Rwanda: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Wagino Bot (bicara | kontrib) k minor cosmetic change |
Wagino Bot (bicara | kontrib) k minor cosmetic change |
||
Baris 130:
[[Berkas:Butaro Hospital.jpg|thumb|Sebuah rumah sakit di [[Butaro]], Provinsi Utara.|alt=Foto yang menggambarkan bangunan rumah sakit dengan bendera Rwanda berkibar di dekatnya. Foto diambil dari jalan masuk.]]
Kualitas kesehatan di Rwanda masih rendah, namun membaik. Angka kematian bayi telah menurun menjadi setengah dari angka kematian bayi pada periode 2005-2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21555571
{{-}}
Baris 146:
* {{cite web |author=African Development Bank (AfDB) |date=2011-08-26 |title=Boosting Rwanda's Energy Sector: AfDB, other Lenders Commit USD 91.25 million to Kivuwatt Project |authorlink=African Development Bank |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/boosting-rwandas-energy-sector-afdb-other-lenders-commit-usd-91-25-million-to-kivuwatt-project-8338/ |accessdate=2012-03-02 | ref = {{sfnRef|AfDB|2011}} }}
* {{cite book|author1=African Development Bank (AfDB)|author2=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Centre|year=2006|title=African Economic Outlook|edition=5|location=Paris|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-02243-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fpEFOR6WmfYC|ref = {{sfnRef||AfDB|OECD Development Centre|2006}} }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=Amnesty International |year=2010 |title=Human Rights in Republic of Rwanda |authorlink=Amnesty International |url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/rwanda/report-2010 |accessdate=2012-03-15 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite book|last1=Appiah|first1=Anthony|last2=Gates|first2=Henry Louis|year=2010|title=Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1|edition=illustrated|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=A0XNvklcqbwC|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite book|last=Auzias|first=Dominique|year=2007|title=Rwanda|location=Paris|publisher=Petit Futé|language=French|isbn=978-2-7469-2037-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TyMs5XGSIzQC|ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=Best Country Reports |year=2007 |title=Temperature Map of Rwanda |publisher=World Trade Press |url=http://www.bestcountryreports.com/Temperature_Map_Rwanda.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite journal |last=Boyd |first=J. Barron |year=1979 |month=December |title=African Boundary Conflict: An Empirical Study |journal=African Studies Review |issn=0002-0206 |volume=22 |issue=3 | jstor = 523892 | ref = harv |pages=1–14 }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite book|last1=Briggs|first1=Philip|last2=Booth|first2=Janice|year=2006|title=Rwanda – The Bradt Travel Guide|edition=3rd|location=London|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-180-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L2Sq4S3P5fQC|ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (I) |year=2012 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Rwanda |authorlink=CIA |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html |accessdate=2012-04-02 | ref = {{sfnRef|CIA (I)|2012}} }}
* {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (II) |work=The World Factbook |title=Rank Order – Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|CIA (II)}} }}
Baris 174:
* {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (IV) |year=2012 |work=The World Factbook |title=Rank Order – Population |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html?countryName=Rwanda&countryCode=rw®ionCode=af&rank=73#rw |accessdate=2012-04-02 | ref = {{sfnRef|CIA (IV)|2012}} }}
* {{cite book|last=Chrétien|first=Jean-Pierre|year=2003|title=The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History|location=Cambridge, Mass.|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-1-890951-34-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ|ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=Commission Juridique Et Constitutionnelle Du Rwanda (CJCR) |date=2003-05-26 |title=Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda |url=http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.doc |archiveurl=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090325021301/http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.doc |archivedate=2009-03-25 |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|CJCR|2003}} }}
* {{cite book|last=Dallaire|first=Roméo|year=2005|title=Shake Hands With The Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda|location=London|publisher=Arrow|isbn=978-0-09-947893-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ja2hQgAACAAJ|ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=Department of State (I) |year=2004 |title=Background Note: Rwanda |work=Background Notes |authorlink=United States Department of State |url=http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/rwanda/40249.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|Department of State (I)|2004}} }}
* {{cite web |author=Department of State (II) |year=2007 |title=Rwanda |work=International Religious Freedom Report 2007 |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90115.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|Department of State (II)|2007}} }}
Baris 187:
* {{cite web |author=Embassy of Rwanda in Sudan |title=Sudan and Rwanda public holidays |url=http://sudan.embassy.gov.rw/content/view/42/97/ |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2010 |title=Rwanda |authorlink=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514402/Rwanda |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] / [[World Food Programme]] (FAO / WFP) |date=1997-07-01 |title=Special Report: FAO/WFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Rwanda |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/w5836e/w5836e00.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|FAO / WFP|1997}} }}
