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{{other uses}}
{{Rwanda infobox}}
'''Rwanda''', secara resmi disebut '''Republik Rwanda''' ({{lang-rw|Repubulika y'u Rwanda}}; {{lang-fr|République du Rwanda}}; {{lang-en|Republic of Rwanda}}; {{lang-sw| Jamhuri ya Rwanda}}), adalah sebuah [[negara]] di [[Afrika Tengah]]. Negara ini terletak beberapa derajat di bawah [[garis khatulistiwa]] dan berbatasan dengan [[Uganda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Burundi]], serta [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]]. Semua wilayah Rwanda berada pada elevasi tinggi, dengan didominasi oleh [[pegunungan]] di bagian barat, [[sabana]] di bagian timur, dan berbagai [[danau]] tersebar di seluruh negeri. Iklimnya hangat hingga subtropis, dengan dua musim hujan dan musim kemarau per tahun.
 
Penduduk Rwanda relatif muda dan masih didominasi pedesaan, sementara kepadatan penduduknya merupakan salah satu yang tertinggi di Afrika. Di Rwanda terdapat tiga kelompok: [[Hutu]], [[Tutsi]], dan [[Twa Danau Besar|Twa]]. Twa adalah [[pigmi]] yang tinggal di hutan dan merupakan keturunan dari penduduk paling pertama Rwanda, tetapi para ahli masih belum sepakat mengenai asal usul dan perbedaan antara Hutu dan Tutsi; beberapa meyakini bahwa keduanya merupakan kasta sosial, sementara yang lain memandangnya sebagai ras atau suku. [[Kekristenan]] adalah agama mayoritas di Rwanda, dan bahasa utamanya adalah [[Bahasa Kinyarwanda]], yang dituturkan oleh sebagian besar penduduk Rwanda. Sistem pemerintahan di Rwanda adalah [[sistem presidensial]]. Presiden Rwanda adalah [[Paul Kagame]] dari Partai [[Front Patriotik Rwanda]] (FPR), yang mulai berkuasa pada tahun 2000. Rwanda memiliki tingkat korupsi yang rendah dibandingkan dengan negara-negara tetangganya, tetapi organisasi-organisasi kemanusiaan menyatakan penindasan terhadap golongan oposisi, intimidasi, dan pelarangan dalam kebabasan berpendapat. Negara ini telah diperintah oleh pemerintah administrasi hierarki yang ketat sejak masa pra-kolonial. Di sana sekarang ada 5 provinsi, yang digariskan oleh batas yang digambar pada tahun 2006.
 
[[Pemburu-pengumpul]] menetap menetap di wilayah ini pada [[Zaman Batu]] dan [[Zaman Besi]], diikuti oleh [[Suku Bantu]]. Penduduk pun bersatu, pertama-tama sebagai [[klan Rwanda|klan]] lalu menjadi kerajaan. [[Kerajaan Rwanda]] mendominasi dari masa pertengahan abad ke-18, dengan raja-raja [[Tutsi]] yang menguasai yang lain secara militer, memusatkan kekuasaan, dan kemudian mengesahkan kebijakan anti-[[Hutu]].
[[Kekaisaran Jerman|Jerman]] menjajah Rwanda pada tahun 1884, diikuti oleh [[Belgia]], yang menginvasi pada tahun 1916 saat [[Perang Dunia I]]. Kedua negara Eropa tersebut memerintah melalui raja-raja dan menetapkan kebijakan pro-Tutsi. Penduduk Hutu memberontak pada tahun 1959, membantai Suku Tutsi dalam jumlah besar dan akhirnya mendirikan negara bebas yang didominasi oleh Hutu pada tahun 1962. Front Patriotik Rwanda yang dipimpin oleh Tutsi melancarkan [[Perang Saudara Rwanda]] pada tahun 1990, lalu diikuti oleh [[Genosida Rwanda]] tahun 1994. Dalam peristiwa tersebut, ekstremis Hutu membunuh sekitar 500.000 sampai 1 juta (perkiraan) Tutsi dan kaum Hutu moderat.
 
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Pegunungan mendominasi Rwanda tengah dan barat; pegunungan tersebut merupakan bagian dari Pegunungan Celah Albertine.{{sfn|WWF|2001|loc=Location and General Description}} Puncak-puncak tertinggi dapat ditemui di gugusan gunung berapi [[Pegunungan Virunga|Virunga]] di barat laut; dengan ketinggian {{convert|4507|m|ft|0}}, titik tertinggi adalah [[Gunung Karisimbi]].{{sfn|Mehta|Katee|2005|p=37}} Ketinggian bagian barat negara, yang terletak di ekoregion [[hutan montane Celah Albertine]],{{sfn|WWF|2001|loc=Location and General Description}} bervariasi antara {{convert|1500|m|ft|0}} hingga {{convert|2500|m|ft|0}}.{{sfn|Munyakazi|Ntagaramba|2005|p=7}} Daerah tengah negara didominasi oleh bukit yang berombak-ombak, sementara perbatasan timur terdiri dari [[sabana]], dataran, dan rawa-rawa.{{sfn|Munyakazi|Ntagaramba|2005|p=18}}
 
