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{{Infobox artifact
| name = Silinder Koresh<br>Tabung ("Cyrus Cylinder")Koresh
| image = [[Berkas:Cyrus Cylinder.jpg|250px|TampakPenampakan bagian depan silinder tanah liat yang diletakkan pada landasan. Silinder ini dipenuhi permukaannya dengan baris-baris tulisan[[aksara kuneiformpaku]]]][[Berkas:Cyrus Cylinder 2.jpg|250px|TampakBagian belakang silinder tanah liat.]]
| image_caption = Silinder Koresh, sisi ''obverse'' (depan) dan ''reverse'' (belakang)
| material = Tanah liat yang dipanggang
| size = {{convert|22.5|cm|in}} x {{convert|10|cm|in}} (maximum) <ref name="BM-database" />
| writing = [[bahasa Akkadia]], aksaraditulis dalam [[kuneiformaksara paku]]
| created = Sekitar 539–530 SM
| period = [[Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah]] <ref name="BM-database" />
| discovered = [[BabylonBabel]], [[Mesopotamia]], byoleh [[Hormuzd Rassam]] inpada MarchMaret 1879 <ref name="BM-database" />
| location = RoomRuang 52<ref>http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cyrus_cylinder.aspx</ref> (sebelumnya 55), [[British Museum|Museum British]], [[London]]
| id = BM 90920 <ref name="BM-database" />
| registration = British-Museum-db 1880,0617.1941 id=327188<ref name="BM-database" />
}}
[[Berkas:London 307.JPG|300 px|thumbjmpl| Silinder Koresh di [[British Museum|Museum British]], [[London]].]]
 
'''Silinder Koresh''' ({{lang-en|Cyrusatau Cylinder}})'''Tabung Koresh''' adalah titah yang dikeluarkan Raja [[Koresh]] dan dituliskan pada tanah liat ketika ia berhasil menaklukkan Kerajaan [[Babilonia]] tahun [[539 SM]].<ref name="Blaiklock">{en} Edward M. Blaiklock. 1983. ''The New International Dictionary of Biblical Archaelogy''. Grand Rapids:Zondervan Publishing House. Hlm. 146.</ref> Silinder Koresh ditemukan pada [[abad ke-19]] oleh [[Hormuzd Rassam]].<ref name="Blaiklock"/> Teks dari keputusan Koresh memang tidak ditemukan dalam [[Alkitab]] namun ia meninggalkan prasasti silinder ini yang menunjukkan bagaimanacara dan sikap Koresh terhadap para tawanan dalam kerajaannya.<ref name="Baker">{id} David L.Baker, John J.Bimson. 2004. ''Mari Mengenal Arkeologi Alkitab''. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. Hlm. 168.</ref>
 
== Deskripsi ==
Silinder Koresh ini berbentuk [[tabung]] terbuat dari [[tanah liat]] yang dipanggang berukuran {{convert|22.5|cm|in}} x {{convert|10|cm|in}} pada diameter maksimumnya.<ref name="BM-database">{{cite web|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=327188&partid=1|title=The Cyrus Cylinder (British Museum database)|accessdate=19 June 2010}}</ref> Dibuat dalam beberapa babak di sekitar inti tanah liat berbentuk kerucut yang di dalamnya terdapat batu kelabu besar menutupinya. Dilapisi dengan tanah liat tambahan sehingga menjadi bentuk tabung dengan lapisan paling luar terbuat dari tanah liat halus untuk diukir dengan tulisan. Ditemukan dalam bentuk pecahan-pecahan, nampaknyatampaknya dihancurkan pada zaman dahulu.<ref name="BM-database" /> Sekarang tinggal dua pecahan, dikenal dengan kode "A" dan "B", yang disatukan pada tahun 1972.<ref name="BM-database"/>
 
Badan utama silinder ini, ditemukan oleh Rassam pada tahun [[1879]], adalah fragmen "A". DirestorasiSilinder ini direstorasi pada tahun 1961, yaitu dibakar lagi dan ditambahi pengisi dari plaster.<ref name="BM-database"/> Fragmen "B" yang lebih kecil berukuran {{convert|8.6|cm|in}} x {{convert|5.6|cm|in}}, didapatkan oleh J.B. Nies<ref name="Walker">[[#Walker|Walker]], pp. 158–159</ref> dari [[Universitas Yale University]] dari pedagang barang antik.<ref>[[#Curtis|Curtis, Tallis & André-Salvini]], p. 59</ref> Nies menerbitkan teksnya pada tahun 1920.<ref name="Nies">[[#Nies|Nies & Keiser (1920)]]</ref> Fragmen ini nampaknyatampaknya lepas dari badan utama pada saat ekskavasi pada tahun 1879 dan kemungkinan disingkirkan dan diambil dari salah satu tempat pembuangan Rassam. Baru dikonfirmasi sebagai bagian dari silinder oleh Paul-Richard Berger dari [[University of Münster]] pada tahun 1970.<ref name="Berger">[[#Berger|Berger]], pp. 155–159</ref> Universitas Yale University meminjamkan fragmen kepada [[British Museum|Museum British]] untuk sementara waktu (tetapi, pada prakteknyapraktiknya, dalam waktu tidak terbatas) dengan ditukar "tablet kuneiformaksara paku yang sesuai" dari koleksi British Museum British.<ref name="BM-database" />
 
Meskipun Silinder ini jelas bertarikh setelah direbutnya kota BabilonBabel oleh [[Koresh Agung]] pada tahun 539 SM, tarikh pembuatannya tidak jelas. Umumnya dikatakan dibuat pada bagian awal pemerintahan Koresh atas Babel, setelah tahun 539 SM. British Museum British menulis tahun pembuatannya antara 539–530 SM.<ref name="BM-CC">British Museum: [[#BM-The Cyrus Cylinder|The Cyrus Cylinder]]</ref>
 
== Isi ==
Silinder ini memuat pujian atas [[Koresh Agung]] termasuk silsilahnya dari keturunan para raja.
 
