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{{other uses}}
{{Rwanda infobox}}
'''Republik Rwanda''', dahulu disebut '''Ruanda''' ({{lang-rw|Repubulika y'u Rwanda}}; {{lang-fr|République du Rwanda}}; {{lang-en|Republic of Rwanda}}; {{lang-sw| Jamhuri ya Rwanda}}), adalah sebuah [[negara]] di [[Afrika Tengah]]. Negara ini terletak beberapa derajat di bawah [[garis khatulistiwa]] dan berbatasan dengan [[Uganda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Burundi]], serta [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]]. Semua wilayah Rwanda berada pada elevasi tinggi, dengan didominasi oleh [[pegunungan]] di bagian barat, [[sabana]] di bagian timur, dan berbagai [[danau]] tersebar di seluruh negeri. Iklimnya hangat hingga subtropis, dengan dua musim hujan dan musim kemarau per tahun.
 
Penduduk Rwanda relatif muda dan masih didominasi pedesaan, sementara kepadatan penduduknya merupakan salah satu yang tertinggi di Afrika. Di Rwanda terdapat tiga kelompok: [[Hutu]], [[Tutsi]], dan [[Twa Danau Besar|Twa]]. Twa adalah [[pigmi]] yang tinggal di hutan dan merupakan keturunan dari penduduk paling pertama Rwanda, tetapi para ahli masih belum sepakat mengenai asal usul dan perbedaan antara Hutu dan Tutsi; beberapa meyakini bahwa keduanya merupakan kasta sosial, sementara yang lain memandangnya sebagai ras atau suku. [[Kekristenan]] adalah agama mayoritas di Rwanda, dan bahasa utamanya adalah [[Bahasa Kinyarwanda]], yang dituturkan oleh sebagian besar penduduk Rwanda. Sistem pemerintahan di Rwanda adalah [[sistem presidensial]]. Presiden Rwanda adalah [[Paul Kagame]] dari Partai [[Front Patriotik Rwanda]] (FPR), yang mulai berkuasa pada tahun 2000. Rwanda memiliki tingkat korupsi yang rendah dibandingkan dengan negara-negara tetangganya, tetapi organisasi-organisasi kemanusiaan menyatakan penindasan terhadap golongan oposisi, intimidasi, dan pelarangan dalam kebabasan berpendapat. Negara ini telah diperintah oleh pemerintah administrasi hierarki yang ketat sejak masa pra-kolonial. Di sana sekarang ada 5 provinsi, yang digariskan oleh batas yang digambar pada tahun 2006.
 
[[Pemburu-pengumpul]] menetap menetap di wilayah ini pada [[Zaman Batu]] dan [[Zaman Besi]], diikuti oleh [[Suku Bantu]]. Penduduk pun bersatu, pertama-tama sebagai [[klan Rwanda|klan]] lalu menjadi kerajaan. [[Kerajaan Rwanda]] mendominasi dari masa pertengahan abad ke-18, dengan raja-raja [[Tutsi]] yang menguasai yang lain secara militer, memusatkan kekuasaan, dan kemudian mengesahkan kebijakan anti-[[Hutu]].
[[Kekaisaran Jerman|Jerman]] menjajah Rwanda pada tahun 1884, diikuti oleh [[Belgia]], yang menginvasi pada tahun 1916 saat [[Perang Dunia I]]. Kedua negara Eropa tersebut memerintah melalui raja-raja dan menetapkan kebijakan pro-Tutsi. Penduduk Hutu memberontak pada tahun 1959, membantai Suku Tutsi dalam jumlah besar dan akhirnya mendirikan negara bebas yang didominasi oleh Hutu pada tahun 1962. Front Patriotik Rwanda yang dipimpin oleh Tutsi melancarkan [[Perang Saudara Rwanda]] pada tahun 1990, lalu diikuti oleh [[Genosida Rwanda]] tahun 1994. Dalam peristiwa tersebut, ekstremis Hutu membunuh sekitar 500.000 sampai 1 juta (perkiraan) Tutsi dan kaum Hutu moderat.
 
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[[Berkas:RwandaParliament.jpg|jmpl|kiri|[[Dewan Perwakilan Rwanda|Gedung Dewan Perwakilan]]|alt=Foto Dewan Perwakilan.]]