Rwanda memiliki [[iklim tropis]] dan [[iklim sedang|sedang]], dengan suhu yang lebih rendah dibanding negara khatulistiwa lainnya karena ketinggiannya.{{sfn|Department of State (III)|2012}} Kigali, yang terletak di tengah negara, memiliki suhu harian yang bervariasi antara {{convert|12|°C|°F}} hingga {{convert|27|°C|°F}}, dengan sedikit variasi sepanjang tahun.{{sfn|BBC Weather|loc=Average Conditions}} Terdapat beberapa variasi suhu di seluruh negara; wilayah barat dan utara yang bergunung biasanya lebih dingin daripada daerah timur yang lebih rendah.{{sfn|Best Country Reports|2007}} Terdapat dua musim hujan dalam satu tahun; musim hujan pertama berlangsung dari Februari hingga Juni, dan musim hujan kedua dari September hingga Desember. Selain itu, juga terdapat dua [[musim kemarau]]: musim kemarau besar dari Juni hingga September, dan saat itu seringkalisering kali tidak terjadi hujan sama sekali, sementara musim kemarau yang lebih pendek dan ringan berlangsung dari Desember hingga Februari.{{sfn|King|2007|p=10}} Curah hujan bervariasi, dengan wilayah barat dan barat laut mendapat lebih banyak hujan daripada wilayah timur dan tenggara.{{sfn|Adekunle|2007|p=1}}
 
{{Kigali weatherbox}}
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[[Berkas:RwandaParliament.jpg|jmpl|kiri|[[Dewan Perwakilan Rwanda|Gedung Dewan Perwakilan]]|alt=Foto Dewan Perwakilan.]]
Sistem hukum Rwanda banyak didasarkan dari sistem [[hukum sipil (sistem hukum)|hukum sipil]] [[hukum Jerman|Jerman]] serta [[hukum Belgia|Belgia]] dan [[hukum adat]].{{sfn|CIA (I)|2012}} Yudikatif independen dari eksekutif,{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 140}} walaupun Presiden dan Senat terlibat dalam penunjukkan hakim Mahkamah Agung.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 148}} [[Human Rights Watch]] telah memuji pemerintah Rwanda karena kemajuan dalam penegakan keadilan seperti penghapusan hukuman mati{{sfn|HRW|Wells|2008|loc=I. Summary}} namun juagjuga anggota pemerintahan dituduh melakukan campur tangan terhadap yudikatif, seperti penunjukan hakim yang didasari motif politik, penyalahgunaan wewenang jaksa, dan tekanan terhadap hakim agar membuat keputusan tertentu.{{sfn|HRW|Wells|2008|loc=VIII. Independence of the Judiciary}} Menurut konstitusi terdapat dua jenis pengadilan: biasa dan khusus.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 143}} Pengadilan biasa meliputi [[Mahkamah Agung Rwanda|Mahkamah Agung]], [[Pengadilan Tinggi Rwanda|Pengadilan Tinggi]], dan pengadilan daerah, sementara pengadilan khusus meliputi pengadilan militer dan pengadilan tradisional ''Gacaca'', yang didirikan kembali untuk mempercepat pengadilan tersangka pelaku genosida.{{sfn|Walker|March 2004}}
 
Tingkat [[korupsi]] Rwanda relatif rendah bila dibandingkan dengan sebagian besar negara Afrika lainnya; pada tahun 2010, menurut [[Transparency International]], Rwanda adalah negara terbersih kedelapan dari 47 negara di [[Afrika Sub-Sahara]] dan terbersih ke-66 dari 178 negara di dunia.{{sfn|Transparency International|2010}} Konstitusi mengamanatkan [[Ombudsman]] untuk mencegah dan memberantas korupsi.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 182}}{{sfn|Office of the Ombudsman}} Pejabat (termasuk Presiden) juga diharuskan oleh konstitusi untuk mendeklarasikan kekayaan mereka kepada Ombudsman dan umum; apabila tidak, jabatannya akan ditangguhkan.{{sfn|Asiimwe|2011}}
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=== Media dan komunikasi ===
 
Stasiun radio dan televisi terbesar di Rwanda dijalankan oleh negara. Sebagian besar orang Rwanda memiliki akses ke radio dan [[Radio Rwanda]] merupakan sumber berita utama di negara. Akses televisi hanya terbatas di wilayah perkotaan.{{sfn|BBC News (V)|2011|loc=Media}} Media sangat dibatasi dan koran seringkalisering kali menyensor beritanya untuk menghindari balasan dari pemerintah.{{sfn|BBC News (V)|2011|loc=Media}} Namun, publikasi dalam bahasa Kinyarwanda, Inggris, dan Prancis yang kritis terhadap pemerintah banyak tersedia di Kigali. Batasan meningkat menjelang pemilu presiden 2010, dengan dua koran independen, yaitu ''Umuseso'' dan ''Umuvugizi'', ditangguhkan selama enam bulan oleh [[High Media Council (Rwanda)|High Media Council]].{{sfn|Reporters Without Borders|2010}}
 
