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{{disambiginfo}}
<div style="float:right">{{Audio|Pluto.ogg}}</div>
{{Infobox Planet
| bgcolour=#A0FFA0
| name = Pluto
| symbol = [[Berkas:Pluto symbol (bold).svg|25px24px|Simbol astronomis⯓]] [[Berkas:Pluto monogram (bold).svg|24px|♇]]
| image = [[Berkas:Pluto by LORRI and Ralph, 13 July 2015.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Foto berwarna Pluto yang direkam oleh wahana ''[[New Horizons]]'' pada 13 Juli 2015
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* [[Plutino]]
}}
| orbit_ref =<ref name="horizons" />{{efn|name=barycentre|Elemen orbit mengacu pada [[barisenter]] sistem Pluto dan merupakan nilai [[orbit menyentuh|sentuhan]] instan pada epos [[J2000]]. Jumlah barisenter dimasukkan karena, berbeda dengan pusat keplanetan, barisenter tidak mengalami perubahan berarti hari-ke-hari dari gerakan satelit. Periode orbit Pluto tertulis 248 tahun karena sebagian besar referensureferensi menggunakan barisenter Tata Surya yang lebih stabil (Matahari+Jupiter) untuk menentukan periode orbit sistem Pluto-Charon. Solusi heliosentris J2000 akan memberi nilai 246 tahun.}}
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| aphelion =
Baris 116 ⟶ 117:
Pluto sejauh ini diketahui memiliki [[satelit Pluto|lima satelit]]: [[Charon (satelit)|Charon]] (terbesar; diameternya separuh diameter Pluto), [[Styx (satelit)|Styx]], [[Nix (satelit)|Nix]], [[Kerberos (satelit)|Kerberos]], dan [[Hydra (satelit)|Hydra]].<ref name="Showalter"/> Pluto dan Charon kadang dianggap [[sistem biner (astronomi)|sistem biner]] karena [[barisenter]] orbit mereka terletak di antara kedua objek ini.<ref name="Olkin_2003" /> IAU belum meresmikan definisi planet katai biner, dan Charon dinyatakan secara resmi sebagai [[satelit alami|satelit]] Pluto.<ref name="IAU Pluto" />
 
Pada tanggal 14 Juli 2015, ''[[New Horizons]]'' menjadi wahana pertama yang terbang melewati Pluto.<ref name="AP-20150714">{{cite news|last=Dunn|first=Marcia|title=Pluto close-up: Spacecraft makes flyby of icy, mystery world|url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150714/us-sci--pluto-1a20f848e7.html|date=14 July 2015|work=[[AP News]]|accessdate=14 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150713">{{cite news|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|title=A Close-Up for Pluto After Spacecraft’s 3-Billion-MileTrip|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/14/science/a-close-up-for-pluto-after-spacecrafts-3-billion-mile-trip.html|date=13 July 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=13 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20150115"/><ref name="NYT-20150706-db">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|authorlink=Dennis Overbye|title=Reaching Pluto, and the End of an Era of Planetary Exploration|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/07/science/space/reaching-pluto-and-the-end-of-an-era-of-planetary-exploration.html|date=6 July 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=7 July 2015 }}</ref> [[Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa|NASA]] berencana melakukan pengukuran rinci dan mengambil foto-foto Pluto beserta satelit-satelitnya menggunakan wahana ''New Horizons''.<ref name="About New Horizons"/><ref name="NYT-20150706">{{cite news|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|title=Almost Time for Pluto’s Close-Up|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/07/science/space/almost-time-for-plutos-close-up.html|date=6 July 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=6 July 2015 }}</ref>
 