Sistem hukum Rwanda banyak didasarkan dari sistem [[hukum sipil (sistem hukum)|hukum sipil]] [[hukum Jerman|Jerman]] serta [[hukum Belgia|Belgia]] dan [[hukum adat]].{{sfn|CIA (I)|2012}} Yudikatif independen dari eksekutif,{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 140}} walaupun Presiden dan Senat terlibat dalam penunjukkan hakim Mahkamah Agung.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 148}} [[Human Rights Watch]] telah memuji pemerintah Rwanda karena kemajuan dalam penegakan keadilan seperti penghapusan hukuman mati{{sfn|HRW|Wells|2008|loc=I. Summary}} namun juagjuga anggota pemerintahan dituduh melakukan campur tangan terhadap yudikatif, seperti penunjukan hakim yang didasari motif politik, penyalahgunaan wewenang jaksa, dan tekanan terhadap hakim agar membuat keputusan tertentu.{{sfn|HRW|Wells|2008|loc=VIII. Independence of the Judiciary}} Menurut konstitusi terdapat dua jenis pengadilan: biasa dan khusus.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 143}} Pengadilan biasa meliputi [[Mahkamah Agung Rwanda|Mahkamah Agung]], [[Pengadilan Tinggi Rwanda|Pengadilan Tinggi]], dan pengadilan daerah, sementara pengadilan khusus meliputi pengadilan militer dan pengadilan tradisional ''Gacaca'', yang didirikan kembali untuk mempercepat pengadilan tersangka pelaku genosida.{{sfn|Walker|March 2004}}
 
Tingkat [[korupsi]] Rwanda relatif rendah bila dibandingkan dengan sebagian besar negara Afrika lainnya; pada tahun 2010, menurut [[Transparency International]], Rwanda adalah negara terbersih kedelapan dari 47 negara di [[Afrika Sub-Sahara]] dan terbersih ke-66 dari 178 negara di dunia.{{sfn|Transparency International|2010}} Konstitusi mengamanatkan [[Ombudsman]] untuk mencegah dan memberantas korupsi.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 182}}{{sfn|Office of the Ombudsman}} Pejabat (termasuk Presiden) juga diharuskan oleh konstitusi untuk mendeklarasikan kekayaan mereka kepada Ombudsman dan umum; apabila tidak, jabatannya akan ditangguhkan.{{sfn|Asiimwe|2011}}
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== Demografi ==
{{main|Demografi Rwanda}}
 
[[Berkas:Rwandan children at Volcans National Park.jpg|jmpl|Anak pedesaan|alt=Foto yang menggambarkan tujuh anak pedesaan di depan rumah jerami dan ladang. Foto diambil di Taman Nasional Volcans tahun 2005]]
Berdasarkan perkiraan tahun 2012, jumlah penduduk Rwanda tercatat sebesar 11.689.696.{{sfn|CIA (I)|2012}} Mayoritas penduduknya masih muda: diperkirakan 42,7% penduduk umurnya masih di bawah 15 tahun, dan 97,5% di bawah 65 tahun. Angka kelahiran tahunan diperkirakan sebesar 40,2 kelahiran per 1000 penduduk, dan angka kematian tercatat sebesar 14,9.{{sfn|CIA (I)|2012}} Harapan hidup terbilang 58,02 tahun (59,52 tahun untuk perempuan dan 56,57 untuk laki-laki), yang terendah ke-30 di antara 221 negara.{{sfn|CIA (I)|2012}}{{sfn|CIA (III)|2011}} Rasio seks negara ini sendiri relatif seimbang.{{sfn|CIA (I)|2012}}
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[[Berkas:Butaro Hospital.jpg|jmpl|Sebuah rumah sakit di [[Butaro]], Provinsi Utara.|alt=Foto yang menggambarkan bangunan rumah sakit dengan bendera Rwanda berkibar di dekatnya. Foto diambil dari jalan masuk.]]
 
Kualitas kesehatan di Rwanda masih rendah, tetapi membaik. Angka kematian bayi telah menurun menjadi setengah dari angka kematian bayi pada periode 2005-2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21555571|work=The Economist|title=The best story in development|date=19 May 2012|access-date=2012-11-12|archive-date=2012-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112134443/http://www.economist.com/node/21555571|dead-url=no}}</ref> Negeri ini mengalami kekurangan tenaga medis profesional, dan terjadi pula kelangkaan dan ketidaktersediaan obat.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=10}} Delapan puluh tujuh persen penduduk memiliki akses kesehatan, tetapi hanya ada dua doktor dan dua tenaga paramedis per 100.000 orang.{{sfn|UNDP (I)|2007|p=7}} Pemerintah mencoba memperbaiki keadaan ini sebagai bagian dari [[Visi 2020 (Rwanda)|Visi 2020]]. Pada tahun 2008, pemerintah mengalokasikan 9,7% pengeluaran nasional untuk kesehatan, dibandingkan dengan 3,2% pada tahun 1996.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=10}} Pemerintah juga mendirikan institut pelatihan seperti [[Institut Kesehatan Kigali]].{{sfn|KHI|2012}} Asuransi kesehatan diwajibkan untuk semua orang pada tahun 2008;{{sfn|WHO|2008}} pada tahun 2010, lebih dari 90% telah terdaftar dalam asuransi.{{sfn|McNeil|2010}} Prevalensi beberapa penyakit telah berkurang, seperti pemberantasan [[tetanus]] maternal dan neonatal{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=4}} serta malaria,{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=5}} namun profil kesehatan Rwanda masih didominasi oleh penyakit menular.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=4}} Prevalensi [[HIV/AIDS]] di Rwanda diklasifikasikan sebagai epidemik umum oleh [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]]; diperkirakan 7,3% penduduk kota dan 2,2% penduduk desa yang berumur antara 15 hingga 49 tahun mengidap HIV positif.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=5}}
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== Referensi ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Adekunle|first=Julius|year=2007|title=Culture and customs of Rwanda|location=Westport, Conn.|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-313-33177-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=g0FC40EQujwC|ref=harv|access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216175440/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0FC40EQujwC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=African Development Bank (AfDB) |date=2009-11-19 |title=AfDB Approves Funding for Burundi-Rwanda-Tanzania Railway Project Study |authorlink=African Development Bank |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/news-events/article/afdb-approves-funding-for-burundi-rwanda-tanzania-railway-project-study-5399/ |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|AfDB|2009}} |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130112503/http://www.afdb.org/en/news-events/article/afdb-approves-funding-for-burundi-rwanda-tanzania-railway-project-study-5399/ |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=African Development Bank (AfDB) |date=2011-08-26 |title=Boosting Rwanda's Energy Sector: AfDB, other Lenders Commit USD 91.25 million to Kivuwatt Project |authorlink=African Development Bank |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/boosting-rwandas-energy-sector-afdb-other-lenders-commit-usd-91-25-million-to-kivuwatt-project-8338/ |accessdate=2012-03-02 |ref={{sfnRef|AfDB|2011}} |archive-date=2013-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105120930/http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/boosting-rwandas-energy-sector-afdb-other-lenders-commit-usd-91-25-million-to-kivuwatt-project-8338/ |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite book|author1=African Development Bank (AfDB)|author2=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Centre|year=2006|title=African Economic Outlook|edition=5|location=Paris|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-02243-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fpEFOR6WmfYC|ref={{sfnRef||AfDB|OECD Development Centre|2006}}|access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216175430/https://books.google.com/books?id=fpEFOR6WmfYC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=Al Jazeera|date=2007-09-20|title=Rwanda blames DR Congo for violence|authorlink=Al Jazeera|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2007/09/2008525143037439552.html|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2011-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110341/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2007/09/2008525143037439552.html|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=Amnesty International |year=2010 |title=Human Rights in Republic of Rwanda |authorlink=Amnesty International |url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/rwanda/report-2010 |accessdate=2012-03-15 |ref=harv |archive-date=2014-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422191325/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/rwanda/report-2010 |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite news|last=Anyango|first=Gloria I.