[[Rwandatel]] adalah perusahaan telekomunikasi tertua di Rwanda. Perusahaan ini menyediakan 23.000 [[jaringan tetap]], sebagian besar untuk institusi pemerintah, bank, [[lembaga swadaya masyarakat]], dan kedutaan.{{sfn|Majyambere|2010}} Tingkat langganan jaringan tetap swasta sendiri masih rendah. Pada tahun 2011, penetrasi telepon genggam Rwanda tercatat sebesar 35%, naik 1% dibanding tahun sebelumnya.{{sfn|Butera|March 2011}} Layanan ponsel terbesar adalah [[MTN Group|MTN]], yang memiliki 2,5 juta pelanggan, sementara [[Tigo]], layanan terbesar kedua, memiliki 700.000 pelanggan.{{sfn|Butera|March 2011}} Layanan ponsel ketiga yang dijalankan oleh [[Bharti Airtel]] telah diluncurkan pada tahun 2012.{{sfn|Onyango|2012}} Rwandatel juga mengoperasikan layanan telepon genggam, tetapi regulator industri mencabut lisensinya pada April 2011 karena kegagalan perusahaan tersebut dalam mencapai komitmen investasi yang telah disepakati.{{sfn|Butera|April 2011}} Tingkat penetrasi internet masih rendah, tetapi meningkat pesat; pada tahun 2010, terdapat 7,7 pengguna internet per 100 orang, dibandingkan 2,1 per 100 pada tahun 2007.{{sfn|World Bank (II)}} Pada tahun 2011, jaringan komunikasi [[serat optik]] sepanjang {{convert|2300|km|mi}} yang menyediakan layanan [[jalur lebar]] (''broadband'') dan memfasilitasi perniagaan elektronik telah selesai dipasang.{{sfn|Reuters|2011}} Jaringan ini terhubung dengan [[SEACOM (sistem kabel Afrika)|SEACOM]], kabel serat optik bawah laut yang menghubungkan komunikasi di Afrika selatan dan timur. Di Rwanda, kabel tersebut terbentang di jalan-jalan besar, menghubungkan kota-kota di seluruh negara.{{sfn|Reuters|2011}} Layanan ponsel MTN juga menjalankan [[Wi-Fi|internet nirkabel]] yang dapat diakses di sebagian besar Kigali melalui abonemen prabayar.{{sfn|Butera|2010}}
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== Demografi ==
{{main|Demografi Rwanda}}
 
[[Berkas:Rwandan children at Volcans National Park.jpg|jmpl|Anak pedesaan|alt=Foto yang menggambarkan tujuh anak pedesaan di depan rumah jerami dan ladang. Foto diambil di Taman Nasional Volcans tahun 2005]]
Berdasarkan perkiraan tahun 2012, jumlah penduduk Rwanda tercatat sebesar 11.689.696.{{sfn|CIA (I)|2012}} Mayoritas penduduknya masih muda: diperkirakan 42,7% penduduk umurnya masih di bawah 15 tahun, dan 97,5% di bawah 65 tahun. Angka kelahiran tahunan diperkirakan sebesar 40,2 kelahiran per 1000 penduduk, dan angka kematian tercatat sebesar 14,9.{{sfn|CIA (I)|2012}} Harapan hidup terbilang 58,02 tahun (59,52 tahun untuk perempuan dan 56,57 untuk laki-laki), yang terendah ke-30 di antara 221 negara.{{sfn|CIA (I)|2012}}{{sfn|CIA (III)|2011}} Rasio seks negara ini sendiri relatif seimbang.{{sfn|CIA (I)|2012}}
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[[Berkas:Butaro Hospital.jpg|jmpl|Sebuah rumah sakit di [[Butaro]], Provinsi Utara.|alt=Foto yang menggambarkan bangunan rumah sakit dengan bendera Rwanda berkibar di dekatnya. Foto diambil dari jalan masuk.]]
 
