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Selama [[Perang Salib Kelima]] (1213–1221), setelah Tentara Salib gagal menguasai kota [[Damietta]], legenda Presbiter Yohanes mulai dikaitkan dengan kekaisaran [[Genghis Khan]] yang meluas dengan cepat.{{sfn|Foltz|1999|p=111–112}} Pasukan Mongol mulai menyerbu wilayah Muslim di [[Transoxiana|Transoxania]] dan [[Persia]] pada tahun 1219–1221,{{sfn|Amitai|1987|p=236}} sehingga desas-desus menyebar di antara Tentara Salib bahwa seorang "raja Kristen dari Hindia", Raja Daud yang merupakan Presbiter Yohanes atau salah satu dari keturunannya, telah menyerang pasukan Muslim di Timur dan sedang dalam perjalanannya untuk membantu orang-orang Kristen dalam perang salib mereka.{{sfn|Knobler|1996|p=181–197}} Dalam surat yang bertanggal 20 Juni 1221, [[Paus Honorius III]] bahkan berkomentar mengenai "pasukan yang datang dari Timur Jauh untuk menyelamatkan Tanah Suci".{{sfn|Runciman|1987|p=246}}
Setelah kematian Genghis Khan pada tahun 1227, kekaisarannya dibagi-bagi oleh para penerusnya menjadi empat bagian, dan memburuk menjadi perang saudara yang akan segera meletus. Kekhanan [[Kipchak]] di barat laut, yang dikenal sebagai [[Gerombolan Emas]], memperluas wilayahnya ke Eropa terutama melalui
== Tawaran Paus Inosensius IV (1245–1248) ==
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== Santo Louis dan Mongol ==
{{main|Perang Salib Ketujuh}}
[[Berkas:SaintLouisSainteChapelle.jpg|thumb|Patung [[Louis IX dari Prancis]] di [[Sainte-Chapelle]], Paris.]]
[[Louis IX dari Prancis]] telah menjalin komunikasi dengan orang Mongol selama perang salibnya sendiri. Selama ekspedisi pertamanya ke negara-negara Tentara Salib (yang juga disebut "[[Outremer]]"), ia bertemu dengan dua utusan Mongol, yaitu para penganut Nestorianisme dari [[Mosul]] yang bernama [[Daud dan Markus]], pada {{nowrap|20 Desember 1248}} di Siprus. Para utusan tersebut membawa sepucuk surat dari panglima Mongol di Persia, [[Eljigidei]].{{sfn|Jackson|1980|p=481–513}} Surat itu ditulis dalam nada bahasa yang lebih berdamai daripada tuntutan Mongol sebelumnya, dan utusan Eljigidei menyarankan agar Raja Louis mengerahkan pasukannya ke Mesir sewaktu Eljigidei menyerang Baghdad, sebagai cara untuk mencegah kaum Muslim Mesir dan Syam bersatu.{{sfn|Jackson|2005|p=181}} Louis menanggapinya dengan mengirim utusannya, [[André de Longjumeau]], untuk menghadap Khan Agung [[Güyük]], tetapi Güyük meninggal akibat diracun atau mungkin karena sebab alami{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=213}} sebelum sang utusan tiba di istananya. Istri mendiang Güyük yang menjanda, [[Oghul Qaimish]], hanya memberi hadiah kepada utusan dan sepucuk surat dengan nada yang merendahkan untuk dibawa kembali kepada Raja Louis; surat tersebut memerintahkannya untuk terus mengirim upeti setiap tahun.{{sfn|Jackson|2005|p=99}}<ref>{{harvnb|Tyerman|2006|p=798}}: "Louis's embassy under Andrew of Longjumeau had returned in 1251 carrying a demand from the Mongol regent, Oghul Qaimush, for annual tribute, not at all what the king had anticipated."</ref>{{sfn|Sinor|1975|p=524}}
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Pada tahun 1260-an, terjadi perubahan persepsi bangsa Eropa tentang orang Mongol, dan mereka menjadi tidak begitu dianggap sebagai musuh, dan lebih sebagai sekutu potensial dalam perang melawan kaum Muslim.{{sfn|Jackson|2005|p=165}} Padahal sebelumnya pada tahun 1259, [[Paus Aleksander IV]] telah menyerukan sebuah perang salib baru melawan pasukan Mongol, dan kecewa berat ketika mendengar bahwa raja-raja Antiokhia dan Armenia Kilikia telah tunduk kepada penguasa Mongol. Aleksander telah memasukkan kasus-kasus para raja tersebut dalam agenda konsili dia yang akan datang, tetapi ia tutup usia pada tahun 1261, hanya beberapa bulan sebelum konsili diselenggarakan dan sebelum perang salib baru dapat dilancarkan.{{sfn|Richard|1999|p=409–414}} Untuk seorang paus baru, pilihan jatuh pada Pantaléon, Patriark Yerusalem yang sama yang sebelumnya memperingatkan ancaman Mongol. Dia menyandang nama [[Paus Urbanus IV]], dan berusaha mengumpulkan uang untuk sebuah perang salib baru.{{sfn|Tyerman|2006|p=807}}
Pada {{nowrap|10 April 1262}}, pemimpin Mongol Hulagu mengirim sepucuk surat baru kepada Raja Louis IX dari Prancis melalui [[Exultavit cor nostrum#János si
