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'''Proyek Genom Manusia''' ([[bahasa Inggris]]: '''Human Genome Project''', HGP) dilaksanakan untuk memetakan [[genom manusia]] sampai tingkat [[nukleotid]] atau [[base pair]] dan untuk mengidentifikasi seluruh [[gen]] yang ada di dalamnya. Proyek Genom pada manusia sekarang berkembang pada tingkat yang lebih tinggi di mana kita masuk ke dalam tahap "void" tahap di mana kita menggambarkan bentuk perwujudan dari hati manusia ke dalam genom, dalam tingkat yang lebih lanjut, dikembangkan sebuah sindrom kapsul plasma yang memungkinkan manusia untuk membelah bagian void dalam hati manusia menjadi genom. ini berarti kita dapat mewujudkan genom manusia ke dalam bentuk material. bentuk dari genom beragam tergantung dari situasi manusia tersebut saat genomnya keluar.
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==History==
The Project was launched in [[1986]] by [[Charles DeLisi]], who was then Director of the [[United States Department of Energy|US Department of Energy's]] Health and Environmental Research Programs. The goals and general strategy of the Project were outlined in a two-page memo to the Assistant Secretary in April 1986, which helped garner support from the DOE, the [[OMB]] and Congress, especially Senator [[Pete Dominici]]. A series of Scientific Advisory meetings, and complex negotiations with senior Federal officials resulted in a [[line item]] for the Project in the [[1987]] Presidential budget submission to the Congress.
Initiation of the Project was the culmination of several years of work supported by the US Department of Energy, in particular a feasibility workshop in 1986 and a subsequent [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/herac2.shtml detailed description of the Human Genome Initiative] in a report that led to the formal sanctioning of the initiative by the Department of Energy{{fn|1}}. This 1987 report stated boldly, "The ultimate goal of this initiative is to understand the human genome" and "Knowledge of the human genome is as necessary to the continuing progress of medicine and other health sciences as knowledge of human anatomy has been for the present state of medicine". Candidate technologies were already being considered for the proposed undertaking at least as early as 1985{{fn|2}}.
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:* [[United States]]
Eight years after the HGP was begun, an identical quest was initiated separately with private venture capital by a company called [[Celera Genomics]] (founded by [[Craig Venter]]) while the HGP was still being pursued. Celera Genomics used a newer, albeit riskier technique called [[whole genome shotgun sequencing]] and proceeded at a faster pace and at a fraction of the cost of the [[research funding|taxpayer-funded project]] (approximately $3 billion of taxpayer dollars versus about $300 million of private [[research funding]]). Celera had announced from the start its intent to make their genome freely available like that of the publicly-funded HGP, and in line with the "Bermuda Statement" (Feb 1996), made freely available to the public, 24 hours a day. Nonetheless, President Clinton announced that the genome sequence could not be patented. The statement sent Celera's stock plummeting and the [[Nasdaq]], in particular the biotech sector, into a precipitous decline (the biotech sector lost approximiately $50 billion in market capitalization in two days).
Although the working draft was announced in June 2000, it was not until February 2001 that Celera and the HGP scientists published actual details of their drafts. Special issues of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' (which published the publicly-funded project's scientific paper) and ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' (which published Celera's paper) contained descriptions of the methods used to produce the draft sequence, as well as analysis of said sequence. These drafts are hoped to comprise a 'scaffold' of 90% of the genome with gaps to be filled later.
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Pengurutan DNA manusia bisa dimanfaatkan oleh banyak bidang, dari bidang kedokteran, biologi molekuler dan lain-lain. Proyek Genom Manusia bisa membantu kita memahami penyakit seperti virus genotipe spesifik, yang selanjutnya bisa diterapkan untuk menentukan terapi dan obat yang akurat; identifikasi mutasi gen yang terkait dengan beragam kanker; desain obat-obatan dan mampu memprediksi efeknya secara lebih akurat; kemajuan dalam ilmu forensik; bioenergi dan aplikasi energi lainnya; pertanian, peternakan, bioproses; bioarkeologi, antropologi dan ilmu evolusi. Manfaat lain termasuk pengembangan nilai komersial dari penelitian genomik yang menggunakan produk berbasis DNA, industri yang bernilai miliaran dollar.
Urutan DNA manusia disimpan di dalam pangkalan data yang bisa diakses siapa saja di Internet. [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|Pusat Informasi Bioteknologi Nasional AS]] (dan organisasi serupa di Eropa dan Jepang) menyimpan urutan gen dalam pangkalan data yang dikenal sebagai GenBank, bersama dengan urutan gen dan protein lain yang sudah diketahui dan dihipotesi. Organisasi lain, seperti Universitas California, Santa Cruz dan [http://www.ensembl.org ENSEMBL] menyediakan data tambahan dan alat-alat canggih untuk memproses dan mencari data tersebut. Program komputer telah dibuat untuk menganalisis data, karena data-data itu sendiri terlalu besar dan sangat sulit diinterpretasi.