|date=4 February 2010|title=The Barbecue Chef who masters his roast|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=2784&week=5|newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2014-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422184112/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=2784&week=5|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|last1=Appiah|first1=Anthony|last2=Gates|first2=Henry Louis|year=2010|title=Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1|edition=illustrated|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=A0XNvklcqbwC|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite news|last=Asiimwe|first=Bosco R|date=2011-09-28|title=Gov't to sanction officials who failed to declare wealth|newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14135&a=24621|accessdate=2012-03-14|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107065826/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14135&a=24621|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|last=Auzias|first=Dominique|year=2007|title=Rwanda|location=Paris|publisher=Petit Futé|language=French|isbn=978-2-7469-2037-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TyMs5XGSIzQC|ref=harv|access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216175426/https://books.google.com/books?id=TyMs5XGSIzQC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=BBC News (I)|date=2006-01-03|title=Rwanda redrawn to reflect compass|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4577790.stm|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4577790.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=BBC News (II)|date=2006-03-31|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=BBC News (III)|date=2010-01-12|title=Hutus 'killed Rwanda President Juvenal Habyarimana'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115647/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=BBC News (IV)|date=2010-08-11|title=Rwanda President Kagame wins election with 93% of vote|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10935892|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2017-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018135933/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10935892|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=BBC News (V)|title=Rwanda country profile|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1070265.stm|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|date=25 November 2011|archive-date=2009-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205163713/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1070265.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=BBC News (VI)|date=2010-08-27|title=Q&A: DR Congo conflict|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11108589|accessdate=2012-02-27|ref=harv|archive-date=2012-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223082018/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11108589|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=BBC News (VII)|date=2011-11-03|title=Rwanda gives DR Congo back tonnes of smuggled minerals|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15570648|accessdate=2012-04-12|ref=harv|archive-date=2012-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425041024/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15570648|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=BBC Weather|title=Kigali|authorlink=BBC Weather|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/weather/forecast/782|accessdate=2012-02-16|work=BBC News|ref=harv|archive-date=2011-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011010121/http://news.bbc.co.uk/weather/forecast/782|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=Best Country Reports |year=2007 |title=Temperature Map of Rwanda |publisher=World Trade Press |url=http://www.bestcountryreports.com/Temperature_Map_Rwanda.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2012-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310231145/http://www.bestcountryreports.com/Temperature_Map_Rwanda.html |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite news|last=Birakwate|first=Bruno|date=2012-03-26|title=Google Maps to promote Rwanda's tourism|newspaper=Rwanda Focus|url=http://focus.rw/wp/2012/03/google-maps-to-promote-rwandas-tourism/|accessdate=2012-04-03|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-04-18|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130418052607/http://focus.rw/wp/2012/03/google-maps-to-promote-rwandas-tourism/|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite news|last=Bowdler|first=Neil|date=2010-05-14|title=Apprentice adviser Nick Hewer's Rwanda mission|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8672889.stm|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601123055/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8672889.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite journal |last=Boyd |first=J. Barron |year=1979 |month=December |title=African Boundary Conflict: An Empirical Study |journal=African Studies Review |issn=0002-0206 |volume=22 |issue=3 | jstor = 523892 | ref = harv |pages=1–14 }}
* {{cite news|last=Briggs|first=Jimmy|year=2004|month=August|title=A dance of hope in Rwanda|newspaper=[[Dance Magazine]]|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1083/is_8_78/ai_n6142333/|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2012-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119125802/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1083/is_8_78/ai_n6142333/|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite book|last1=Briggs|first1=Philip|last2=Booth|first2=Janice|year=2006|title=Rwanda&nbsp;– The Bradt Travel Guide|edition=3rd|location=London|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-180-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L2Sq4S3P5fQC|ref=harv|access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216175431/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2Sq4S3P5fQC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Butera|first=Saul|date=2010-01-09|title=MTN Rwanda deploys new Internet technology|newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14135&a=24621|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107065826/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14135&a=24621|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite news|last=Butera|first=Saul|date=2011-03-17|title=Mobile subscribers rise 51%|newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14567&a=39259|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref={{sfnRef|Butera|March 2011}}|archive-date=2013-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107071623/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14567&a=39259|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite news|last=Butera|first=Saul|date=2011-04-06|title=MTN, Tigo