Para sejarawan berselisih pendapat mengenai makna sebenarnya dari tindakan Urbanus. Pandangan sebagian besar sejarawan, seperti yang dicontohkan oleh sejarawan Britania [[Peter Jackson (sejarawan)|Peter Jackson]], menyatakan bahwa Urbanus masih menganggap orang Mongol sebagai musuh pada saat itu. Persepsi ini mulai berubah beberapa tahun kemudian, pada masa kepausan [[Paus Klemens IV]] (1265-1268), ketika orang Mongol lebih dipandang lebih sekutu potensial. Namun, sejarawan Prancis [[Jean Richard (sejarawan)|Jean Richard]] berpendapat bahwa tindakan Urbanus menandai titik balik dalam hubungan Mongol-Eropa pada tahun 1263, karena sesudah itu orang-orang Mongol benar-benar dianggap sebagai sekutu. Richard juga berpendapat bahwa pasukan Gerombolan Emas bersekutu dengan Mamluk Muslim sebagai tanggapan terhadap pembentukan koalisi antara pasukan Franka, Ilkhanat, dan Bizantium.<ref>{{harvnb|Richard|1999|p=436}}: "In 1264, to the coalition between the Franks, Mongols and Byzantines, responded the coalition between the Golden Horde and the Mamluks.".</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Richard|1999|p=414}}: "In Frankish Syria, meanwhile, events had taken another direction. There was no longer any thought of conducting a crusade against the Mongols; the talk was now of a crusade in collaboration with them."</ref> Kendati demikian, pandangan sebagian besar sejarawan adalah bahwa meskipun terdapat banyak upaya untuk membentuk persekutuan, upaya-upaya tersebut terbukti tidak berhasil.<ref name="Atwood 2004 583"/>
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[[Berkas:Mongol dominions1.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Kekaisaran Mongol, sekitar tahun 1300. Daerah berwarna abu-abu kelak merupakan wilayah Kekaisaran Timuriyah. Rentang geografis yang besar antara Mongol Ilkhanid, bersama dengan Khan Agung mereka di [[Khanbaliq]], dan Eropa]]
Banyak diskusi di antara para sejarawan tentang mengapa persekutan Prancis-Mongol tidak pernah menjadi kenyataan dan mengapa, terlepas dari semua kontak diplomatik, persekutuan itu hanya menjadi suatu ''[[khimaira]]'' atau fantasi.<ref name="Abate 2002 182-186"/><ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|2005|p=4}}: "The failure of Ilkhanid-Western negotiations, and the reasons for it, are of particular importance in view of the widespread belief in the past that they might well have succeeded.".</ref> Berbagai alasan telah dikemukakan, salah satunya adalah bahwa bangsa Mongol pada saat itu tidak mengutamakan perluasan wilayah ke Barat. Pada akhir abad ke-13, rentang generasi antara para pemimpin Mongol dengan Jenghis Khan sudah terlampau jauh, dan kekacauan di wilayah Mongol juga mulai terjadi. Bangsa Mongol yang aslinya nomaden, sejak zaman Jenghis menjadi suku bangsa yang menetap, dan juga telah berubah menjadi pemimpin daerah alih-alih penakluk. Terjadi pertempuran antara Mongol melawan Mongol, dan akibatnya tidak banyak pasukan yang dapat dikirim ke Syam.{{sfn|Jackson|2005|p=165–185}} Selain itu, terjadi juga kebingungan di Eropa mengenai perbedaan antara pasukan Ilkhanat di Tanah Suci dengan pasukan Gerombolan Emas yang menyerang
Beberapa raja Eropa menanggapi pertanyaan-pertanyaan Mongol secara positif, tetapi mereka menjadi tidak jelas dan mengelak ketika diminta untuk benar-benar mengerahkan pasukan dan sumber daya. Logistik juga menjadi lebih sulit; Mamluk di Mesir sangat mengkhawatirkan ancaman pasukan Tentara Salib, sehingga setiap kali Mamluk merebut sebuah benteng atau pelabuhan Tentara Salib, alih-alih mendudukinya, mereka secara sistematis menghancurkannya sehingga tidak akan pernah bisa digunakan lagi. Kedua hal ini mempersulit Tentara Salib untuk merencanakan operasi militer, dan meningkatkan biaya operasi-operasi itu. Raja-raja di Eropa Barat sering memberi janji manis untuk melancarkan perang salib sebagai cara untuk menciptakan daya tarik emosional bagi bawahan-bawahannya, tetapi kenyataannya mereka membutuhkan waktu bertahun-tahun untuk melakukan persiapan. Terkadang mereka bahkan tidak pernah berangkat ke Outremer. Peperangan di Eropa, seperti [[Perang Vespiri Sisilia]], juga mengalihkan perhatian, dan menyebabkan para bangsawan Eropa cenderung tidak ingin mengerahkan militer mereka untuk Perang Salib ketika mereka lebih dibutuhkan di dalam negerinya sendiri.{{sfn|Jackson|2005|p=179}}{{sfn|Phillips|1998|p=130}}
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* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Abate|first1=Mark T.|last2=Marx|first2=Todd|title = History in Dispute: The Crusades, 1095–1291|year = 2002|volume = 10|publisher = [[Gale (publisher)|St. James Press]]|location = Detroit, Michigan, USA|isbn = 978-1-55862-454-2 }}
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* {{cite book|ref = harv|last = Amitai|first = Reuven|title = Tolerance and Intolerance: Social Conflict in the Age of the Crusades|chapter = Edward of England and Abagha Ilkhan: A reexamination of a failed attempt at Mongol-Frankish cooperation|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=n9dEpOsfVdIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q=&f=false|editors = Gervers, Michael; Powell, James M. (penyunting)|year = 2001|isbn = 978-0-8156-2869-9|publisher = [[Syracuse University Press]]|location = Syracuse, New York, USA