Kualitas kesehatan di Rwanda masih rendah, tetapi membaik. Angka kematian bayi telah menurun menjadi setengah dari angka kematian bayi pada periode 2005-2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21555571|work=The Economist|title=The best story in development|date=19 May 2012|access-date=2012-11-12|archive-date=2012-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112134443/http://www.economist.com/node/21555571|dead-url=no}}</ref> Negeri ini mengalami kekurangan tenaga medis profesional, dan terjadi pula kelangkaan dan ketidaktersediaan obat.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=10}} Delapan puluh tujuh persen penduduk memiliki akses kesehatan, tetapi hanya ada dua doktor dan dua tenaga paramedis per 100.000 orang.{{sfn|UNDP (I)|2007|p=7}} Pemerintah mencoba memperbaiki keadaan ini sebagai bagian dari [[Visi 2020 (Rwanda)|Visi 2020]]. Pada tahun 2008, pemerintah mengalokasikan 9,7% pengeluaran nasional untuk kesehatan, dibandingkan dengan 3,2% pada tahun 1996.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=10}} Pemerintah juga mendirikan institut pelatihan seperti [[Institut Kesehatan Kigali]].{{sfn|KHI|2012}} Asuransi kesehatan diwajibkan untuk semua orang pada tahun 2008;{{sfn|WHO|2008}} pada tahun 2010, lebih dari 90% telah terdaftar dalam asuransi.{{sfn|McNeil|2010}} Prevalensi beberapa penyakit telah berkurang, seperti pemberantasan [[tetanus]] maternal dan neonatal{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=4}} serta malaria,{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=5}} namun profil kesehatan Rwanda masih didominasi oleh penyakit menular.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=4}} Prevalensi [[HIV/AIDS]] di Rwanda diklasifikasikan sebagai epidemik umum oleh [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]]; diperkirakan 7,3% penduduk kota dan 2,2% penduduk desa yang berumur antara 15 hingga 49 tahun mengidap HIV positif.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=5}}
{{-}}
 
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[[Berkas:Rwanda IntoreDancers.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Penari ''[[intore]]''.|alt=Foto yang menggambarkan dua penari pria dengan rambut palsu dari jerami, garmen leher, tombak dan tongkat.]]
[[File:Twa dancers.jpg|jmpl|Penari Twa dengan rambut palsu dari jerami]]
 
Musik dan tari merupakan bagian penting dalam upacara, festival, perkumpulan sosial, dan penceritaan Rwanda. Tari tradisional yang paling terkenal adalah gerakan terkoreografi yang terdiri dari tiga komponen: ''[[umushagiriro]]'', atau tari sapi, dilakukan oleh perempuan;{{sfn|Rwanda Development Gateway}} ''[[intore]]'', atau tari pahlawan, dilakukan oleh laki-laki;{{sfn|Rwanda Development Gateway}} dan penabuhan drum ''ingoma'' yang juga dilakukan oleh laki-laki.{{sfn|RMCA}} Kelompok tari yang paling dikenal adalah [[Urukerereza]] yang didirikan oleh Presiden Habyarimana pada tahun 1974 dan telah menampilkan tarian baik di kancah nasional maupun internasional.{{sfn|Briggs|2004}} Secara tradisional, musik diturunkan secara lisan, dan gayanya bervariasi berdasarkan kelompok sosial. Drum merupakan instrumen yang sangat penting; penabuh drum kerajaan memperoleh status yang tinggi di istana Raja (''Mwami'').{{sfn|Adekunle|2007|pp=135–136}} Penabuh drum bermain bersama dalam suatu kelompok yang besarnya bervariasi, biasanya terdiri dari tujuh hingga sembilan orang.{{sfn|Adekunle|2007|p=139}} Industri musik populer Rwanda sendiri terus berkembang dan dipengaruhi oleh musik Afrika Timur, Kongo, dan Amerika. Genre yang paling populer adalah [[hip hop]], dengan perpaduan [[rap]], [[ragga]], [[R&B]], dan [[dance-pop]].{{sfn|Mbabazi|2008}}
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* [[Genosida Rwanda]]
{{Clear}}
 