* {{cite web |author=Francophonie |title=Welcome to the International Organisation of La Francophonie's official website |authorlink=La Francophonie |url=http://www.francophonie.org/English.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Freedom House |year=2011 |title=Freedom in the World: Rwanda |authorlink=Freedom House |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/rwanda |accessdate=2012-03-15 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=Global Nature Fund |title=Lake Ihema |authorlink=Global Nature Fund |url=http://www.globalnature.org/30036/LIVING-LAKES/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Ihema/02_vorlage.asp |accessdate=2012-02-29 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book|last=Gourevitch|first=Philip|year=2000|title=We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families|edition=Reprint|location=London; New York, N.Y.|publisher=Picador|isbn=978-0-330-37120-9|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8OiMfpTiApQC|ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite book|author1=[[Human Rights Watch|Human Rights Watch (HRW)]]|author2=Wells, Sarah|year=2008|title=Law and reality: progress in judicial reform in Rwanda|isbn=978-1-56432-366-8|url=http://www.hrw.org/node/62098|accessdate=2012-02-16|ref = {{sfnRef|HRW|Wells|2008}} }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=International Development Association (IDA) |title=Rwanda: Bringing Clean Water to Rural Communities |authorlink=International Development Association |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:21256336~menuPK:3266877~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|IDA|2009}} }}
* {{cite web |author=International Monetary Fund (IMF) (I) |year=2011 |title=Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita GDP, Rwanda, 1994 |work=World Economic Outlook Database |authorlink=IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=63&pr.y=14&sy=1994&ey=1994&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=714&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|IMF (I)}} }}
Baris 208:
* {{cite web |author=Kigali Health Institute (KHI) |date=2012-03-22 |title=About KHI |url=http://www.khi.ac.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=27 |accessdate=2012-04-26 | ref = {{sfnRef|KHI|2012}} }}
* {{cite book|last=King|first=David C.|year=2007|title=Rwanda (Cultures of the World)|location=New York, N.Y.|publisher=Benchmark Books|isbn=978-0-7614-2333-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC|ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite book|last=Mamdani|first=Mahmood|authorlink=Mahmood Mamdani|year=2002|title=When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda|location=Princeton, N.J.|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-10280-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC|ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=Media High Council, Republic of Rwanda |title=Constitution of June 2003 |url=http://www.mhc.gov.rw/services/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-rwanda-of-june-2003.html |accessdate=2012-02-29 | ref = {{sfnRef|Media High Council}} }}
* {{cite web |last1=Mehta |first1=Hitesh |last2=Katee |first2=Christine |year=2005 |title=Virunga Massif Sustainable Tourism Development Plan |publisher=[[International Gorilla Conservation Programme]] (IGCP) |url=http://www.igcp.org/wp-content/themes/igcp/docs/pdf/VirungaTourismMasterPlan_%20Final%20Report.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book|last=Melvern|first=Linda|year=2004|title=Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide|edition=Revised|location=London; New York, N.Y.|publisher=Verso Books|isbn=978-1-85984-588-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3NXIHf0t3aMC|ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI), Republic of Rwanda |date=2006-06-10 |title=Livestock production |authorlink=Ministry of Agriculture (Rwanda) |url=http://www.minagri.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156%3Alivestock&Itemid=48&lang=en |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|MINAGRI2006}} }}
* {{cite web |author=Ministry of Education (MINEDUC), Republic of Rwanda |date=2010-07-13 |title=Achievements (2003–2010) |authorlink=Ministry of Education (Rwanda) |url=http://www.mineduc.gov.rw/IMG/article_PDF/article_a27.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|MINEDUC|2010}} }}
Baris 225:
* {{cite web |author=Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC), Republic of Rwanda |year=2004 |title=Administrative Units |authorlink=Ministry of Local Government (Rwanda) |url=http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/index.php?id=450 |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|MINALOC|2004}} }}
* {{cite web |author=Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC), Republic of Rwanda |year=2007 |month=August |title=Rwanda Decentralization Strategic Framework |url=http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/IMG/pdf_RDSF-10.08.07-final_for_publishing.pdf |archiveurl=http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/webfm_send/2014 |archivedate=2007-08-31 |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|MINALOC|2007}} }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite book|last1=Munyakazi|first1=Augustine|last2=Ntagaramba|first2=Johnson Funga|year=2005|title=Atlas of Rwanda|language=French|location=Oxford|publisher=Macmillan Education|isbn=0-333-95451-3|ref = harv}}
