Temperatur dan tekanan standar: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dalam [[kimia]] dan [[sains]] lainnya, istilah '''temperatur dan tekanan standar''' atau '''suhu dan tekanan baku''' ([[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''standard temperature and pressure'', disingkat ''STP'') adalah sebuah keadaan [[standar]] yang digunakan dalam pengukuran eksperimen. Standar ini digunakan agar setiap data dalam percobaan yang berbeda-beda dapat dibandingkan. Standar yang paling umum digunakan adalah standar [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|IUPAC]] dan [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]]. Terdapat juga variasi standar lainnya yang ditetapkan oleh organisasi-organisasi lainnya. Standar IUPAC sekarang ini adalah [[temperatur]] 0&nbsp;°C (273,15&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]], 32&nbsp;°F) dan [[tekanan absolut]] 100&nbsp;[[kPa]] (14,504 [[psi]]),<ref name="IUPAC">{{cite book |author= A. D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson |title=Compendium of Chemical Terminology, The Gold Book |url=http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05910.pdf |edition=2nd Edition |year=1997 |publisher=Blackwell Science |isbn=0865426848 |quote=Standard conditions for gases: Temperature, 273.15&nbsp;K [...] and pressure of 10⁵&nbsp;pascals. IUPAC recommends that the former use of the pressure of 1 atm as standard pressure (equivalent to {{nowrap|1.01325 × 10⁵ Pa}}) should be discontinued.|access-date=2008-06-24|archive-date=2016-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524211724/http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05910.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, sedangkan standar NIST adalah 20&nbsp;°C (293,15&nbsp;K, 68&nbsp;°F) dan tekanan absolut 101,325&nbsp;kPa (14,696&nbsp;psi).

Terdapat beberapa definisi kondisi referensi standar yang sekarang digunakan oleh berbagai organisasi-organisasi di dunia. Beberapa organisasi mempunyai standar yang berbeda pada masa lalu, seperti [[IUPAC]] yang mempunyai standar 0&nbsp;°C dan 100&nbsp;kPa (1&nbsp;bar) sejak 1982 dan berbeda dengan standar lama 0&nbsp;°C dan 101,325&nbsp;kPa (1&nbsp;atm).<ref name="IUPAC 2">{{cite book |author= A. D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson |title=Compendium of Chemical Terminology, The Gold Book |url=http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05921.pdf |edition=2nd Edition |year=1997 |publisher=Blackwell Science |isbn=0865426848 |quote=Standard pressure: Chosen value of pressure denoted by p^<s>o</s> or p°. In 1982 IUPAC recommended the value 10⁵&nbsp;Pa, but prior to 1982 the value 101&nbsp;325 Pa (=&nbsp;1&nbsp;atm) was usually used.|access-date=2008-06-24|archive-date=2016-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604011954/http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05921.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Contoh lainnya pada industri perminyakan, dengan standar lama 60&nbsp;°F dan 14.696&nbsp;psi, dan standar baru (terutama di Amerika Utara) 60&nbsp;°F dan 14,73&nbsp;psi.

|align="center"|0||align="center"|101,325||&nbsp;||IUPAC (definisi lama),<ref name=IUPAC/>, [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]],<ref name=NISTDataBase7>{{cite web |url=http://www.nist.gov/srd/WebGuide/nist7/07_2.htm |title=NIST Standard Reference Database 7 – NIST Electron and Positron Stopping Powers of Materials Database |accessdate=08-07-25 |author=[[NIST]] |year=1989 |quote=If you want the program to treat the material as an ideal gas, the density will be assumed given by M/V, where M is the gram molecular weight of the gas and V is the mol volume of 22414&nbsp;cm³ at standard conditions (0&nbsp;deg&nbsp;C and 1&nbsp;atm). |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629044700/http://www.nist.gov/srd/webguide/nist7/07_2.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, ISO 10780<ref name=ISO10780>{{Citation |author=[[ISO]] | title=ISO 10780:1994 : Stationary source emissions - Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts |year=1994 |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=18855}}</ref>

|align="center"|15||align="center"|101,325||align="center"|0<ref name=Handbook>{{cite book|author=Robert C. Weast (Editor)|title=Handbook of Physics and Chemistry|edition=56th Edition|publisher=CRC Press|pages=pp. F201-F206|year=1975|id=ISBN 0-87819-455-X}}</ref><ref name=ISO13443>"Natural gas – Standard reference conditions", ISO 13443, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland &nbsp;[http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue.htm ISO Standards Catalogue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012224817/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue.htm |date=2011-10-12 }}</ref>||[[ICAO]]'s [[International Standard Atmosphere|ISA]],<ref name=Handbook/> ISO 13443,<ref name=ISO13443/> [[European Environment Agency|EEA]],<ref name=EEA>"Extraction, First Treatment and Loading of Liquid & Gaseous Fossil Fuels", Emission Inventory Guidebook B521, Activities 050201 - 050303, September 1999, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark &nbsp;[http://reports.eea.eu.int/EMEPCORINAIR3/en/B521vs3.1.pdf Emission Inventory Guidebook]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> EGIA<ref name=EGIA>"Electricity and Gas Inspection Act", SOR/86-131 (defines a set of standard conditions for Imperial units and a different set for metric units) &nbsp;[http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/E-4/SOR-86-131/95708.html Canadian Laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103235031/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/E-4/SOR-86-131/95708.html |date=2005-01-03 }}</ref>