== Catatan kaki ==
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== Referensi ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Adekunle|first=Julius|year=2007|title=Culture and customs of Rwanda|location=Westport, Conn.|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-313-33177-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=g0FC40EQujwC|ref = harv |access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216175440/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0FC40EQujwC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=African Development Bank (AfDB) |date=2009-11-19 |title=AfDB Approves Funding for Burundi-Rwanda-Tanzania Railway Project Study |authorlink=African Development Bank |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/news-events/article/afdb-approves-funding-for-burundi-rwanda-tanzania-railway-project-study-5399/ |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|AfDB|2009}} |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130112503/http://www.afdb.org/en/news-events/article/afdb-approves-funding-for-burundi-rwanda-tanzania-railway-project-study-5399/ |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=African Development Bank (AfDB) |date=2011-08-26 |title=Boosting Rwanda's Energy Sector: AfDB, other Lenders Commit USD 91.25 million to Kivuwatt Project |authorlink=African Development Bank |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/boosting-rwandas-energy-sector-afdb-other-lenders-commit-usd-91-25-million-to-kivuwatt-project-8338/ |accessdate=2012-03-02 | ref = {{sfnRef|AfDB|2011}} |archive-date=2013-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105120930/http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/boosting-rwandas-energy-sector-afdb-other-lenders-commit-usd-91-25-million-to-kivuwatt-project-8338/ |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite book|author1=African Development Bank (AfDB)|author2=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Centre|year=2006|title=African Economic Outlook|edition=5|location=Paris|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-02243-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fpEFOR6WmfYC|ref = {{sfnRef||AfDB|OECD Development Centre|2006}} |access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216175430/https://books.google.com/books?id=fpEFOR6WmfYC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=Al Jazeera|date=2007-09-20|title=Rwanda blames DR Congo for violence|authorlink=Al Jazeera|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2007/09/2008525143037439552.html|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = harv |archive-date=2011-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110341/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2007/09/2008525143037439552.html|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=Amnesty International |year=2010 |title=Human Rights in Republic of Rwanda |authorlink=Amnesty International |url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/rwanda/report-2010 |accessdate=2012-03-15 | ref=harv |archive-date=2014-04-22 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422191325/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/rwanda/report-2010 |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite news|last=Anyango|first=Gloria I.|date=4 February 2010|title=The Barbecue Chef who masters his roast|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=2784&week=5|newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = harv |archive-date=2014-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422184112/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=2784&week=5|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|last1=Appiah|first1=Anthony|last2=Gates|first2=Henry Louis|year=2010|title=Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1|edition=illustrated|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=A0XNvklcqbwC|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|ref = harv }}
* {{cite news|last=Asiimwe|first=Bosco R|date=2011-09-28|title=Gov't to sanction officials who failed to declare wealth|newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14135&a=24621|accessdate=2012-03-14|ref = harv |archive-date=2013-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107065826/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14135&a=24621|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|last=Auzias|first=Dominique|year=2007|title=Rwanda|location=Paris|publisher=Petit Futé|language=French|isbn=978-2-7469-2037-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TyMs5XGSIzQC|ref = harv |access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216175426/https://books.google.com/books?id=TyMs5XGSIzQC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=BBC News (I)|date=2006-01-03|title=Rwanda redrawn to reflect compass|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4577790.stm|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = harv |archive-date=2013-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4577790.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=BBC News (II)|date=2006-03-31|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = harv |archive-date=2013-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=BBC News (III)|date=2010-01-12|title=Hutus 'killed Rwanda President Juvenal Habyarimana'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = harv |archive-date=2013-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115647/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=BBC News (IV)|date=2010-08-11|title=Rwanda President Kagame wins election with 93% of vote|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10935892|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = harv |archive-date=2017-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018135933/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10935892|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=BBC News (V)|title=Rwanda country profile|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1070265.stm|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = harv|date=25 November 2011|archive-date=2009-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205163713/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1070265.stm|dead-url=no}}
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* {{cite web |author=Embassy of Rwanda in Japan |title=Akagera National Park |url=http://japan.embassy.gov.rw/content/view/92/65/ |accessdate=2012-02-29 | ref=harv |archive-date=2013-06-03 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603061218/http://japan.embassy.gov.rw/content/view/92/65 |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Embassy of Rwanda in Sudan |title=Sudan and Rwanda public holidays |url=http://sudan.embassy.gov.rw/content/view/42/97/ |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref=harv |archive-date=2012-03-13 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313155356/http://sudan.embassy.gov.rw/content/view/42/97/ |dead-url=yes }}
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* {{cite web |author=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] / [[World Food Programme]] (FAO / WFP) |date=1997-07-01 |title=Special Report: FAO/WFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Rwanda |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/w5836e/w5836e00.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|FAO / WFP|1997}} |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002010045/http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/w5836e/w5836e00.htm |dead-url=no }}
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* {{cite web |author=Freedom House |year=2011 |title=Freedom in the World: Rwanda |authorlink=Freedom House |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/rwanda |accessdate=2012-03-15 | ref=harv |archive-date=2014-03-20 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320185936/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/rwanda |dead-url=yes }}
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* {{cite web |author=Global Nature Fund |title=Lake Ihema |authorlink=Global Nature Fund |url=http://www.globalnature.org/30036/LIVING-LAKES/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Ihema/02_vorlage.asp |accessdate=2012-02-29 | ref=harv |archive-date=2014-01-07 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107053244/http://www.globalnature.org/30036/LIVING-LAKES/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Ihema/02_vorlage.asp |dead-url=yes }}
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* {{cite news|last=Grainger|first=Sarah|date=2007-06-18|title=East Africa trade bloc expanded|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6762615.stm|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = harv |archive-date=2013-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601130230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6762615.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Henley|first=Jon|date=2007-10-31|title=Scar tissue|newspaper=The Guardian|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/31/rwanda.theatre|accessdate=2012-02-16|location=London|ref = harv |archive-date=2012-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505064129/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/31/rwanda.theatre|dead-url=no}}
