Provinsi (Romawi): Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:Roman Empire 125 political map.png|jmpl|ka|400px|Kekaisaran Romawi di bawah Kaisar [[Hadrian]] (125 M) menunjukkan pengaturan semua '''provinsi'''.]]

 

 

== Selayang pandang ==

 

 

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The territory of a people who were defeated in war might be brought under various forms of treaty, in some cases entailing complete subjection ''([[Jus gentium#Terminology|deditio]])''. The formal annexation of a territory created a "province" in the modern sense of an administrative unit geographically defined. Republican provinces were administered in one-year terms by the consuls and [[praetor]]s who had held office the previous year and who were invested with ''imperium''.<ref>[[Clifford Ando]], "The Administration of the Provinces," in ''A Companion to the Roman Empire'' (Blackwell, 2010), p. 179.</ref>

Roma mulai berkembang ke luar Italia selama [[Perang Punik Pertama]]. Provinsi tetap yang direbut pertama kali adalah [[Sisilia]] (''Sicilia'') pada tahun 241&nbsp;SM dan [[Sardinia]] ''([[Corsica et Sardinia]])'' pada tahun 237&nbsp;SM. Ekspansi militer terus meningkatkan jumlah provinsi administratif ini, sampai jumlah personil yang berkualitas tidak lagi mencukupi untuk memenuhi kekosongan jabatan.<ref>[[Andrew Lintott]], ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic'' (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 113ff.; [[T. Corey Brennan]], ''The Praetorship in the Roman Republic'' (Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 626–627.</ref> Masa jabatan wali negeri sering harus diperpanjang beberapa tahun ''([[prorogatio]])'', dan kadang kala Senat menganugerahkan ''imperium'' juga kepad warga privat ''([[privatus|privati]])'', yang terkenal adalah [[Pompey Agung]].<ref>Lintott, ''Constitution,'' p. 114; Brennan, ''Praetorship,'' p. 636.</ref> "Prorogatio" mengabaikan Konstitusi Republik Romawi yang prinsipnya memilih magistrat setiap tahun, dan jumlah kekayaan maupun kekuasaan militer yang tidak seimbang oleh beberapa orang melalui jabatan di tingkat provinsi merupakan faktor utama adanya transisi dari republik menjadi otokrasi imperial.<ref>Claude Nicolet, ''Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire'' (University of Michigan Press, 1991, originally published in French 1988), pp. 1, 15; Olivier Hekster and Ted Kaizer, preface to ''Frontiers in the Roman World,'' p. viii; Lintott, ''Constitution,'' p. 114; W. Eder, "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link," in ''Between Republic and Empire'' (University of California Press, 1993), p. 98.</ref>

 

Tahun pendirian dan nama provinsi:

* 78 SM - ''[[Kilikia|Cilicia]]'', setelah tahun 64 SM menjadi ''Cilicia et Cyprus'' ([[Kilikia]] dan [[Siprus]])

* 64 SM - ''Bithynia et Pontus'' ([[Bitinia]] dan [[Pontus]])

 

[[Berkas:RomanEmpire 117.svg|jmpl|350px|ka|Kekaisaran Romawi di bawah Kaisar [[Trajan]] pada tahun 117 M; Hijau: Provinsi Imperial; Merah muda: Provinsi Senatorial; Kelabu: negara-negara klien.]]

 

During the Principate, the number and size of provinces also changed, either through conquest or through the division of existing provinces. The larger or more heavily garrisoned provinces (for example [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria]] and [[Moesia]]) were subdivided into smaller provinces to prevent any single governor from holding too much power.

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:<small>Many of the above provinces were under Roman military control or under the rule of Roman clients for a long time before being officially constituted as civil provinces. Only the date of the official formation of the province is marked above, not the date of conquest.</small>

[[Justinian&nbsp;I]] made the next great changes in 534–536 by abolishing, in some provinces, the strict separation of civil and military authority that Diocletian had established. This process was continued on a larger scale with the creation of extraordinary [[Exarchate]]s in the 580s and culminated with the adoption of the military [[theme system]] in the 640s, which replaced the older administrative arrangements entirely. Some scholars use the reorganization of the empire into [[Theme (Byzantine district)|thema]] in this period as one of the demarcations between the Dominate period and the Byzantine (or "Later Roman") period. (As a matter of scholarly convenience, the medieval phase of the Roman Empire is today conventionally referred to as [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], after the original name of the city Constantine rebuilt into the new capital.)

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== Sumber utama daftar provinsi ==

 

* [[Germania (book)]] (ca. 100)

* [[Geography (Ptolemy)]] (ca. 140)

 

* [[Laterculus Veronensis]] (ca. 310)

* [[Notitia dignitatum]] (ca. 400-420)

 

== Pustaka tambahan ==

* [[Pauly-Wissowa]]

* Lintott, Andrew (1993). ''Imperium Romanum''. London: Routledge.

== Pranala luar ==

{{commons category|Ancient Roman provinces|Roman provinces}}

* [http://www.euratlas.com/history_europe/europe_map_0300.html Map of the Roman Empire in the year 300; link no longer works]