Reaping From Rwandatel Misery|newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14590&a=39889|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref={{sfnRef|Butera|April 2011}}|archive-date=2014-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417152143/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14590&a=39889|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (I) |year=2012 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Rwanda |authorlink=CIA |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html |accessdate=2012-04-02 |ref={{sfnRef|CIA (I)|2012}} |archive-date=2020-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516135336/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (II) |work=The World Factbook |title=Rank Order&nbsp;– Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|CIA (II)}} |archive-date=2014-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (III) |year=2011 |work=The World Factbook |title=Rank Order&nbsp;– Life expectancy at birth |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|CIA (III)|2011}} |archive-date=2018-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102233121/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (IV) |year=2012 |work=The World Factbook |title=Rank Order&nbsp;– Population |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html?countryName=Rwanda&countryCode=rw&regionCode=af&rank=73#rw |accessdate=2012-04-02 |ref={{sfnRef|CIA (IV)|2012}} |archive-date=2012-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515065609/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html?countryName=Rwanda&countryCode=rw&regionCode=af&rank=73#rw |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book|last=Chrétien|first=Jean-Pierre|year=2003|title=The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History|location=Cambridge, Mass.|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-1-890951-34-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ|ref=harv}}
* {{cite news|last=Clark|first=Phil|date=2010-08-05|title=Rwanda: Kagame's power struggle|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2010/aug/05/rwanda-kagames-power-struggle|accessdate=2012-02-16|location=London|ref=harv|archive-date=2011-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128130939/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2010/aug/05/rwanda-kagames-power-struggle|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Coleman|first=Isobel|date=2010-04-07|title=Rwanda: Road to Recovery|newspaper=[[The Huffington Post]]|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/isobel-coleman/rwanda-road-to-recovery_b_529366.html|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102190846/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/isobel-coleman/rwanda-road-to-recovery_b_529366.html|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=Commission Juridique Et Constitutionnelle Du Rwanda (CJCR) |date=2003-05-26 |title=Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda |url=http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.doc |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325021301/http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.doc |archivedate=2009-03-25 |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|CJCR|2003}} |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite book|last=Dallaire|first=Roméo|year=2005|title=Shake Hands With The Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda|location=London|publisher=Arrow|isbn=978-0-09-947893-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ja2hQgAACAAJ|ref=harv|access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117234824/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja2hQgAACAAJ&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
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* {{cite web |author=Department of State (I) |year=2004 |title=Background Note: Rwanda |work=Background Notes |authorlink=United States Department of State |url=http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/rwanda/40249.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|Department of State (I)|2004}} |archive-date=2014-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114124207/http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/rwanda/40249.htm |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=Department of State (II) |year=2007 |title=Rwanda |work=International Religious Freedom Report 2007 |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90115.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|Department of State (II)|2007}} |archive-date=2012-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120102047/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90115.htm |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=Department of State (III) |year=2012 |title=Background Note: Rwanda |work=Background Notes |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2861.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|Department of State (III)|2012}} |archive-date=2014-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412174137/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2861.htm |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=Directorate General of Immigration and Emigration, Republic of Rwanda |title=General Information |url=http://migration.gov.rw/IMG/pdf/General_Information.pdf |accessdate=2012-03-07 |ref={{sfnRef|Directorate General of Immigration and Emigration}} |archive-date=2011-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003095559/http://www.migration.gov.rw/IMG/pdf/General_Information.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book|last=Dorsey|first=Learthen|year=1994|title=Historical Dictionary of Rwanda|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000dors|location=Metuchen, N.J.|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-2820-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=Embassy of Rwanda in Japan |title=Akagera National Park |url=http://japan.embassy.gov.rw/content/view/92/65/ |accessdate=2012-02-29 |ref=harv |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603061218/http://japan.embassy.gov.rw/content/view/92/65 |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Embassy of Rwanda in Sudan |title=Sudan and Rwanda public holidays |url=http://sudan.embassy.gov.rw/content/view/42/97/ |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2012-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313155356/http://sudan.embassy.gov.rw/content/view/42/97/ |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2010 |title=Rwanda |authorlink=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514402/Rwanda |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2015-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430202739/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514402/Rwanda |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite news|last=Fletcher|first=Pascal|date=2009-11-30|title=Rwanda accepted into Commonwealth only 15 years after genocide|newspaper=[[The Scotsman]]|url=http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Rwanda-accepted-into-Commonwealth-only.5868214.jp|accessdate=2012-02-16|location=Edinburgh|ref=harv|archive-date=2011-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104534/http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Rwanda-accepted-into-Commonwealth-only.5868214.jp|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] / [[World Food Programme]] (FAO / WFP) |date=1997-07-01 |title=Special Report: FAO/WFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Rwanda |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/w5836e/w5836e00.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|FAO / WFP|1997}} |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002010045/http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/w5836e/w5836e00.htm |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=Francophonie |title=Welcome to the International Organisation of La Francophonie's official website |authorlink=La Francophonie |url=http://www.francophonie.org/English.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104120600/http://www.francophonie.org/English.html |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Freedom House |year=2011 |title=Freedom in the World: Rwanda |authorlink=Freedom House |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/rwanda |accessdate=2012-03-15 |ref=harv |archive-date=2014-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320185936/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/rwanda |dead-url=yes }}