== Sejarah ==
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Tahun 1906, [[Percival Lowell]]—seorang warga Boston yang mendirikan [[Observatorium Lowell]] di [[Flagstaff, Arizona]], pada 1894—merintis proyek jangka panjang untuk mencari planet kesembilan yang ia juluki "[[Planet X]]".<ref name="Tombaugh1946" /> Pada 1909, Lowell dan [[William Henry Pickering|William H. Pickering]] memberi beberapa perkiraan koordinat langit untuk planet tersebut.<ref name="Hoyt" /> Lowell dan observatoriumnya melakukan pencarian ini tanpa hasil sampai ia meninggal dunia tahun 1916. Tanpa sepengetahuan Lowell, surveinya menangkap dua foto Pluto yang kabur pada tanggal 19 Maret dan 7 April 1915, tetapi statusnya belum diketahui saat itu.<ref name="Hoyt" /><ref name="Littman1990" /> Terdapat empat belas pengamatan [[pratemuan]] lainnya waktu itu; temuan tertua dilakukan oleh [[Observatorium Yerkes]] tanggal 20 Agustus 1909.<ref name="BuchwaldDimarioWild2000" />
 
Karena terlibat sengketa hukum selama sepuluh tahun dengan Constance Lowell, istri Percival, yang berusaha merebut bagian warisan observatorium Lowell senilai jutaan dolar, pencarian Planet X dihentikan sampai tahun 1929.{{sfn|Croswell|1997|p=50}} Direktur observatorium, [[Vesto Melvin Slipher]], langsung menyerahkan tugas pencarian Planet X ke [[Clyde Tombaugh]], seorang warga [[Kansas]] berusia 23 tahun yang didatangkan ke Observatorium Lowell karena Slipher terpesona oleh sampel gambar astronominya.{{sfn|Croswell|1997|p=50}}
 
Tugas Tombaugh adalah memetakan langit malam secara sistematis melalui beberapa pasangan foto, lalu mempelajari setiap pasangan foto dan menentukan objek-objek yang berpindah posisi. Menggunakan [[pembanding kedip]], ia dengan cepat memindah-mindahkan setiap lempeng foto untuk menciptakan ilusi gerak objek yang berpindah posisi atau berubah bentuk. Pada tanggal 18 Februari 1930, setelah satu tahun mencari, Tombaugh menduga ada objek yang bergerak di lempeng foto yang diambil tanggal 23 dan 29 Januari 1930. Foto berkualitas lebih rendah yang diambil tanggal 21 Januari membuktikan pergerakan tersebut.{{sfn|Croswell|1997|p=52}} Setelah pihak observatorium mengambil foto-foto lain untuk memperkuat bukti tersebut, kabar penemuan ini disampaikan ke [[''Harvard College Observatory]]'' tanggal 13 Maret 1930.<ref name="Hoyt" />
 
=== Nama ===
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Objek ini memiliki nama resmi pada 24 Maret 1930.<ref name="The Times 27 May 1930" /><ref name="NYTimes 25 May 1930" /> Setiap anggota Observatorium Lowell diberi hak suara untuk memilih satu dari tiga nama: [[Minerva]] (sudah menjadi nama asteroid), [[Cronus]] (reputasinya rendah karena diusulkan oleh astronom [[Thomas Jefferson Jackson See]] yang kurang tepercaya), dan Pluto. Pluto mendapat suara bulat.{{sfn|Croswell|1997|pp=54–55}} Nama ini diumumkan tanggal 1 Mei 1930.<ref name="Venetia" /> Setelah diumumkan, Madan memberikan Venetia hadiah sebesar £5 (setara dengan £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|5|1930|2016|r=0}}}}, atau $430 USD tahun 2016),{{Inflation-fn|UK}}.<ref name="Venetia" />
 
Pilihan nama ini didorong oleh fakta bahwa dua huruf pertama ''Pluto'' adalah inisial Percival Lowell, dan salah satu [[simbol astronomi]] Pluto ([[Berkas:Pluto symbolmonogram.svg|20px16px|{{Unicode|♇}}]], [[unicode]] U+2647, ♇) merupakan [[monogram]] yang dibentuk dari huruf 'PL'.<ref>{{cite namebook |editor="JPLJohn Lewis |date=2004 |title=Physics and chemistry of the solar system |url=https:/NASA/archive.org/details/physicschemistry00lewi_433 Pluto's|edition= Symbol"2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/physicschemistry00lewi_433/page/n78 64] |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref> Simbol lainnya ([[SimbolBerkas:Pluto astrologisymbol (fixed width).svg|16px|⯓]], PlutoU+2BD3, ⯓) mirip dengan simbol [[Neptunus]] ([[Berkas:Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg|20px16px|♆]]), tetapi memiliki lingkaran tambahan di tengah trisula.<ref>{{cite ([[Berkas:Pluto'sweb astrological|url= symbolhttps://www.svgjpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet |20px]])author= JPL/NASA |date= 2015-04-22 |website= Jet Propulsion Laboratory |title= What is a Dwarf Planet? |access-date= 2022-01-19}}</ref> Ini jarang terjadi dalam astronomi saat ini, tetapi umum dalam astrologi.
 
