Perseverance: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Short description|Robot penjelajah Mars milik NASA yang akan diluncurkan untuk misi Mars 2020
{{Kotak info wahana antariksa individual
| name =
| image =
| caption = Foto Perseverance sesaat sebelum mendarat
| image_caption = Robot penjelajah ''Perseverance'' yang saat itu masih dalam tahap pembangunan dan pengujian di Jet Propulsion Laboratory▼
| image_size = 300px
| mission = [[Mars 2020]]
| manufacturer = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
| launch_mass = {{Convert|1025|kg}}
| length = {{cvt|2|m}}
| diameter = {{cvt|2.7|m}}
| height = {{cvt|2.2|m}}
| dimensions = {{Convert|3|xx|2.7|xx|2.2|m}}
| power = {{Convert|110|W}}
| launch_date = 30 Juli 2020
| launch_rocket = [[Atlas V|Atlas V 541]]
| launch_site = [[Stasiun Angkatan Antariksa Cape Canaveral|Cape Canaveral]], [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41|SLC-41]]
| landing_date = 18 Februari 2021, 20:55 UTC<ref name="landingtime"/>
| landing_site = [[Kawah Jezero]]
| total_hours = {{time interval|18 February 2021 20:55:00|show=h|disp=raw}} jam sejak pendaratan<ref name="landingtime" />
| instruments = {{Hlist|Kamera [[Atmospheric entry|EDL]]|[[Hazcam]]s|[[Mastcam-Z]]|[[Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer|MEDA]]|[[Microphone]]|[[Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment|MOXIE]]|[[Navcam]]s|[[Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry|PIXL]]|[[RIMFAX]]|[[Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals|SHERLOC]]|[[SuperCam]]}}
| insignia = Mars 2020 JPL second insignia.svg
| insignia_size = 120px
| programme = [[Wahana penjelajah Mars]] [[NASA]]
| previous_mission = ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]''
| next_mission =
}}
'''Perseverance''', yang dijuluki '''Percy''',<ref>{{cite news|last=Landers|first=Rob|date=February 17, 2021|title=It's landing day! What you need to know about Perseverance Rover's landing on Mars|url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/2021/02/18/mars-perseverance-rover-land-red-planet-ingenuity/6765226002/|newspaper=Florida Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219092938/https://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/2021/02/18/mars-perseverance-rover-land-red-planet-ingenuity/6765226002/|archive-date=February 19, 2021|access-date=February 19, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> adalah [[wahana penjelajah Mars]] seukuran [[mobil]] yang dirancang untuk menjelajahi [[kawah Jezero]] di [[Mars]] sebagai bagian dari misi [[NASA]] [[Mars 2020]]. Kendaraan ini diproduksi oleh [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] dan diluncurkan pada 30 Juli 2020, pukul 11:50 [[Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi|UTC]].<ref name="Mars2020timeline">{{cite web|title=Launch Windows|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/timeline/launch/launch-windows/|website=mars.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731081243/https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/timeline/launch/launch-windows/|archive-date=July 31, 2020|access-date=July 28, 2020|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Konfirmasi bahwa rover berhasil mendarat di Mars diterima pada 18 Februari 2021, pukul 20:55 UTC.<ref name="landingtime2">{{cite web|last=mars.nasa.gov|title=Touchdown! NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover Safely Lands on Red Planet|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8865/touchdown-nasas-mars-perseverance-rover-safely-lands-on-red-planet|publisher=NASA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220060100/https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8865/touchdown-nasas-mars-perseverance-rover-safely-lands-on-red-planet/|archive-date=February 20, 2021|access-date=February 18, 2021|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20210219">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|date=February 19, 2021|title=Perseverance's Pictures From Mars Show NASA Rover's New Home – Scientists working on the mission are eagerly scrutinizing the first images sent back to Earth by the robotic explorer.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/19/science/mars-nasa-landing-pictures.html|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219201012/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/19/science/mars-nasa-landing-pictures.html|archive-date=February 19, 2021|access-date=February 19, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Per 24 Desember 2023, Perseverance telah aktif di Mars selama {{Perseverance Mission Timer}} [[Sol (hari di Mars)|sol]] ({{age in days|February 18, 2021}} [[hari]], atau {{Age in years, months and days|February 18, 2021}}) sejak pendaratannya. Menyusul kedatangan rover tersebut, NASA menamai lokasi pendaratan dengan nama Pendaratan Octavia E. Butler.