Baris 210:
* {{cite web |author=Global Nature Fund |title=Lake Ihema |authorlink=Global Nature Fund |url=http://www.globalnature.org/30036/LIVING-LAKES/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Ihema/02_vorlage.asp |accessdate=2012-02-29 |ref=harv |archive-date=2014-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107053244/http://www.globalnature.org/30036/LIVING-LAKES/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Ihema/02_vorlage.asp |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book|last=Gourevitch|first=Philip|year=2000|title=We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families|edition=Reprint|location=London; New York, N.Y.|publisher=Picador|isbn=978-0-330-37120-9|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8OiMfpTiApQC|ref=harv}}
* {{cite news|last=Grainger|first=Sarah|date=2007-06-18|title=East Africa trade bloc expanded|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6762615.stm|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601130230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6762615.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Henley|first=Jon|date=2007-10-31|title=Scar tissue|newspaper=The Guardian|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/31/rwanda.theatre|accessdate=2012-02-16|location=London|ref=harv|archive-date=2012-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505064129/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/31/rwanda.theatre|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Heuler|first=Hilary|date=2011-12-12|title=Uganda, Rwanda Move to Mend Troubled Relations|newspaper=Voice of America News|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Uganda-and-Rwanda-Move-to-Mend-Troubled-Relations-135437603.html|accessdate=2012-03-26|ref=harv|archive-date=2012-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211031714/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Uganda-and-Rwanda-Move-to-Mend-Troubled-Relations-135437603.html|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite book|author1=[[Human Rights Watch|Human Rights Watch (HRW)]]|author2=Wells, Sarah|year=2008|title=Law and reality: progress in judicial reform in Rwanda|isbn=978-1-56432-366-8|url=http://www.hrw.org/node/62098|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref={{sfnRef|HRW|Wells|2008}}|archive-date=2014-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724084136/http://www.hrw.org/node/62098|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|author=Human Rights Watch (HRW)|date=2010-08-02|title=Rwanda: Silencing Dissent Ahead of Elections|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2010/08/02/rwanda-attacks-freedom-expression-freedom-association-and-freedom-assembly-run-presi|accessdate=2012-02-28|ref={{sfnRef|HRW|2010}}|archive-date=2014-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025212945/http://www.hrw.org/news/2010/08/02/rwanda-attacks-freedom-expression-freedom-association-and-freedom-assembly-run-presi|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=International Development Association (IDA) |title=Rwanda: Bringing Clean Water to Rural Communities |authorlink=International Development Association |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:21256336~menuPK:3266877~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|IDA|2009}} |archive-date=2010-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711002322/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:21256336~menuPK:3266877~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=International Monetary Fund (IMF) (I) |year=2011 |title=Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita GDP, Rwanda, 1994 |work=World Economic Outlook Database |authorlink=IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=63&pr.y=14&sy=1994&ey=1994&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=714&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|IMF (I)}} |archive-date=2012-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019122042/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=63&pr.y=14&sy=1994&ey=1994&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=714&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=International Monetary Fund (IMF) (II) |year=2011 |title=Rwanda |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=59&pr.y=17&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=714&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |accessdate=2012-04-20 |ref={{sfnRef|IMF (II)}} |archive-date=2013-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406004211/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=59&pr.y=17&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=714&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) |year=2011 |title=IUCN welcomes Rwanda as new State Member |authorlink=IUCN |url=http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/wcpa/?7308/IUCN%2FIUCN-welcomes-Rwanda-as-new-State-Member |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|IUCN|2011}} |archive-date=2012-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319150918/http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/wcpa/?7308%2FIUCN-welcomes-Rwanda-as-new-State-Member |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite journal |last=Jefremovas |first=Villia |year=1995 |title=Acts of Human Kindness: Tutsi, Hutu and the Genocide |journal=Issue: A Journal of Opinion |issn=0047-1607 |volume=23 |issue=2 | pages = 28–31 | jstor = 1166503 | ref = harv |doi=10.2307/1166503 }}
* {{cite book|last=Jørgensen|first=Sven Erik|year=2005|title=Lake and reservoir management|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-444-51678-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pcJoaA85A48C|ref=harv|access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216175422/https://books.google.com/books?id=pcJoaA85A48C&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=Kigali City |title=Kigali at a glance |authorlink=Kigali |url=http://www.kigalicity.gov.rw/spip.php?article2 |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2014-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228100441/http://www.kigalicity.gov.rw/spip.php?article2 |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Kigali Health Institute (KHI) |date=2012-03-22 |title=About KHI |url=http://www.khi.ac.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=27 |accessdate=2012-04-26 |ref={{sfnRef|KHI|2012}} |archive-date=2012-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826111430/http://www.khi.ac.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=27 |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book|last=King|first=David C.