Di dalam Silinder Koresh juga dicatat mengenai kekejaman Raja [[Nabonidus]] yang merupakan raja terakhir kerajaan Babel.<ref name="Baker"/> Nabonidus menjadi terdakwa karena melakukan kesalahan dalam bidang [[agama]] sehingga menimbulkan kemarahan dewa [[Marduk]] sebagai kepala para dewa Babel.<ref name="Baker"/> Berikut catatan mengenai kesalahan Nabonidus: {{cquote|Penyembahan terhadap [[Marduk]], raja para dewa, telah diubahnya menjadi kekejian. Setiap hari digunakannya untuk berbuat jahat terhadap kotanya. Karena keluhan mereka, penguasa para dewa menjadi amat murka. Ia memandang dan meneliti di semua negeri, mencari penguasa yang benar. Kemudian dia mengumumkan nama [[Koresh]] dan menetapkannya menjadi raja seluruh dunia|2}}
 
Raja [[Nabonidus]] dikalahkan oleh [[Koresh]] (juga ditulis di [[Silinder Nabonidus]]), yang dipilih oleh Marduk untuk mengembalikan perdamaian dan tata tertib di Babilon. Orang-orang Babilon menyambut [[Koresh]] sebagai raja mereka yang baru dan Koresh masuk ibukotaibu kota dengan damai. Ditulis juga doa kepada Marduk untuk melindungi Koresh dan putranya [[Kambisus II|Cambyses]]. Di dalamnya didaftarkan usaha-usaha Koresh untuk kemakmuran rakyat Babilon, mengembalikan orang-orang buangan dan membangun kembali kuil-kuil dewa di seluruh tanah [[Mesopotamia]] dan wilayah kekuasaannya. Ditutup dengan keterangan bahwa Koresh memperbaiki tembok kota Babilon dan menemukan prasasti yang ditulis oleh raja sebelumnya.<ref name="Kuhrt-2007a">[[#Kuhrt-2007a|Kuhrt (2007]]), p. 70, 72</ref>
 
Juga ditulis:
: “Saya mengembalikan kepada kota-kota kudus ini di seberang Tigris, bait-bait yang telah menjadi puing untuk waktu yang lama, gambar-gambar yang [tadinya] tinggal di dalamnya dan menegakkan mereka sebagai bait-bait permanen. Saya [juga] mengumpulkan semua penghuni mereka [yang dulu] dan mengembalikan mereka ke tempat asal mereka.”<ref name=pameran>[http://graphe-ministry.org/articles/?p=1521 Pameran Silinder Koresh di Amerika Serikat]</ref>
 
== Koresh ==
{{main|Koresh Agung}}
[[Koresh Agung|'''Koresh''' atau '''Koresy''']] (576-530 SM), disebut 23 kali dalam [[Alkitab]], dan adalah seorang raja [[Persia]] yang mengalahkan Kerajaan Babel dan mengeluarkan proklamasi yang memerintahkan pembangunan kembali Bait Yahudi ({{Alkitab|Ezra 1:1-4}}). Koresh disebutkan dalam nubuat sebelum ia lahir ({{Alkitab|Yesaya 44:28}} dan {{Alkitab|Yesaya 45:1}}). Para skeptik pernah menyangka bahwa catatan Alkitab tentang Koresy membebaskan orang-orang Yahudi, dan bagaimana dia memberikan kebebasan beragama, adalah mitos. Tetapi Silinder Koresh mengkonfirmasi bahwa itu memang adalah kebijaksanaannya.<ref name=pameran/>
 
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar artefak terkait Alkitab]]
* [[Silinder Nabonidus]]
* [[Tawarikh Nabonidus]]
* Bagian [[Alkitab]] yang berkaitan: [[Ezra 1]], [[Daniel 5]]
* [http://graphe-ministry.org/articles/?p=1521 Pameran Silinder Koresh di Amerika Serikat]
* [[Daniel 5]]
 
== Referensi ==
Baris 43 ⟶ 50:
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* {{cite book|ref=Weissbach|last=Weissbach|first=Franz Heinrich|title=Die Keilinschriften der Achämeniden|series=Vorderasiatische Bibliotek|publisher=J. C. Hinrichs|location=Leipzig|year=1911|language=German}}
* {{cite book|ref=Winn Leith|last=Winn Leith|first=Mary Joan|editor=Coogan, Michael David|chapter=Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period|title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195087079|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=1998|isbn=0-19-513937-2}}
* {{cite book|ref=Farrokh|last=Farrokh|first=Kaveh|authorlink=Kaveh Farrokh|chapter=Cyrus the Great and early Achaemenids|title=Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84603-108-3}}
* {{cite book|ref=Lauren|last=Lauren|first=Paul Gordon|chapter=Philosophical Visions: Human Nature, Natural Law, and Natural Rights|title=The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofinter02edlaur_d4o4|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|year=2003|isbn=0-8122-1854-X}}
{{refend}}
 
{{Koresh Agung}}
 
[[Kategori:Koresh Agung|Silinder]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Israel]]
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