* {{cite book|author=Amitai, Reuven|title=The Mongols in the Islamic lands: studies in the history of the Ilkhanate|chapter=Whither the Ilkhanid army: Ghazan's first campaign into Syria (1299–1300)|year=2007|publisher=Ashgate/Variorium|location=Burlington, Vermont, USA|isbn=978-0-7546-5914-3}}
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* {{cite book|author = Lane, George|title = Daily Life in the Mongol Empire|url = https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmongo0000lane|location = Westport, Connecticut, USA|publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|year = 2006|isbn = 978-0-313-33226-5
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* {{cite book|author = Rossabi, Morris|title = Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the First Journey from China to the West|url = https://archive.org/details/voyagerfromxanad00ross|year = 1992|isbn = 978-4-7700-1650-8|publisher = [[Kodansha|Kodansha International]]|location = Tokyo, Japan; New York, New York, USA
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* {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Ryan|first= James D.| title = Christian Wives of Mongol Khans: Tartar Queens and Missionary Expectations in Asia|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume = 8 | issue = 3|date=November 1998 | pages = 411–421 | jstor = 25183572 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK; New York, New York, USA | doi = 10.1017/S1356186300010506 }}
Baris 259:
* {{cite journal |ref=harv|last=Schein|first=Sylvia | title = Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300. The Genesis of a Non-Event|journal=The English Historical Review | volume = 94 | issue = 373| pages=805–819 | month = October | year = 1979 | doi = 10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXIII.805 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = London, UK; New York, New York, USA | jstor = 565554 }}
* {{cite book|author = Setton, Kenneth|authorlink = Kenneth Setton|title = The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571. The sixteenth century to the reign of Julius III, Volume 3|series=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society; volume 114|location = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA|publisher = [[American Philosophical Society]]|isbn = 978-0-87169-114-9|year = 1984 }}
* {{cite book|ref = harv|last = Sicker|first = Martin|title = The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA123|publisher = Praeger Publishers|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0-275-96892-2|location = Westport, Connecticut, USA
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* {{cite book|ref = harv|last = Sinor|first = Denis|title = Inner Asia: Uralic and Altaic series, Volumes 1–150, 1960–1990|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=foS-y-ShWJ0C&pg=PA190|volume = 96|year = 1997|publisher = Routledge/Curzon|isbn = 978-0-7007-0896-3|location = London, UK
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Stewart|first=Angus Donal|title = The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks: War and Diplomacy During the Reigns of Het'um II (1289–1307)|volume = 34|publisher = [[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|year = 2001|location = Leiden, Netherlands; Boston, Massachusetts, USA|isbn = 978-90-04-12292-5 }}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Stewart|first=Angus|doi = 10.1080/09503110220114407 | title = The Logic of Conquest: Tripoli, 1289; Acre, 1291; why not Sis, 1293? |journal=Al-Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean | volume = 14 | issue = 1 |date=January 2002 | pages = 7–16 | publisher = Routledge | location = London, UK|issn=0950-3110}}
* {{cite book|ref = harv|last = Takahashi|first = Hidemi|title = Barhebraeus: a Bio-Bibliography|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4ovTbDkRDOIC&pg=PA102|year = 2005|location = Piscataway, New Jersey, USA|publisher = [[Gorgias Press]]|isbn = 978-1-59333-148-1}}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Tyerman|first=Christopher|year
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Vallaud|first=Pierre|year = 2007|title = Grands Documents de l'Histoire de France|chapter=Archives Nationales de France|language=Prancis|isbn =978-2711853250}}
* {{cite book|ref = harv|last = Wood|first = Frances|title = The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=zvoCv3h2QCsC&pg=PA136|publisher = [[University of California Press]]|year = 2002|location = Berkeley, California, USA|isbn = 978-0-520-24340-8
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