|year=2007|title=Rwanda (Cultures of the World)|location=New York, N.Y.|publisher=Benchmark Books|isbn=978-0-7614-2333-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC|ref=harv|access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216175437/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Lacey|first=Marc|date=2003-08-26|title=Rwandan President Declares Election Victory|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/26/world/rwandan-president-declares-election-victory.html|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111064327/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/26/world/rwandan-president-declares-election-victory.html|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Lavelle|first=John|date=2008-07-05|title=Resurrecting the East African Shilling|newspaper=East African Business Week|work=allAfrica.com|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200807071183.html|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2012-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007163057/http://allafrica.com/stories/200807071183.html|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Majyambere|first=Gertrude|date=2010-05-14|title=Rwandatel's Landline Telephony Increases By 7 Percent|newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14260&a=29114|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107055916/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14260&a=29114|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|last=Mamdani|first=Mahmood|authorlink=Mahmood Mamdani|year=2002|title=When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda|location=Princeton, N.J.|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-10280-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC|ref=harv|access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117234808/https://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Mbabazi|first=Linda|date=2008-05-11|title=Hip Hop Dominating Music Industry|newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/views/article_print.php?14178&a=6255&icon=Print|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140135/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/views/article_print.php?14178&a=6255&icon=Print|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite news|last=McGreal|first=Chris|date=2009-01-16|title=Why Rwanda said adieu to French|newspaper=The Guardian|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2009/jan/16/rwanda-english-genocide|accessdate=2012-02-16|location=London|ref=harv|archive-date=2011-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205233346/http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2009/jan/16/rwanda-english-genocide|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=McNeil|first=Donald G.|date=2010-06-14|title=In Desperately Poor Rwanda, Most Have Health Insurance|newspaper=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/15/health/policy/15rwanda.html?_r=1|accessdate=2012-04-26|location=New York, N.Y.|ref=harv|archive-date=2010-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805053222/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/15/health/policy/15rwanda.html?_r=1|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=Media High Council, Republic of Rwanda |title=Constitution of June 2003 |url=http://www.mhc.gov.rw/services/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-rwanda-of-june-2003.html |accessdate=2012-02-29 |ref={{sfnRef|Media High Council}} |archive-date=2012-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615053421/http://www.mhc.gov.rw/services/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-rwanda-of-june-2003.html |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |last1=Mehta |first1=Hitesh |last2=Katee |first2=Christine |year=2005 |title=Virunga Massif Sustainable Tourism Development Plan |publisher=[[International Gorilla Conservation Programme]] (IGCP) |url=http://www.igcp.org/wp-content/themes/igcp/docs/pdf/VirungaTourismMasterPlan_%20Final%20Report.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2014-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304055030/http://www.igcp.org/wp-content/themes/igcp/docs/pdf/VirungaTourismMasterPlan_%20Final%20Report.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book|last=Melvern|first=Linda|year=2004|title=Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide|edition=Revised|location=London; New York, N.Y.|publisher=Verso Books|isbn=978-1-85984-588-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3NXIHf0t3aMC|ref=harv|access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216175437/https://books.google.com/books?id=3NXIHf0t3aMC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Milmo|first=Cahal|date=2006-03-29|title=Flashback to terror: Survivors of Rwandan genocide watch screening of Shooting Dogs|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/flashback-to-terror-survivors-of-rwandan-genocide-watch-screening-of-shooting-dogs-471825.html|accessdate=2012-02-16|location=London|ref=harv|archive-date=2014-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226214258/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/flashback-to-terror-survivors-of-rwandan-genocide-watch-screening-of-shooting-dogs-471825.html|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite web |author=Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI), Republic of Rwanda |date=2006-06-10 |title=Livestock production |authorlink=Ministry of Agriculture (Rwanda) |url=http://www.minagri.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156%3Alivestock&Itemid=48&lang=en |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|MINAGRI2006}} |archive-date=2012-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513150307/http://www.minagri.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156%3Alivestock&Itemid=48&lang=en |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Ministry of Education (MINEDUC), Republic of Rwanda |date=2010-07-13 |title=Achievements (2003–2010) |authorlink=Ministry of Education (Rwanda) |url=http://www.mineduc.gov.rw/IMG/article_PDF/article_a27.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|MINEDUC|2010}} |archive-date=2012-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311165948/http://www.mineduc.gov.rw/IMG/article_PDF/article_a27.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN), Republic of Rwanda |year=2002 |month=June |title=Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/2002/rwa/01/ |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|MINECOFIN|2002}} |archive-date=2012-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019075350/http://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/2002/rwa/01/ |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Republic of Rwanda |year=2009 |month=July |title=Electricity |authorlink=Ministry of Infrastructure (Rwanda) |url=http://mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=103&Itemid=319 |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|MININFRA|2009}} |archive-date=2012-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514082607/http://mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=103&Itemid=319 |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC), Republic of Rwanda |year=2004 |title=Administrative Units |authorlink=Ministry of Local Government (Rwanda) |url=http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/index.php?id=450 |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|MINALOC|2004}} |archive-date=2013-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022061048/http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/index.php?id=450 |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC), Republic of Rwanda |year=2007 |month=August |title=Rwanda Decentralization Strategic Framework |url=http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/IMG/pdf_RDSF-10.08.07-final_for_publishing.pdf |archiveurl=http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/webfm_send/2014 |archivedate=2007-08-31 |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|MINALOC|2007}} }}
