Persekutuan Franka-Mongol: Perbedaan antara revisi

Setelah kematian Genghis Khan pada tahun 1227, kekaisarannya dibagi-bagi oleh para penerusnya menjadi empat bagian, dan memburuk menjadi perang saudara yang akan segera meletus. Kekhanan [[Kipchak]] di barat laut, yang dikenal sebagai [[Gerombolan Emas]], memperluas wilayahnya ke Eropa terutama melalui HongariaHungaria dan Polandia, sementara para pemimpinnya pada waktu yang bersamaan menentang kembalinya kekuasaan para sepupu mereka di ibu kota Mongol. Wilayah barat daya yang disebut [[Ilkhanat]] dikuasai oleh cucu Genghis Khan [[Hulagu Khan|Hulagu]]. Ia terus mendukung saudaranya, [[Mongke Khan]], sehingga berperang melawan Gerombolan Emas, sementara pada saat yang sama sedang bergerak menuju ke Persia dan Tanah Suci.{{sfn|Morgan|2007|p=133–138}}

Pada {{nowrap|10 April 1262}}, pemimpin Mongol Hulagu mengirim sepucuk surat baru kepada Raja Louis IX dari Prancis melalui [[Exultavit cor nostrum#János si HongariaHungaria|János orang HongariaHungaria]], yang sekali lagi menawarkan persekutuan.<ref>{{harvnb|Richard|1999|p=421-422}}: "What Hulegu was offering was an alliance. And, contrary to what has long been written by the best authorities, this offer was not in response to appeals from the Franks.".</ref> Surat itu menjelaskan bahwa sebelumnya, orang Mongol memiliki anggapan bahwa paus adalah pemimpin orang-orang Kristen, tetapi sekarang mereka menyadari bahwa kekuasaan sesungguhnya bertumpu pada kerajaan Prancis. Surat itu menyebutkan niat Hulagu untuk merebut Yerusalem untuk kepentingan paus, dan meminta Louis untuk mengirim sebuah armada menghadapi Mesir. Hulagu menjanjikan pengembalian Yerusalem kepada orang-orang Kristen, tetapi juga masih bersikeras tentang kedaulatan Mongol, dalam upaya pasukan Mongol untuk menaklukkan dunia. Tidak jelas apakah Raja Louis benar-benar menerima surat itu atau tidak, tetapi pada suatu waktu, surat tersebut dikirim kepada Paus Urbanus, yang menjawabnya dengan cara yang sama seperti para pendahulunya. Dalam bulla kepausannya ''[[Exultavit cor nostrum]]'', Urbanus mengucapkan selamat kepada Hulagu atas ungkapan niat baiknya terhadap agama Kristen, dan mendorongnya untuk masuk Kristen.{{sfn|Jackson|2005|p=166}}

Banyak diskusi di antara para sejarawan tentang mengapa persekutan Prancis-Mongol tidak pernah menjadi kenyataan dan mengapa, terlepas dari semua kontak diplomatik, persekutuan itu hanya menjadi suatu ''[[khimaira]]'' atau fantasi.<ref name="Abate 2002 182-186"/><ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|2005|p=4}}: "The failure of Ilkhanid-Western negotiations, and the reasons for it, are of particular importance in view of the widespread belief in the past that they might well have succeeded.".</ref> Berbagai alasan telah dikemukakan, salah satunya adalah bahwa bangsa Mongol pada saat itu tidak mengutamakan perluasan wilayah ke Barat. Pada akhir abad ke-13, rentang generasi antara para pemimpin Mongol dengan Jenghis Khan sudah terlampau jauh, dan kekacauan di wilayah Mongol juga mulai terjadi. Bangsa Mongol yang aslinya nomaden, sejak zaman Jenghis menjadi suku bangsa yang menetap, dan juga telah berubah menjadi pemimpin daerah alih-alih penakluk. Terjadi pertempuran antara Mongol melawan Mongol, dan akibatnya tidak banyak pasukan yang dapat dikirim ke Syam.{{sfn|Jackson|2005|p=165–185}} Selain itu, terjadi juga kebingungan di Eropa mengenai perbedaan antara pasukan Ilkhanat di Tanah Suci dengan pasukan Gerombolan Emas yang menyerang HongariaHungaria dan Polandia. Ilkhanat dan Gerombolan Emas saling bermusuhan, tetapi butuh waktu bagi orang-orang Barat untuk dapat membedakan mereka.{{sfn|Jackson|2005|p=165–185}} Dari pihak Mongol, ada juga kekhawatiran tentang seberapa besar pengaruh yang bisa dihasilkan oleh pasukan Franka,{{sfn|Amitai|2001|p=81}} terutama karena telah terjadi penurunan minat dalam melanjutkan Perang Salib.<ref name="Nicolle 2001 44"/> Sejarawan istana di Persia yang dikuasai Mongol tidak menyebutkan komunikasi apa pun antara Ilkhanat dan Barat, dan nyaris tidak menyebut bangsa Franka sama sekali. Komunikasi itu tampaknya tidak dianggap penting oleh bangsa Mongol, dan bahkan mungkin dianggap memalukan. Ghazan (yang menjadi Muslim sejak tahun 1295) mungkin tidak ingin dianggap berusaha mendapatkan bantuan orang-orang kafir melawan sesama Muslim di Mesir. Ketika sejarawan Mongol membuat catatan tentang wilayah asing, wilayah itu biasanya dikategorikan sebagai "musuh", "ditaklukkan", atau "sedang memberontak". Bangsa Franka masuk ke dalam kategori yang sama dengan bangsa Mesir, dalam arti mereka adalah musuh yang harus ditaklukkan. "Sekutu" merupakan gagasan asing bagi bangsa Mongol.{{sfn|Jackson|2005|p=121,180–181}}

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