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* {{cite book|author1=[[Human Rights Watch|Human Rights Watch (HRW)]]|author2=Wells, Sarah|year=2008|title=Law and reality: progress in judicial reform in Rwanda|isbn=978-1-56432-366-8|url=http://www.hrw.org/node/62098|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = {{sfnRef|HRW|Wells|2008}} |archive-date=2014-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724084136/http://www.hrw.org/node/62098|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=Human Rights Watch (HRW)|date=2010-08-02|title=Rwanda: Silencing Dissent Ahead of Elections|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2010/08/02/rwanda-attacks-freedom-expression-freedom-association-and-freedom-assembly-run-presi|accessdate=2012-02-28|ref = {{sfnRef|HRW|2010}}|archive-date=2014-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025212945/http://www.hrw.org/news/2010/08/02/rwanda-attacks-freedom-expression-freedom-association-and-freedom-assembly-run-presi|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=International Development Association (IDA) |title=Rwanda: Bringing Clean Water to Rural Communities |authorlink=International Development Association |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:21256336~menuPK:3266877~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|IDA|2009}} |archive-date=2010-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711002322/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:21256336~menuPK:3266877~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=International Monetary Fund (IMF) (I) |year=2011 |title=Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita GDP, Rwanda, 1994 |work=World Economic Outlook Database |authorlink=IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=63&pr.y=14&sy=1994&ey=1994&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=714&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|IMF (I)}} |archive-date=2012-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019122042/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=63&pr.y=14&sy=1994&ey=1994&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=714&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=International Monetary Fund (IMF) (II) |year=2011 |title=Rwanda |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=59&pr.y=17&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=714&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |accessdate=2012-04-20 | ref = {{sfnRef|IMF (II)}} |archive-date=2013-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406004211/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=59&pr.y=17&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=714&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) |year=2011 |title=IUCN welcomes Rwanda as new State Member |authorlink=IUCN |url=http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/wcpa/?7308/IUCN%2FIUCN-welcomes-Rwanda-as-new-State-Member |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|IUCN|2011}} |archive-date=2012-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319150918/http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/wcpa/?7308%2FIUCN-welcomes-Rwanda-as-new-State-Member |dead-url=no }}
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* {{cite news|last=Namata|first=Berna|date=2010-08-03|title=Franc Weakens Against the U.S. Dollar|publisher=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|url=http://newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14104&a=32055|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = harv |archive-date=2013-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107074252/http://newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14104&a=32055|dead-url=yes}}
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* {{cite web |author=National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda |year=2012 |month=February |title=The third Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV 3)&nbsp;– Main indicators Report |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/publications/third-integrated-household-living-conditions-survey-eicv-3-main-indicators-report |accessdate=2012-03-16 | ref=harv |archive-date=2013-11-13 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204052/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/publications/third-integrated-household-living-conditions-survey-eicv-3-main-indicators-report |dead-url=yes }}
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* {{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (I) |date=2009-01-06 |title=Tourism and Conservation Performance in 2008 |url=http://www.rwandatourism.com/tourism_performance_2008.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|RDB (I)|2009}} |archive-date=2012-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511233622/http://www.rwandatourism.com/tourism_performance_2008.htm |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (II) |date=2010-05-07 |title=World Environment Day & Kwita Izina |url=http://www.rwandatourism.com/test/contentdetail.php?tbl=press&serial=6&PHPSESSID=f991fb81d778f37460c75c17dcf18eb7 |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|RDB (II)|2010}} |archive-date=2012-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112140142/http://www.rwandatourism.com/test/contentdetail.php?tbl=press&serial=6&PHPSESSID=f991fb81d778f37460c75c17dcf18eb7 |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (III) |year=2011 |title=Highlights of Tourist Arrivals in Rwanda January–June 2011 |url=http://www.rdb.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/tourism%20conservation/Arrival_Statistics_2011_1st_semester__version_2_.pdf |accessdate=2012-03-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|RDB (III)|2011}} |archive-date=2014-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320185756/http://www.rdb.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/tourism%20conservation/Arrival_Statistics_2011_1st_semester__version_2_.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (IV) |title=National Parks |url=http://www.rwandatourism.com/parks.htm |accessdate=2012-03-01 | ref = {{sfnRef|RDB (IV)}} |archive-date=2012-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511234019/http://www.rwandatourism.com/parks.htm |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Gateway |title=National Ballet&nbsp;– Urukerereza |url=http://www.rwandagateway.org/spip.php?article211 |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref=harv |archive-date=2012-03-14 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314152054/http://www.rwandagateway.org/spip.php?article211 |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) (Chapter 2) |year=2009 |title=Chap II. Population, Health and human settlements |work=Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report |url=http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap2.php |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|REMA (Chapter 2)|2009}} |archive-date=2013-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104316/http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap2.php |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) (Chapter 5) |year=2009 |title=Chap V. Biodiversity and Genetic Resources |work=Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report |url=http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap5.php |accessdate=2012-03-17 | ref = {{sfnRef|REMA (Chapter 5)|2009}} |archive-date=2013-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104855/http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap5.php |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=RwandAir |title=Flights Schedule |url=http://www.rwandair.com/plan-your-flight/schedule-map.html |accessdate=2012-03-02 | ref=harv |archive-date=2013-10-08 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008103542/http://www.rwandair.com/plan-your-flight/schedule-map.html |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Samuelson |first1=Beth Lewis |last2=Freedman |first2=Sarah Warshauer |year=2010 |title=Language policy, multilingual education, and power in Rwanda |journal=Language Policy |issn=1568-4555 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=191–215 |url=http://gse.berkeley.edu/faculty/swfreedman/10samuelson_freedman.pdf | ref = harv |doi=10.1007/s10993-010-9170-7 |access-date=2012-10-30 |archive-date=2013-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207201706/http://gse.berkeley.edu/faculty/swfreedman/10samuelson_freedman.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |last=Shyaka |first=Anastase |title=The Rwandan Conflict: Origin, Development, Exit Strategies |publisher=National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, Republic of Rwanda |url=http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4746/3833.pdf?sequence=1 |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref=harv |archive-date=2019-05-03 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503190158/https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4746/3833.pdf?sequence=1 |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=Southern Province |title=Governor |authorlink=Southern Province, Rwanda |url=http://www.southernprovince.gov.rw/spip.php?article88 |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref=harv |archive-date=2013-06-05 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605143227/http://www.southernprovince.gov.rw/spip.php?article88 |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book|last=Streissguth|first=Thomas|year=2007|title=Rwanda in Pictures|location=Minneapolis, Minn.|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-8570-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rfjw_5JL0DsC|ref = harv |access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216175435/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rfjw_5JL0DsC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=Transit Transport Coordination Authority of the Northern Corridor (TTCA) |date=2004–06 |title=Investment Opportunities in the Northern Corridor with emphasis in Transport Infrastructure |publisher=[[OECD]] |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/22/36/34879173.