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* {{cite news|last=Namata|first=Berna|date=2008-12-28|title=Rwanda to restock water bodies with fisheries|publisher=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/views/article_print.php?13758&a=1108&week=45|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107061636/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/views/article_print.php?13758&a=1108&week=45|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite news|last=Namata|first=Berna|date=2010-08-03|title=Franc Weakens Against the U.S. Dollar|publisher=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|url=http://newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14104&a=32055|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107074252/http://newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14104&a=32055|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite news|last=Nantaba|first=Eriosi|date=2010-10-18|title=Rwanda services sector boosts GDP|newspaper=East African Business Week|work=allAfrica.com|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201010181360.html|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2012-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019130336/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010181360.html|dead-url=no}}
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* {{cite web |author=National Commission for the Fight against Genocide, Republic of Rwanda |date=2008-10-15 |title=Law No 18/2008 Of 23/07/2008 Relating to the Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Ideology |url=http://www.cnlg.gov.rw/sites/cnlg.gov.rw/files/genocide_laws/Law%20relating%20to%20the%20punishment%20of%20the%20crime%20of%20genocide%20ideology.doc |accessdate=2012-03-26 |ref={{sfnRef|National Commission for the Fight against Genocide|2008}} |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108175534/http://www.cnlg.gov.rw/sites/cnlg.gov.rw/files/genocide_laws/Law%20relating%20to%20the%20punishment%20of%20the%20crime%20of%20genocide%20ideology.doc |dead-url=yes }}
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* {{cite journal |last=Nzabuheraheza |first=François Dominicus |year=2005 |title=Milk Production and Hygiene in Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development (AJFAND) |issn=1684-5374 |volume=5 |issue=2 |url=http://www.ajfand.net/Volume5/No2/commentaryDominicus.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2014-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303175423/http://www.ajfand.net/Volume5/No2/commentaryDominicus.html |dead-url=no }}
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* {{cite web |author=Reporters Without Borders |date=2010-04-14 |title=Two leading independent weeklies suspended for six months |authorlink=Reporters Without Borders |url=http://en.rsf.org/rwanda-two-leading-independent-weeklies-14-04-2010,37015.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2013-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624234654/http://en.rsf.org/rwanda-two-leading-independent-weeklies-14-04-2010%2C37015.html |dead-url=yes }}
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* {{cite news|last=Richards|first=Charles|date=1994-07-24|title=Rwanda: Question Time: How could it happen?: Rebellion, slaughter, exodus, cholera: the catastrophe in Rwanda is beyond our worst imaginings. Who is to blame? Who are the Hutus and Tutsis? Can peace ever be restored? Some answers&nbsp;...|newspaper=The Independent|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/rwanda-question-time-how-could-it-happen-rebellion-slaughter-exodus-cholera-the-catastrophe-in-rwanda-is-beyond-our-worst-imaginings-who-is-to-blame-who-are-the-hutus-and-tutsis-can-peace-ever-be-restored-some-answers-1415794.html|accessdate=2012-02-16|location=London|ref=harv|archive-date=2015-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925195032/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/rwanda-question-time-how-could-it-happen-rebellion-slaughter-exodus-cholera-the-catastrophe-in-rwanda-is-beyond-our-worst-imaginings-who-is-to-blame-who-are-the-hutus-and-tutsis-can-peace-ever-be-restored-some-answers-1415794.html|dead-url=no}}
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* {{cite web |author=Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) |title=Ingoma |authorlink=Royal Museum for Central Africa |url=http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/english/rwanda/ingoma.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|RMCA}} |archive-date=2013-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512191221/http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/english/rwanda/ingoma.html |dead-url=no }}
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* {{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (IV) |title=National Parks |url=http://www.rwandatourism.com/parks.htm |accessdate=2012-03-01 |ref={{sfnRef|RDB (IV)}} |archive-date=2012-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511234019/http://www.rwandatourism.com/parks.htm |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Rwanda Development Gateway |title=National Ballet&nbsp;– Urukerereza |url=http://www.rwandagateway.org/spip.php?article211 |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314152054/http://www.rwandagateway.org/spip.php?article211 |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) (Chapter 2) |year=2009 |title=Chap II. Population, Health and human settlements |work=Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report |url=http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap2.php |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|REMA (Chapter 2)|2009}} |archive-date=2013-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104316/http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap2.php |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) (Chapter 5) |year=2009 |title=Chap V. Biodiversity and Genetic Resources |work=Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report |url=http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap5.php |accessdate=2012-03-17 |ref={{sfnRef|REMA (Chapter 5)|2009}} |archive-date=2013-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104855/http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap5.php |dead-url=no }}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Samuelson |first1=Beth Lewis |last2=Freedman |first2=Sarah Warshauer |year=2010 |title=Language policy, multilingual education, and power in Rwanda |journal=Language Policy |issn=1568-4555 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=191–215 |url=http://gse.berkeley.edu/faculty/swfreedman/10samuelson_freedman.pdf |ref=harv |doi=10.1007/s10993-010-9170-7 |access-date=2012-10-30 |archive-date=2013-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207201706/http://gse.berkeley.edu/faculty/swfreedman/10samuelson_freedman.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