Nama ini pun langsung disambut secara luas. Pada tahun 1930, [[Walt Disney]] tampaknya terinspirasi oleh nama ini setelah ia memperkenalkan anjing pendamping [[Mickey Mouse]] bernama [[Pluto (Disney)|Pluto]], tetapi animator [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] [[Ben Sharpsteen]] tidak dapat mengonfirmasi sebab anjing tersebut diberi nama demikian.<ref name="Heinrichs2006" /> Tahun 1941, [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] mengadopsi nama [[elemen kimia]] [[plutonium]] dari planet Pluto sesuai tradisi penamaan planet baru. Plutonium diberi nama setelah [[uranium]], dari [[Uranus]], dan [[neptunium]], dari [[Neptunus]].<ref name="ClarkHobart2000" />
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[[Berkas:First Pluto sighting from New Horizons.gif|jmpl|kiri|Penampakan pertama Pluto dari ''New Horizons'']]
 
Pluto memberi tantangan besar bagi wahana antariksa karena massanya yang kecil dan jaraknya yang jauh dari Bumi. ''[[Voyager 1]]'' awalnya direncanakan mengunjungi Pluto, namun operator di Bumi lebih memilih jalur penerbangan dekat [[Titan (satelit)|Titan]], satelit [[Saturnus]], sehingga tidak bisa mengunjungi Pluto. ''[[Voyager 2]]'' tidak terbang melintasi jalur menuju Pluto.<ref name="JPL Voyager FAQ" /> Tidak ada upaya serius untuk menjelajahi Pluto sampai dasawarsa terakhir abad ke-2. Bulan AgutusAgustus 1992, ilmuwan [[JPL]] [[Robert Staehle]] menghubungi penemu Pluto, [[Clyde Tombaugh]], dan meminta izin mengunjungi planetnya. "Saya persilakan dia datang ke sana," kata Tombaugh, "meski perjalanannya panjang dan dingin".<ref name="Sobel1993" /> Walaupun ada kesempatan awal, pada tahun 2000 NASA membatalkan misi ''[[Pluto Kuiper Express]]'' karena naiknya biaya dan tertundanya kendaraan peluncur.<ref name="Williams2005" />
 
Seteah perdebatan politik sengit, misi baru ke Pluto bernama ''[[New Horizons]]'' didanai oleh pemerintah Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2003.<ref name="Britt2003" /> ''New Horizons'' berhasil diluncurkan pada tanggal 19 Januari 2006. Ketua misi, S. [[Alan Stern]], membenarkan bahwa sebagian abu Clyde Tombaugh yang meninggal dunia tahun 1997 ditempatkan di wahana antariksa tersebut.<ref name="Stern2006 Tombaugh 100th" />
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Pada tanggal 4 Februari 2015, NASA merilis foto-foto baru Pluto (diambil tanggal 25 dan 27 Januari) dari wahana ''New Horizons''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Happy Birthday Clyde Tombaugh: New Horizons Returns New Images of Pluto |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory |work=pluto.jhuapl.edu&nbsp;– NASA New Horizons mission site |url=http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150204 |date=4 February 2015 |accessdate=14 July 2015 }}</ref> Saat perekaman foto, ''New Horizons'' berada pada jarak {{convert|203000000|km|mi|abbr=on}} dari Pluto.
 