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|TTCA|2004}} |archive-date=2012-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728094558/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/22/36/34879173.pdf |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=Transparency International |year=2010 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 Results |authorlink=Transparency International |url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref=harv |archive-date=2018-12-26 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226144223/https://www.transparency.org/ |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=United Nations (I) |authorlink=United Nations |title=United Nations Member States |url=http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref=harv |archive-date=2014-04-12 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412154940/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=United Nations (II) |authorlink=United Nations |title=International Trusteeship System |url=http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/its.shtml |accessdate=2012-02-28 | ref=harv |archive-date=2014-04-12 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412173643/http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/its.shtml |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=United Nations (III) |authorlink=United Nations |title=Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories (1945–1999) |url=http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml |accessdate=2012-02-28 | ref=harv |archive-date=2019-03-26 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326220728/https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite news|author=United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)|date=2008-09-22|title=Rwandan Women Secure 56% of Parliamentary Seats in Historic Election Result|authorlink=United Nations Development Fund for Women|url=http://www.unifem.org/news_events/story_detail.php?StoryID=736|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = {{sfnRef|UNIFEM|2008}} |archive-date=2012-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210065023/http://www.unifem.org/news_events/story_detail.php?StoryID=736|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (I) |year=2007 |title=Assessment of Development Results: Rwanda |at=2 |authorlink=UNDP |url=http://www.undp.org/evaluation/documents/ADR/ADR_Reports/Rwanda/ch2-ADR_Rwanda.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|UNDP (I)|2007}} |archive-date=2012-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112191649/http://www.undp.org/evaluation/documents/ADR/ADR_Reports/Rwanda/ch2-ADR_Rwanda.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (II) |year=2011 |title=Human Development Index Trends, 1980–2011 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table2.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|UNDP (II)|2011}} |archive-date=2013-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102125928/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table2.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (III) |year=2010 |title=Human Development Index Trends, 1980–2010 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table2.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-29 | ref = {{sfnRef|UNDP (III)|2010}} |archive-date=2012-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401190207/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table2.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=United Nations Statistics Division |title=Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) |work=UN Data |url=http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SOWC&f=inID%3a17%3bcrID%3a118%3btimeID%3a10%2c20&c=1,2,3,4,5,6&s=crEngName:asc,sgvEngName:asc,timeEngName:desc&v=1 |accessdate=2012-03-16 | ref=harv |archive-date=2013-05-24 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524130719/http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SOWC&f=inID%3a17%3bcrID%3a118%3btimeID%3a10%2c20&c=1,2,3,4,5,6&s=crEngName:asc,sgvEngName:asc,timeEngName:desc&v=1 |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=United States Agency for International Development (USAID) |year=2008 |title=Rwanda: Water and Sanitation Profile |authorlink=USAID |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO938.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|USAID|2008}} |archive-date=2013-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029123859/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO938.pdf |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=Université Laval |year=2010 |title=Rwanda: Aménagement linguistique dans le monde |language=French |url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/afrique/rwanda.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref=harv |archive-date=2013-03-29 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329111806/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/rwanda.htm |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) |date=2008-03-25 |title=Batwa |authorlink=UNPO |url=http://www.unpo.org/members/7861 |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|UNPO|2008}} |archive-date=2014-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402134444/http://unpo.org/members/7861 |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite news|author=USA Today|date=2008-10-29|title=Congolese army claims attack by Rwandan troops|authorlink=USA Today|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-10-29-congo-fighting_N.htm|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = harv |archive-date=2011-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513034748/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-10-29-congo-fighting_N.htm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Walker|first=Robert|date=2004-03-30|title=Rwanda still searching for justice|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3557753.stm|work=BBC News|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = {{sfnRef|Walker|March 2004}} |archive-date=2007-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826050047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3557753.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Walker|first=Robert|date=2004-04-01|title=Rwanda's religious reflections|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3561365.stm|work=BBC News|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = {{sfnRef|Walker|April 2004}} |archive-date=2013-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601123402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3561365.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) |title=Birds endemic to the Albertine Rift |work=Albertine Rift Programme |authorlink=Wildlife Conservation Society |url=http://www.albertinerift.org/portals/49/media/file/endemicbirds.PDF |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|WCS}} |archive-date=2013-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624212609/http://www.albertinerift.org/portals/49/media/file/endemicbirds.PDF |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite book|last1=Wiredu|first1=Kwasi|last2=Abraham|first2=William E.|last3=Irele|first3=Abiola|last4=Menkiti|first4=Ifeanyi|year=2006|title=A companion to African philosophy|location=Malden, Mass.|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-4567-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0HIbKtzjcQYC|ref = harv |access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216175429/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HIbKtzjcQYC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (I) |title=Rwanda |work=Data |authorlink=World Bank |url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/rwanda |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref=harv |archive-date=2012-04-03 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403142412/http://data.worldbank.org/country/rwanda |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (II) |title=Internet users (per 100 people) |work=Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2?cid=GPD_44 |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref=harv |archive-date=2013-11-20 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120061540/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2?cid=GPD_44 |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (III) |title=School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) |work=Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref=harv |archive-date=2013-10-30 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030063050/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite book|author=World Health Organisation (WHO)|year=2009|title=WHO Country Cooperation Strategy, 2009–2013: Rwanda|isbn=978-92-9031-135-5|authorlink=World Health Organisation|url=http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_rwa_en.pdf|ref = {{sfnRef|WHO|2009}} |access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2014-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320185437/http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_rwa_en.pdf|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite journal |author=World Health Organisation (WHO) |year=2008 |title=Sharing the burden of sickness: mutual health insurance in Rwanda |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |issn=0042-9686 |volume=86 |issue=11 |pages=817–908 |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html | ref = {{sfnRef|WHO|2008}} |access-date=2012-10-30 |archive-date=2013-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025225716/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=World Resources Institute (WRI) |year=2006 |title=Agriculture and Food: Country profile&nbsp;– Rwanda |work=EarthTrends: The Environmental Information Portal |authorlink=World Resources Institute |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|WRI|2006}} |archive-date=2012-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402134313/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=World Resources Report |year=2011 |title=Maintenance of Hydropower Potential in Rwanda Through Ecosystem Restoration |url=http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref=harv |archive-date=2012-03-24 harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153346/http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=World Trade Organization (WTO) |date=2004-09-30 |title=Continued reforms and technical assistance should help Rwanda in its efforts to achieve a dynamic economy |work=Trade policy review: Rwanda |authorlink=World Trade Organization |url=http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|WTO|2004}} |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002011128/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) |year=2001 |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions: Albertine Rift montane forests (AT0101) |authorlink=World Wide Fund for Nature |url=https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|WWF|2001}} |archive-date=2004-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041222014550/https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html |dead-url=yes }}
{{refend}}
 