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* {{cite web |author=United Nations Statistics Division |title=Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) |work=UN Data |url=http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SOWC&f=inID%3a17%3bcrID%3a118%3btimeID%3a10%2c20&c=1,2,3,4,5,6&s=crEngName:asc,sgvEngName:asc,timeEngName:desc&v=1 |accessdate=2012-03-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2013-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524130719/http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SOWC&f=inID%3a17%3bcrID%3a118%3btimeID%3a10%2c20&c=1,2,3,4,5,6&s=crEngName:asc,sgvEngName:asc,timeEngName:desc&v=1 |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=United States Agency for International Development (USAID) |year=2008 |title=Rwanda: Water and Sanitation Profile |authorlink=USAID |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO938.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|USAID|2008}} |archive-date=2013-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029123859/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO938.pdf |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=Université Laval |year=2010 |title=Rwanda: Aménagement linguistique dans le monde |language=French |url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/afrique/rwanda.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2013-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329111806/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/rwanda.htm |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) |date=2008-03-25 |title=Batwa |authorlink=UNPO |url=http://www.unpo.org/members/7861 |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|UNPO|2008}} |archive-date=2014-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402134444/http://unpo.org/members/7861 |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite news|author=USA Today|date=2008-10-29|title=Congolese army claims attack by Rwandan troops|authorlink=USA Today|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-10-29-congo-fighting_N.htm|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref=harv|archive-date=2011-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513034748/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-10-29-congo-fighting_N.htm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Walker|first=Robert|date=2004-03-30|title=Rwanda still searching for justice|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3557753.stm|work=BBC News|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref={{sfnRef|Walker|March 2004}}|archive-date=2007-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826050047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3557753.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite news|last=Walker|first=Robert|date=2004-04-01|title=Rwanda's religious reflections|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3561365.stm|work=BBC News|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref={{sfnRef|Walker|April 2004}}|archive-date=2013-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601123402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3561365.stm|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) |title=Birds endemic to the Albertine Rift |work=Albertine Rift Programme |authorlink=Wildlife Conservation Society |url=http://www.albertinerift.org/portals/49/media/file/endemicbirds.PDF |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|WCS}} |archive-date=2013-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624212609/http://www.albertinerift.org/portals/49/media/file/endemicbirds.PDF |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite book|last1=Wiredu|first1=Kwasi|last2=Abraham|first2=William E.|last3=Irele|first3=Abiola|last4=Menkiti|first4=Ifeanyi|year=2006|title=A companion to African philosophy|location=Malden, Mass.|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-4567-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0HIbKtzjcQYC|ref=harv|access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216175429/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HIbKtzjcQYC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (I) |title=Rwanda |work=Data |authorlink=World Bank |url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/rwanda |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2012-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403142412/http://data.worldbank.org/country/rwanda |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (II) |title=Internet users (per 100 people) |work=Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2?cid=GPD_44 |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2013-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120061540/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2?cid=GPD_44 |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (III) |title=School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) |work=Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2013-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030063050/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite book|author=World Health Organisation (WHO)|year=2009|title=WHO Country Cooperation Strategy, 2009–2013: Rwanda|isbn=978-92-9031-135-5|authorlink=World Health Organisation|url=http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_rwa_en.pdf|ref={{sfnRef|WHO|2009}}|access-date=2012-10-30|archive-date=2014-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320185437/http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_rwa_en.pdf|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite journal |author=World Health Organisation (WHO) |year=2008 |title=Sharing the burden of sickness: mutual health insurance in Rwanda |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |issn=0042-9686 |volume=86 |issue=11 |pages=817–908 |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html |ref={{sfnRef|WHO|2008}} |access-date=2012-10-30 |archive-date=2013-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025225716/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=World Resources Institute (WRI) |year=2006 |title=Agriculture and Food: Country profile&nbsp;– Rwanda |work=EarthTrends: The Environmental Information Portal |authorlink=World Resources Institute |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|WRI|2006}} |archive-date=2012-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402134313/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=World Resources Report |year=2011 |title=Maintenance of Hydropower Potential in Rwanda Through Ecosystem Restoration |url=http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref=harv |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153346/http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |author=World Trade Organization (WTO) |date=2004-09-30 |title=Continued reforms and technical assistance should help Rwanda in its efforts to achieve a dynamic economy |work=Trade policy review: Rwanda |authorlink=World Trade Organization |url=http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|WTO|2004}} |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002011128/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |author=World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) |year=2001 |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions: Albertine Rift montane forests (AT0101) |authorlink=World Wide Fund for Nature |url=https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|WWF|2001}} |archive-date=2004-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041222014550/https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html |dead-url=yes }}
{{refend}}
Baris 324:
'''Pariwisata'''
* [http://www.rwandatourism.com/ Situs resmi Badan Pariwisata Rwanda]
* [http://www.discover.rw Discover Rwanda]
* {{wikivoyage|Rwanda}}
 
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Rwanda"