Tanggal 20 Maret 2015, NASA mengundang masyarakat umum untuk mengusulkan nama fitur-fitur permukaan yang akan ditemukan di Pluto dan Charon.<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.ourpluto.org/ |title=Help us put names on the maps of Pluto and Charon!] |access-date=2015-07-14 |archive-date=2016-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423054711/http://www.ourpluto.org/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
Tanggal 15 April 2015, Pluto terlihat memiliki kutub es.<ref name="NASA-20150429">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Dwayne |last2=Buckley |first2=Michael |title=NASA’s New Horizons Detects Surface Features, Possible Polar Cap on Pluto |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-new-horizons-detects-surface-features-possible-polar-cap-on-pluto |date=29 April 2015 |work=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=30 April 2015 }}</ref>
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== Referensi ==
{{reflist
|colwidth = 30em60em
|refs =
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</ref>
 
<ref name=lighttraveltime>[{{Cite web |url=http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/venus/q89.html |title=NASA: How fast does light travel from the Sun to each of the planets?] |access-date=2015-07-14 |archive-date=2015-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820051658/http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/venus/q89.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
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</ref-->
 
<ref name="Gray 2008-08-10">{{cite web
{{cite web
|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3349184/Pluto-should-get-back-planet-status-say-astronomers.html
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|first = Richard
|last = Gray
|work = The Telegraph
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|accessdate = 9 August 2008
|archive-date = 2014-10-29
}}
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</ref>
|dead-url = yes
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=chihuahuaisdog>Gorwyn, Adam; [http://earthsky.org/space/alan-stern-%E2%80%98a-chihuahua-is-still-a-dog-and-pluto-is-still-a-planet-2 ''Alan Stern: ‘A Chihuahua is still a dog, and Pluto is still a planet’''], EarthSky interview, 18 February 2010</ref>
 
<ref name="News.discovery.com">{{cite web
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|url=http://news.discovery.com/space/should-large-moons-be-called-satellite-planets.html
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|date=14 May 2010
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<ref name="Showalter">
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</ref>
 
<ref name="JPL/NASA Pluto's SymbolHeinrichs2006">{{cite web
{{cite web
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}}
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<ref name="Heinrichs2006">
{{cite web
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}}
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<ref name="ClarkHobart2000">
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}}</ref>
 
<ref name="RAS1931.91">
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|bibcode = 1931ApJ....73....1N
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<ref name="SeidelmannHarrington1988">{{cite journal
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}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
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<ref name="Standish1993">
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<ref name="Tenn1994">{{cite web
{{cite web
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}}</ref>
 
<ref name="pluto990209">{{cite web
{{cite web
|date = 28 January 1999
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}}
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}}</ref>
 
<ref name="sussman88">
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{{cite journal
|title = The 1:1 Superresonance in Pluto's Motion
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Baris 1.238 ⟶ 1.241:
</ref>
 
<ref name="oregon">Schombert, Jim; [http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec21.html University of Oregon Astronomy 121 Lecture notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723232221/http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec21.html |date=2011-07-23 }}, [http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/images/pluto_orient.jpg Pluto Orientation diagram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325165856/http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/images/pluto_orient.jpg |date=2009-03-25 }}</ref>
<ref name="oregon">
Schombert, Jim; [http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec21.html University of Oregon Astronomy 121 Lecture notes], [http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/images/pluto_orient.jpg Pluto Orientation diagram]
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<ref name="quasi">
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<ref name="SSC2002">{{cite web
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Baris 1.272:
|publisher = Singapore Science Centre
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<ref name="YoungBinzelCrane2000">
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<ref name="pluto.jhuapl Inside Story">{{cite web
{{cite web
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Baris 1.426 ⟶ 1.425:
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<ref name="Davies2001">
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<ref name="britty">{{cite web
{{cite web
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}}</ref>
 
<ref name="BuieGrundyYoung_2006">
Baris 1.585 ⟶ 1.587:
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</ref>
 
<ref name="pluto.jhuapl cousin">{{cite web
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Baris 1.768 ⟶ 1.769:
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|accessdate = 15 February 2014
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}}
}}</ref>
 
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|title = The Plutinos
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|work = University of Hawaii
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}}
}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="JPL Voyager FAQ">{{cite web
{{cite web
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Baris 1.863:
|publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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|archive-date = 2011-07-21
}}
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050617/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/faq.html
</ref>
|dead-url = yes
}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Sobel1993">
Baris 1.888 ⟶ 1.890:
</ref>
 
