Qatar: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Qatar infobox}}
'''Qatar''', resminya bernama '''Negara Qatar''' ({{lang-ar|دولة قطر}}, ''Daulah Qaṭar''), adalah negara-[[keamiran]] di [[Timur Tengah]] yang terletak di sebuah semenanjung kecil di [[Jazirah Arab]] di [[Asia Barat]]. Satu-satunya batas daratnya adalah [[Arab Saudi]] di selatan dan sisanya berbatasan dengan [[Teluk Persia]]. Teluk ini juga yang memisahkan Qatar dari negara pulau [[Bahrain]].
Setelah berada di bawah kekuasaan [[Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah|Utsmaniyah]], Qatar menjadi [[protektorat Inggris]] pada awal abad ke-20 hingga merdeka pada tahun 1971. Qatar dipimpin oleh [[Wangsa Al-Tsani|Keluarga Thani]] sejak awal abad ke-19. [[Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani|Syekh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani]] adalah pendiri Qatar. Qatar merupakan negara monarki dan kepala negaranya saat ini adalah Emir [[Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]]. Qatar dapat disebut sebagai negara [[monarki konstitusional]]<ref name=BBC9Sep05>BBC News, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm ''How democratic is the Middle East?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002901/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm |date=2021-02-11 }}, 9 September 2005.</ref><ref name=USState2011>United States Department of State [http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Qatar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520205158/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf |date=2017-05-20 }}, 2011.</ref> maupun [[monarki absolut]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/160077.pdf|title=US State Dept's Country Political Profile - Qatar|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=2017-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502085511/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/160077.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=ftManage>{{cite news|last=Gardener|first=David|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2e141faa-dd82-11e2-a756-00144feab7de|title=Qatar shows how to manage a modern monarchy|publisher=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224183440/https://www.ft.com/content/2e141faa-dd82-11e2-a756-00144feab7de|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=ciaw>{{cite news|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html#qa|title=The World Factbook|publisher=[[CIA Factbook]]|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2012-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207225832/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html#qa|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=cangov>{{cite news|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/qatar/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/index.aspx?lang=eng&pedisable=true|title=Canada – Qatar Bilateral Relations|publisher=[[Government of Canada]]|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225094525/https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/qatar/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/index.aspx?lang=eng&pedisable=true|dead-url=no}}</ref> tergantung opini. Pada tahun 2003, konstitusi baru disetujui oleh 98% penduduk.<ref name="electionguide.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.electionguide.org/results.php?ID=341|title=IFES Election Guide - Elections: Qatar Referendum Apr 29 2003|website=www.electionguide.org|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513193632/http://www.electionguide.org/results.php?ID=341|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="princeton.edu">{{cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/qatar2003.html|title=Qatar 2003|website=www.princeton.edu|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092106/https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/qatar2003.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Awal tahun 2017, total populasi Qatar mencapai 2,6 juta jiwa: 313.000 warga negara Qatar dan 2.3 juta [[ekspatriat]].<ref name=pop>{{cite web |url=http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |title=Population of Qatar by nationality - 2017 report |accessdate=7 February 2017 |archive-date=2018-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122162153/http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Qatar adalah negara dengan [[pendapatan ekonomi tinggi]], ditopang oleh [[Daftar negara menurut cadangan gas alam terbukti|cadangan gas alam]] dan minyaknya yang terbesar ketiga sedunia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112042847/http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/|archivedate=12 January 2013 |title=Indices & Data | Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=14 March 2013 |accessdate=27 June 2013}}</ref> Negara ini masuk dalam negara ber[[pendapatan per kapita]] [[Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB) per kapita|tertinggi]] sedunia. Qatar digolongkan sebagai negara yang memiliki indeks pembangunan manusia sangat tinggi dan paling baik di antara negara Arab lainnya.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://dohanews.co/un-ranks-qatar-highest-among-arab-states-human-development/|title = Qatar human development|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |archive-date = 2017-02-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170201220302/https://dohanews.co/un-ranks-qatar-highest-among-arab-states-human-development/|dead-url = no}}</ref> Qatar memiliki pengaruh cukup kuat di Jazirah Arab, mendukung beberapa kelompok pemberontak selama [[Musim Semi Arab]] baik secara finansial dan melalui grup media global mereka [[Jaringan Media Al Jazeera]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Dagher |first=Sam |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576627000922764650 |title=Tiny Kingdom's Huge Role in Libya Draws Concern |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=17 October 2011 |accessdate=30 December 2013 |archive-date=2014-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027213238/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576627000922764650 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/qatar-rise-underdog |title=Qatar: Rise of an Underdog |publisher=Politicsandpolicy.org |date= |accessdate=30 December 2013 |archive-date=2017-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610115944/http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/qatar-rise-underdog |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Ian Black in Tripoli |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/26/qatar-troops-libya-rebels-support |title=Qatar admits sending hundreds of troops to support Libya rebels |publisher=Theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=30 December 2013 |archive-date=2019-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115131603/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/26/qatar-troops-libya-rebels-support |dead-url=no }}</ref> Untuk ukurannya, Qatar memegang pengaruh yang cukup penting di dunia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publicdiplomacymagazine.com/middle-powers-squeezed-out-or-adaptive/|title=Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?|publisher=Public Diplomacy Magazine|last=Cooper|first=Andrew F.|accessdate=12 March 2015|archive-date=2015-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317144416/http://publicdiplomacymagazine.com/middle-powers-squeezed-out-or-adaptive/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www18.georgetown.edu/data/people/mk556/publication-61175.pdf|title=Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy|last=Kamrava|first=Mehran|accessdate=12 March 2015|archive-date=2013-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007183501/http://www18.georgetown.edu/data/people/mk556/publication-61175.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Qatar
Pada tahun 2017, Arab Saudi, Bahrain, Uni Emirat Arab, dan Mesir memutus hubungan diplomatik dengan Qatar dan melabeli negara ini sebagai negara teroris, menyebabkan [[krisis diplomatik Qatar 2017]].