<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-drives-on-mars-terrain-for-first-time NASA's Perseverance Drives on Mars' Terrain for First Time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306174915/http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-drives-on-mars-terrain-for-first-time/|date=March 6, 2021}} NASA, March 5, 2021.</ref><ref name="NASA-20210305">{{cite news|author=Staff|date=March 5, 2021|title=Welcome to 'Octavia E. Butler Landing'|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/25701/welcome-to-octavia-e-butler-landing/|work=[[NASA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305205403/https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/25701/welcome-to-octavia-e-butler-landing/|archive-date=March 5, 2021|access-date=March 5, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Rancangan ==
▲[[Berkas:PIA23499-Mars2020Rover-FirstTestDrive-20191217a.jpg|
Tim rekayasawan
Generator listrik robot ([[MM-RTG|MMRTG]]) memiliki massa {{Convert|45|kg}} dan menggunakan {{Convert|4.8|kg}} [[Plutonium(IV) oksida|plutonium dioksida]] sebagai sumber pasokan panas stabil yang nantinya dikonversi menjadi energi listrik.<ref name="Power">{{Cite web|url=https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/rover/electrical-power/|title=Mars 2020 Rover Tech Specs|publisher=JPL/NASA|access-date=6 July 2018}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Daya listrik yang dihasilkan saat peluncuran sekitar 110 watt dan akan terus mengalami degradasi seiring dengan berjalannya misi. Dua [[Baterai ion litium|baterai lithium-ion]] yang dapat diisi ulang dipasangkan ke robot untuk mendukung aktivitas robot ketika keluaran daya yang diinginkan lebih besar dibandingkan masukan listrik stabil dari MMRTG. MMRTG yang diberikan oleh [[Kementerian Energi Amerika Serikat|Departemen Energi AS]] kepada NASA memungkinkan robot penjelajah untuk dapat beroperasi selama 14 tahun. Tidak seperti panel surya, MMRTG memberikan keleluasaan bagi para ilmuwan untuk dapat mengoperasikan instrumen sains pada malam hari atau bahkan saat terjadinya badai debu dan musim dingin.
== Misi ==
[[Berkas:Perseverance's first photo.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Foto pertama dari ''Perseverance'' di permukaan Mars pada 18 Februari 2021]]
=== Tujuan sains ===
Penjelajah ''Perseverance'' memiliki empat [https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/science/objectives/ tujuan sains] yang merupakan bagian dari [https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/science/goals/ tujuan sains] [[Mars Exploration Program]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/overview/|title=Overview|publisher=NASA|website=mars.nasa.gov|access-date=6 Oktober 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
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=== Peluncuran ===
Penjelajah
=== Pendaratan ===
Kesuksesan pendaratan Perseverance di [[Kawah Jezero]] diumumkan pada 18 Februari 2021 pukul 20:55 UTC (19 Februari 2021 pukul 03.55 WIB).<ref name="landingtime">{{cite web|last=mars.nasa.gov|title=Touchdown! NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover Safely Lands on Red Planet|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8865/touchdown-nasas-mars-perseverance-rover-safely-lands-on-red-planet|publisher=NASA|access-date=18 February 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
[[Berkas:WJEZ-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Peta Kawah Jezero]]
[[Berkas:Perseverance Rover's Descent and Touchdown on Mars Onboard Camera Views .webm|thumb|Video pendaratan ''Perseverance''.]]
[[Berkas:PIA24422-c1-3000-MarsPerseveranceRover-LandingSiteView-20210218.jpg|thumb|center|600px|<div align="center">Foto panoramik dari lokasi pendaratan Perseverance di Mars (18 Februari 2021)</div>]]
[[Berkas:MarsPerseveranceRover-EDL-Overview-20210218.jpg|thumb|center|600px|<div align="center">Citra satelit yang menampilkan penjelajah Perseverance, parasut, pendarat, dan perisai panas di permukaan Mars (18 Februari 2021)</div>]]
== Instrumen ==
[[Berkas:PIA19672-Mars2020Rover-ScienceInstruments-20150610.jpg|jmpl|Diagram lokasi instrumen ilmiah pada robot penjelajah
Sebanyak hampir 60 proposal instrumen sains untuk