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* {{cite book|last=|first=|authorlink=|coauthors=|title= Negara dan Bangsa Jilid 2: Afrika, Asia|year= 1988|publisher= Widyadara|location= Jakarta|id = ISBN 979-8087-01-1 }} {{id icon}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
Baris 308 ⟶ 313:
'''Pemerintahan'''
* [http://www.gov.rw/ Situs resmi pemerintahan Republik Rwanda]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-r/rwanda.html Kepala Negara dan Anggota Kabinet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917144522/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-r/rwanda.html |date=2013-09-17 }}
 
'''Umum'''
* {{CIA World Factbook link|rw|Rwanda}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/rwanda.htm Rwanda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129133430/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/rwanda.htm |date=2009-11-29 }} dari ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Rwanda}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093238 Profil Rwanda] di [[BBC News]]
Baris 319 ⟶ 324:
'''Pariwisata'''
* [http://www.rwandatourism.com/ Situs resmi Badan Pariwisata Rwanda]
* [http://www.discover.rw Discover Rwanda]
* {{wikivoyage|Rwanda}}
 
{{afrika}}
{{coord|1|56|25|S|29|52|26|E|type:country_region:RW_dim:300km|display=title}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Kategori:Rwanda| ]]
[[Kategori:Negara di Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Negara anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Rwanda"