|align="center"|20||align="center"|101,325||&nbsp;||[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]],<ref name=NSPS>"Standards of Performance for New Sources", 40 CFR--Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 60, Section 60.2, 1990 &nbsp;[http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/08aug20051500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2005/julqtr/pdf/40cfr60.2.pdf New Source Performance Standards]</ref> NIST<ref name=NISTJournal>"Design and Uncertainty for a PVTt Gas Flow Standard", Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol.108, Number 1, 2003 &nbsp;[http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.01/PDFs/2003/j80wri.pdf NIST Journal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414044426/http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.01/PDFs/2003/j80wri.pdf |date=2006-04-14 }}</ref>

|align="center"|20||align="center"|100,000||align="center"|0||[[Compressed Air and Gas Institute|CAGI]]<ref name=CAGI>"Glossary", 2002, Compressed Air and Gas Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA &nbsp;[http://www.cagi.org/toolbox/glossary.htm Glossary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028065918/http://www.cagi.org/toolbox/glossary.htm |date=2007-10-28 }}</ref>

|align="center"|15||align="center"|100,000||&nbsp;||[[Society of Petroleum Engineers|SPE]]<ref name=SPE>[http://store.spe.org/product.asp?p_id=1582&c_id= The SI Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050201/http://store.spe.org/product.asp?p_id=1582&c_id= |date=2008-12-20 }} 1984, Richardson, TX, USA (Notes for Table 2.3 on page 25 define standard cubic foot and standard cubic meter)</ref>

|align="center"|60||align="center"|14,696||&nbsp;||SPE,<ref name=SPE/> U.S. [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]],<ref name=OSHA>"Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases" and "Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia", 29 CFR--Labor, Chapter XVII--Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Part 1910, Sect. 1910.110 and 1910.111, 1993 &nbsp;[http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=f169acd0f57a17565c9984fa0f57d285&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.10&idno=29 Storage/Handling of LPG] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719085519/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=f169acd0f57a17565c9984fa0f57d285&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.10&idno=29 |date=2006-07-19 }}</ref> SCAQMD<ref name=SCAQMD>"Rule 102, Definition of Terms (Standard Conditions)", Amended December 2004, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Los Angeles, California, USA &nbsp;[http://www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg01/r102.pdf SCAQMD Rule 102] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219153207/http://www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg01/r102.pdf |date=2008-12-19 }}</ref>

|align="center"|60||align="center"|14,73||&nbsp;||EGIA,<ref name=EGIA/> [[Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries|OPEC]],<ref name=OPEC>"Annual Statistical Bulletin", 2004, Editor-in-chief: Dr. Omar Ibrahim, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Vienna, Austria &nbsp;[http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/pdf/ASB2004.pdf OPEC Statistical Bulletin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219153207/http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/pdf/ASB2004.pdf |date=2008-12-19 }}</ref> U.S. [[Energy Information Administration|EIA]]<ref name=EIA>"Natural Gas Annual 2004", DOE/EIA-0131(04), December 2005, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, D.C., USA &nbsp;[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/natgas/013104.pdf Natural Gas Annual 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427143426/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/natgas/013104.pdf |date=2009-04-27 }}</ref>

|align="center"|59||align="center"|14,503||align="center"|78|||U.S. Army Standard Metro<ref name=ArmyStdMetro>{{cite book|url=http://www.exteriorballistics.com/ebexplained/5th/31.cfm |title=Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual, 5th Edition |chapter= Chapter 3 – Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions |author=Sierra Bullets L.P.|year= |publisher= |pages= |access-date=2008-10-12|archive-date=2006-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309023230/http://www.exteriorballistics.com/ebexplained/5th/31.cfm|dead-url=yes}}"Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions", Exterior Ballistics Section, Sierra's "Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual, 5th Edition", Sedalia, MO, USA &nbsp;[http://www.exteriorballistics.com/ebexplained/5th/31.cfm Exterior Ballistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309023230/http://www.exteriorballistics.com/ebexplained/5th/31.cfm |date=2006-03-09 }}</ref><ref>The pressure is specified as 750 [[mmHg]]. However, the [[mmHg]] is temperature dependant, as mercury expands as temperature goes up. Here the values for the 0-20&nbsp;°C range are given.</ref>

|align="center"|59||align="center"|14,696||align="center"|60||ISO 2314, ISO 3977-2<ref name=ISO3977-2>"Gas turbines – Procurement – Part 2: Standard reference conditions and ratings", ISO 3977-2:1997 and "Gas turbines - Acceptance tests", ISO 2314:1989, Edition 2, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland [http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/ISOstore/store.html ISO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808113341/http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/ISOstore/store.html |date=2008-08-08 }}</ref>

* [http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05910.pdf "Standard conditions for gases"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524211724/http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05910.pdf |date=2016-05-24 }} from the [[IUPAC]] ''Gold Book''.

* [http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05921.pdf "Standard pressure"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604011954/http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05921.pdf |date=2016-06-04 }} from the [[IUPAC]] ''Gold Book''.

* [http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S06036.pdf "STP"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173310/http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S06036.pdf |date=2018-12-15 }} from the [[IUPAC]] ''Gold Book''.

* [http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05925.pdf "Standard state"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174754/http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05925.pdf |date=2018-12-15 }} from the [[IUPAC]] ''Gold Book''.