<ref name="Britt2003">{{cite web
{{cite web
|title = Pluto Mission a Go! Initial Funding Secured
|first = Robert Roy
|last = Britt
|work = space.com
|url = http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/pluto_horizons_030225.html
|date = 2003
|accessdate = 13 April 2007
|archiveurl =http https://web.archive.org/web/20100823065633/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/pluto_horizons_030225.html
|archivedate = 2010-08-23 August 2010}}
|dead-url = no
</ref>
}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Stern2006 Tombaugh 100th">{{cite web
{{cite web
|title = Happy 100th Birthday, Clyde Tombaugh
|first = S. Alan
|last = Stern
|authorlink = Alan Stern
|work = Southwest Research Institute
|url = http://www.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/pressreleases/2006/060203.asp
|date = 2006
|accessdate = 13 April 2007
|archive-date = 2007-04-15
}}
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070415145738/http://www.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/pressreleases/2006/060203.asp
</ref>
|dead-url = yes
}}</ref>
 
<ref name="pluto.jhuapl First Pluto Sighting">{{cite web
{{cite web
|url = http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/112806.php
|title = New Horizons, Not Quite to Jupiter, Makes First Pluto Sighting
Baris 1.919 ⟶ 1.924:
|date = 28 November 2006
|accessdate = 29 November 2011
|archive-date = 2017-11-27
}}
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171127090014/http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/112806.php
</ref>
|dead-url = yes
}}</ref>
 
<ref name="powell">
Baris 2.006 ⟶ 2.013:
</ref>
 
<ref name="IAUC 8747">{{cite journal
|first = Daniel W. E.
{{cite journal
|firstlast =Daniel W. E.|last=Green
|title = (134340) Pluto, (136199) Eris, and (136199) Eris I (Dysnomia)
|journal = IAU Circular
Baris 2.015 ⟶ 2.022:
|url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08700/08747.html#Item1
|accessdate = 1 December 2011
|archiveurl = httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20070205035336/http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/special/08747.pdf#Item1
|archivedate = 5 February 2007-02-05
|dead-url = no
}}
}}</ref>
 
<ref name="geoff2006c">
Baris 2.072 ⟶ 2.079:
</ref>
 
<ref name="Buie2006 IAU response">{{cite web
|first = Marc W.
{{cite web
|first=Marc W.|last = Buie
|date = September 2006
|title = My response to 2006 IAU Resolutions 5a and 6a
|publisher = Southwest Research Institute
|url = http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/pluto/iauresponse.html
|accessdate = 1 December 2011
|archiveurl = httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20070603104622/http://www.lowell.edu/users/buie/pluto/iauresponse.html
|archivedate = 3 June 2007-06-03
|dead-url = no
}}
}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Overbye2006">
Baris 2.146 ⟶ 2.153:
|date = 23 March 2007
|title = Rehabilitating Pluto
|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2007-03-23_315_5819/page/1643|journal = Science
|journal = Science
|volume = 315
|issue = 5819
Baris 2.175 ⟶ 2.182:
</ref>
 
<ref name="Sapa-AP">{{cite news
{{cite news
|url = http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=31&art_id=qw1161415265563B221
|title = Pluto's still the same Pluto
Baris 2.184 ⟶ 2.190:
|accessdate = 29 November 2011
|quote = Mickey Mouse has a cute dog.
|archive-date = 2011-08-20
}}
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/615Ut5AOj?url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1
</ref>
|dead-url = yes
}}</ref>
 
<ref name="msnbc">
Baris 2.244 ⟶ 2.252:
{{refbegin}}
* [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/index.html ''New Horizons'' homepage]
* [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Pluto Pluto Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://wwwweb.webcitationarchive.org/69kxUVU4Y?url=web/20120729075223/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Pluto |date=2012-0807-0829 }} at [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/ NASA's Solar System Exploration site]
* [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/plutofact.html NASA Pluto factsheet]
* [http://www.lowell.edu/ Website of the observatory that discovered Pluto]
Baris 2.265 ⟶ 2.273:
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:134340}}
[[Kategori:Pluto| ]]
[[Kategori:Objek astronomi yang ditemukan tahun 1930|19300218]]
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