* [[Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry]] (PIXL), sebuah [[spektrometer]] [[fluoresensi sinar-X]] yang digunakan untuk menentukan komposisi material halus di permukaan Mars.<ref name="NASA-20140731PIXL">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-253|title=Mars 2020 Rover's PIXL to Focus X-Rays on Tiny Targets|last=Webster|first=Guy|date=31 July 2014|publisher=NASA|access-date=31 July 2014}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davidraythompson.com/publications/Thompson_2014_iSAIRAS_PIXL.pdf|title=Adaptive sampling for rover x-ray lithochemistry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808034737/http://www.davidraythompson.com/publications/Thompson_2014_iSAIRAS_PIXL.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[RIMFAX|Radar Imager for Mars' subsurface experiment]] (RIMFAX), sebuah [[Radar penembus tanah|radar penembus-tanah]] yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan kepadatan tanah, lapisan struktural, batuan yang terkubur, meteorit, dan mendeteksi [[Air di Mars|es air bawah tanah]] serta [[air garam]] pada kedalaman {{Convert|10|m}} di bawah permukaan Mars. Instrumen ini disediakan oleh Badan Penelitian Pertahanan Norwegia (FFI).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/instruments/rimfax/|title=RIMFAX, The Radar Imager for Mars' Subsurface Experiment|date=July 2016|publisher=NASA|access-date=19 July 2016}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="RIMFAX1">{{Cite news|last=Chung|first=Emily|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/mars-2020-rover-s-rimfax-radar-will-see-deep-underground-1.2739698|title=Mars 2020 rover's RIMFAX radar will 'see' deep underground|work=Canadian Broadcasting Corp.|date=19 August 2014|access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.news.utoronto.ca/u-t-scientist-play-key-role-mars-2020-rover-mission U of T scientist to play key role on Mars 2020 Rover Mission]</ref>
* [[Penganalisis Dinamika Lingkungan Mars|Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer]] (MEDA), satu set sensor yang mampu mengukur temperatur, kecepatan dan arah angin, tekanan, kelembaban relatif, radiasi, serta ukuran dan bentuk partikel debu di Mars. Instrumen ini disediakan oleh Centro de Astrobiología Spanyol.<ref>[https://gcd.larc.nasa.gov/projects/in-situ-resource-utilization/ In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175156/https://gcd.larc.nasa.gov/projects/in-situ-resource-utilization/ Diarsipkan] pada 2 April 2015, melalui Wayback Machine {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* [[
* SuperCam, rangkaian instrumen yang dapat melakukan pengambilan gambar, analisis komposisi kimia dan mineralogi dalam batuan dari kejauhan. Instrumen ini merupakan versi terbaru dari instrumen ChemCam yang terpasang pada robot penjelajah ''Curiosity.'' Dengan dilakukannya pembaharuan, instrumen ini jadi memiliki dua laser dan empat spektrometer yang memungkinkannya untuk mengidentifikasi [[biosignature]] dari jarak jauh dan mendeteksi kelaikhunian Mars di masa lalu. [[Laboratorium Nasional Los Alamos]], Lembaga Penelitian di Astrofisika dan Planetologi ([https://fr.m.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_en_astrophysique_et_plan%C3%A9tologie IRAP]) di Perancis, Badan Antariksa Prancis ([[CNES]]), [[Universitas Hawaii]], dan Universitas Valladolid di Spanyol bekerja sama dalam pengembangan dan pembuatan instrumen SuperCam ini.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-administrator-signs-agreements-to-advance-agencys-journey-to-mars|title=NASA Administrator Signs Agreements to Advance Agency's Journey to Mars|date=16 June 2015|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* Mastcam-Z, sistem pencitraan stereoskopik dengan kemampuan zoom.
* [[Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals]] (SHERLOC), [[Spektroskopi Raman|spektrometer Raman]] ultraviolet yang menggunakan pencitraan skala-halus dan laser ultraviolet (UV) untuk menentukan mineralogi skala halus dan mendeteksi [[senyawa organik]].<ref name="NASA-20140731SHER">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-254|title=SHERLOC to Micro-Map Mars Minerals and Carbon Rings|last=Webster|first=Guy|date=31 July 2014|publisher=NASA|access-date=31 July 2014}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/georaman2014/pdf/5101.pdf|title=SHERLOC: Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals, an Investigation for 2020}}</ref>
* [[
* Dua <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/rover/microphones/|title=Microphones on Mars 2020|work=NASA|date=|access-date=3 December 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> mikrofon akan digunakan selama pendaratan, saat misi di permukaan Mars, dan saat pengumpulan sampel.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Strickland|first=Ashley|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/15/health/mars-2020-rover-announcement/|title=New Mars 2020 rover will be able to 'hear' the Red Planet|work=CNN News|date=15 July 2016}}</ref>
* Total 23 kamera yang dibawa oleh rover ''Perseverance.''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/nasas-2020-mars-rover-to-have-23-eyes/articleshow/61396602.cms|title=NASA's 2020 Mars rover to have 23 'eyes'|work=The Times of India|agency=Press Trust of India|date=1 November 2017}}</ref>
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== Lihat pula ==
{{wikiportal|Penerbangan antariksa}}
* [[Opportunity
* [[ExoMars rover|
* [[Sojourner
* [[Spirit (wahana penjelajah
== Referensi ==
|