Gaza menggunakan generator cadangan.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Mohamed|first=Mersiha Gadzo,Virginia Pietromarchi,Edna|date=2023-11-2|title=Israeli bombardment intensifies as Gaza death toll crosses 9,000|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/2/israel-hamas-war-live-195-killed-120-missing-in-jabalia-strikes|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> Selain itu, sejauh ini terdapat setidaknya 9.061 warga Palestina tewas dalam serangan Israel di Gaza sejak 7 Oktober. Di sisi lain, terdapat 1.400 orang tewas di Israel.<ref name=":10" /> ▼
▲Menurut pemberitaan pada 2 November
Militer Israel kemudian mengeluarkan pernyataan yang mengatakan serangan jet tempurnya telah menyerang kompleks komando dan kendali Hamas di Jabalia, yang menewaskan kepala unit rudal anti tank Hamas, Muhammad A’sar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-1|title=Israel bombards Jabalia refugee camp for second straight day|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/israel-bombs-jabalia-refugee-camp-for-second-day-palestinian-officials-say|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-date=2023-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102173731/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/israel-bombs-jabalia-refugee-camp-for-second-day-palestinian-officials-say|dead-url=no}}</ref>
==== Pengepungan Gaza ====
Di hari yang sama, 2 November 2023, militer Israel mengungkapkan pasukan Israel telah mengepung [[Gaza]], kota utama di [[Jalur Gaza]], dalam serangan mereka terhadap Hamas. Akan tetapi, Hamas berupaya melawan dengan melakukan serangan ''hit-and-run'' dari terowongan-terowongan bawah tanah.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Al-Mughrabi|first=Nidal|last2=Williams|first2=Dan|last3=Al-Mughrabi|first3=Nidal|date=2023-11-02|title=Israel says it has encircled Gaza City|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-says-israels-strikes-refugee-camp-kill-more-than-195-people-2023-11-02/|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-date=2023-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102130816/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-says-israels-strikes-refugee-camp-kill-more-than-195-people-2023-11-02/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Di tengah ledakan-ledakan besar di Gaza, juru bicara militer Israel Daniel Hagari berujar pada wartawan bahwa para prajurit negaranya telah mengepung Kota Gaza yang merupakan titik penting Hamas. Sementara itu, Brigjen Iddo Mizrahi selaku kepala insinyur militer Israel mengatakan pasukannya menghadapi banyak ranjau dan jebakan. Ia menilai Hamas telah belajar dan mempersiapkan diri dengan matang.<ref name=":12" /> Di lain pihak, Abu Ubaida selaku juru bicara sayap bersenjata Hamas berujar dalam pidato di televisi bahwa jumlah korban tewas Israel di Gaza jauh lebih tinggi daripada yang telah diumumkan oleh militer Israel. "''Your soldiers will return in black bags,''" ujarnya.<ref name=":12" />
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 211 ⟶ 234:
{{Konflik Gaza–Israel}}
== Catatan kaki ==
{{Hamas}}
[[Kategori:Israel dalam tahun 2023]]
| |||