Proses identifikasi batas-batas antara gen dan fitur-fitur lain dalam urutan DNA itu dikenal sebagain anotasi genom, dan termasuk dalam ilmu bioinformatika. Walaupun ahli-ahli biologi adalah ahli anotasi terbaik, proses mereka itu terlalu lambat, dan komputer menjadi lebih banyak digunakan karena itu lebih cepat. Teknik terbaik saat ini untuk anotasi genom adalah menggunakan model statistik yang memanfaatkan kemiripan antara urutan DNA dan struktur bahasa, melalui konsep ilmu komputer.
Setiap manusia memilik urutan gen yang unik, karena itu data yang diterbitkan oleh Proyek Genom Manusia tidak bisa mewakili urutan gen individu secara akurat. Data tersebut memiliki kombinasi gen dari sejumlah donor kecil anonim. Genom dari Proyek Genom Manusia bisa digunakan sebagai kerangka atau referensi untuk mengidentifikasi perbedaan antara individu. Banyak upaya ini telah dikonsentrasikan untuk mengidentifikasi perbedaan antara individu melalui [[polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal]].
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Keuntungan praktikal proyek ini keluar ketika projek ini belum selesai. Misalnya, sejumlah perusahaan seperti [[Myriad Genetics]] mulai menawarkan tes genetik yang murah dan mudah yang dapat menunjukan gejala ke berbagai penyakit, termasuk [[kanker payudara]], [[blood clotting]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[liver]], dan lainnya.
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On a more philosophical level, the analysis of similarities between DNA sequences from different organisms is opening new avenues in the study of the theory of [[evolution]]. In many cases, evolutionary questions can now be framed in terms of [[molecular biology]]; indeed, many major evolutionary milestones (the emergence of the [[ribosome]] and [[organelle]]s, the development of embryos with body plans, the [[vertebrate]] [[immune system]]) can be related to the molecular level. Many questions about the similarities and differences between humans and our closest relatives (the [[primate]]s, and indeed the other [[mammal]]s) are expected to be illuminated by the data from this project.
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▲== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/hgn/hgn.shtml Human Genome News]. Published from 1989 to 2002 by the US Department of Energy, this newsletter was a major communications method for coordination of the Human Genome Project. Complete online archives are available.
* [[Project Gutenberg]] hosts e-texts for Human Genome Project, titled ''Human Genome Project, Chromosome Number #'' (# denotes 01-22, X and Y). This information is raw sequence, released in November 2002; access to entry pages with download links is available through http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3501 for Chromosome 1 sequentially to http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3524 for the Y Chromosome. Note that this sequence might not be considered definitive due to ongoing revisions and refinements. In addition to the chromosome files, there is a [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11799 supplementary information file] dated March 2004 which contains additional sequence information.
* [http://www.doegenomes.org/ The HGP information pages]
* [http://www.ensembl.org/ Ensembl project], an automated annotation system and browser for the human genome
* [http://genome.ucsc.edu] UCSC genome browser
* [http://www.nature.com/genomics/human/ Nature magazine's human genome gateway], including the HGP's paper on the draft genome sequence
* [http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/genome/ Wellcome charitable trust description of HGP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050428081216/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/genome/ |date=2005-04-28 }} "Your Genes, your health, your future".
* [http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-2/genome.html Learning about the Human Genome. Part 1: Challenge to Science Educators. ERIC Digest.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128203512/http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-2/genome.html |date=2020-11-28 }}
* [http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-2/genome2.html Learning about the Human Genome. Part 2: Resources for Science Educators. ERIC Digest.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128200747/http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-2/genome2.html |date=2020-11-28 }}
* [http://www.objectivescience.com/articles/genes_holcberg.htm ''Clinton Tries To Take Credit For Celera's Achievement'' by David Holcberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024075122/http://objectivescience.com/articles/genes_holcberg.htm |date=2005-10-24 }}
* [http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment062700a.html ''Genome Breakthrough'' by Ronald Bailey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051106023604/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment062700a.html |date=2005-11-06 }}
* [http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/00626_4.html Prepared Statement of Craig Venter of Celera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514175551/http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/00626_4.html |date=2011-05-14 }} Venter discusses Celera's progress in deciphering the human genome sequence and its relationship to healthcare and to the federally funded Human Genome Project.
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