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Kebanyakan penduduk Qatar beragama [[Islam]]. Islam juga merupakan agama resmi negara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report on International Religious Freedom – Qatar|url=http://m.state.gov/md14011.htm|publisher=US Department of State|quote=The official state religion follows the conservative Wahhabi tradition of the Hanbali school of Islam|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821170612/http://m.state.gov/md14011.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Selain etnik Arab, Qatar juga terdiri dari banyak ekspatriat yang bekerja di Qatar dalam industri minyak. Kebanyakan Muslim di Qatar mengikuti aliran [[Islam Sunni]], sedangkan Muslim yang mengikuti Syiah sekitar 20%.<ref name=wahh>{{cite web|title=Tiny Qatar's growing global clout|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13229852|publisher=BBC|date=30 April 2011|accessdate=12 March 2015|archive-date=2020-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201142354/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13229852|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=insom>{{cite news|title=Qatar's modern future rubs up against conservative traditions|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/27/uk-qatar-modernism-idUSLNE88Q00D20120927|publisher=Reuters|date=27 September 2012|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924170941/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/27/uk-qatar-modernism-idUSLNE88Q00D20120927|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=risingreuters>{{cite news|title=Rising power Qatar stirs unease among some Mideast neighbors|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/12/us-qatar-neighbours-idUSBRE91B0R920130212|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2013|date=12 February 2013|archive-date=2015-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002041309/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/12/us-qatar-neighbours-idUSBRE91B0R920130212|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Report on International Religious Freedom – Qatar|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/50210591c.html|publisher=US Department of State|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126141320/https://www.refworld.org/docid/50210591c.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Penduduk Qatar 67.7% [[Muslim]], 13.8% [[Kristen]], 13.8% [[Hindu]] dan 3.1% [[Buddha]]- agama dan kepercayaan lainnya 1.6%.<ref name=pewrel>{{cite web|title=Religious Composition by Country|url=http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/globalReligion-tables.pdf|work=Global Religious Landscape|publisher=Pew Forum|accessdate=9 July 2013|archive-date=2013-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909201109/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Hukum Syariat]] adalah sumber utama legislasi Qatar menurut Konstitusi Qatar.<ref name="con" /><ref name="qat1" />
Sedangkan penganut Kristen kebanyakan berasal dari ekspatriat asal [[Eropa]] yang bekerja di Qatar. Sejak tahun 2008, penganut Kristen diperbolehkan untuk membangun gereja yang didanai pemerintah,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/christians-to-welcome-qatars-first-christian-church-31302/ |title=Christians to Welcome Qatar's First Christian Church |publisher=Christianpost.com |date=24 February 2008 |accessdate=22 January 2013 |archive-date=2020-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121015057/https://www.christianpost.com/news/christians-to-welcome-qatars-first-christian-church-31302/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> meski kegiatan misionaris asing tidak diperbolehkan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90219.htm |title=CIA The World Fact Book |publisher=State.gov |date=29 June 2006 |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archive-date=2009-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610133535/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90219.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>
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[[Kategori:Qatar| ]]
[[Kategori:Negara di Timur Tengah]]
[[Kategori:Negara di Asia]]
[[Kategori:Negara mayoritas Muslim]]
[[Kategori:Negara berbahasa Arab]]
[[Kategori:Negara anggota Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam]]
[[Kategori:Negara anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
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