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=National Census Service |year=2003 |month=February |title=The General Census of Population and Housing, Rwanda |url=http://www.grandslacs.net/doc/2816.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite web |author=National Commission for the Fight against Genocide, Republic of Rwanda |date=2008-10-15 |title=Law No 18/2008 Of 23/07/2008 Relating to the Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Ideology |url=http://www.cnlg.gov.rw/sites/cnlg.gov.rw/files/genocide_laws/Law%20relating%20to%20the%20punishment%20of%20the%20crime%20of%20genocide%20ideology.doc |accessdate=2012-03-26 | ref = {{sfnRef|National Commission for the Fight against Genocide|2008}} }}
Baris 237:
* {{cite web |last1=Nielsen |first1=Hannah |last2=Spenceley |first2=Anna |year=2010 |month=April |title=The success of tourism in Rwanda – Gorillas and more |work=African Success Stories Study |publisher=[[World Bank]] & [[SNV Netherlands Development Organisation]] |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/258643-1271798012256/Tourism_Rwanda.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Nile Basin Initiative |year=2010 |title=Nile Basin Countries |authorlink=Nile Basin Initiative |url=http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Anbi-country-profiles&catid=35%3Anbi-country-profiles&Itemid=67&lang=en |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite journal |last=Nzabuheraheza |first=François Dominicus |year=2005 |title=Milk Production and Hygiene in Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development (AJFAND) |issn=1684-5374 |volume=5 |issue=2 |url=http://www.ajfand.net/Volume5/No2/commentaryDominicus.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Office of the Ombudsman, Republic of Rwanda |title=Office of the Ombudsman |url=http://www.ombudsman.gov.rw/ |accessdate=2012-03-14 | ref = {{sfnRef|Office of the Ombudsman}} }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=Organization of African Unity (OAU) |year=2000 |title=Rwanda – The preventable genocide |authorlink=Organization of African Unity |work=The Report of International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda and Surrounding Events |url=http://www.aegistrust.org/images/stories/oaureport.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|OAU|2000}} }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Percival |first1=Valerie |last2=Homer-Dixon |first2=Thomas |year=1995 |title=Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict, The Case of Rwanda |journal=Occasional Paper: Project on Environment, Population and Security |publisher=[[University of Toronto]] |url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/pcs/eps/rwanda/rwanda1.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book|last=Prunier|first=Gérard|year=1995|title=The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide|edition=2nd|location=London|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|url=http://books.google.com/?id=XYIJcrgzgQ0C|isbn=978-1-85065-243-4|ref = harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Reporters Without Borders |date=2010-04-14 |title=Two leading independent weeklies suspended for six months |authorlink=Reporters Without Borders |url=http://en.rsf.org/rwanda-two-leading-independent-weeklies-14-04-2010,37015.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |last=Roth |first=Kenneth |date=2009-04-11 |title=The power of horror in Rwanda |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/04/11/power-horror-rwanda |accessdate=2012-03-26 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) |title=Ingoma |authorlink=Royal Museum for Central Africa |url=http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/english/rwanda/ingoma.html |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|RMCA}} }}
Baris 266:
* {{cite web |author=United Nations (II) |authorlink=United Nations |title=International Trusteeship System |url=http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/its.shtml |accessdate=2012-02-28 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite web |author=United Nations (III) |authorlink=United Nations |title=Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories (1945–1999) |url=http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml |accessdate=2012-02-28 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (I) |year=2007 |title=Assessment of Development Results: Rwanda |at=2 |authorlink=UNDP |url=http://www.undp.org/evaluation/documents/ADR/ADR_Reports/Rwanda/ch2-ADR_Rwanda.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|UNDP (I)|2007}} }}
* {{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (II) |year=2011 |title=Human Development Index Trends, 1980–2011 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table2.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|UNDP (II)|2011}} }}
Baris 274:
* {{cite web |author=Université Laval |year=2010 |title=Rwanda: Aménagement linguistique dans le monde |language=French |url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/afrique/rwanda.htm |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) |date=2008-03-25 |title=Batwa |authorlink=UNPO |url=http://www.unpo.org/members/7861 |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|UNPO|2008}} }}
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite news
* {{cite web |author=Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) |title=Birds endemic to the Albertine Rift |work=Albertine Rift Programme |authorlink=Wildlife Conservation Society |url=http://www.albertinerift.org/portals/49/media/file/endemicbirds.PDF |accessdate=2012-02-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|WCS}} }}
* {{cite book|last1=Wiredu|first1=Kwasi|last2=Abraham|first2=William E.|last3=Irele|first3=Abiola|last4=Menkiti|first4=Ifeanyi|year=2006|title=A companion to African philosophy|location=Malden, Mass.|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-4567-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0HIbKtzjcQYC|ref = harv }}
|