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{{Infobox
|name = Theodor Herzl <br /> {{lang|he|בִּנְיָמִין זְאֵב הֵרצְל}} {{he icon}}
|image = Theodor Herzl retouched.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|caption = Theodor Herzl
|birth_name = Benjamin Ze’ev Herzl
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1860|05|02}}
|birth_place = [[Budapest|Pest]], [[
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1904|07|03|1860|05|2}}
|death_place = [[Edlach]], [[Austria-
|body_discovered =
|death_cause = Kegagalan jantung
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|resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|31|46|26|N|35|10|50|E|display=inline}}
|residence = [[Wina]]
|nationality = [[Austria-
|citizenship =
|other_names =
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|signature = Theodore Herzl signature.svg
}}
[[Berkas:Herzl-balcony.jpg|
[[Berkas:Herzldohanyi.jpg|
[[Berkas:Theodore Herzl.jpg|
'''Theodor Herzl''' (
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== Masa kecil ==
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Theodor Herzl was born in the ''Tabakgasse'', a street in the Jewish quarter of [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]] (now eastern part of [[Budapest]]), [[Kingdom of Hungary]] (now [[Hungary]]), to a [[secular Jewish]] family.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/theodorherzlfoun00cohe/theodorherzlfoun00cohe_djvu.txt Theodor Herzl: Founder of Political Zionism, Israel Cohen]</ref> His father's family were originally from Zimony (today [[Zemun]], [[Serbia]]).<ref>Theodor's father and grandfather were born in Zemun. See {{cite encyclopedia|title=Zemun|last=Loker |first=Zvi|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Judaica|editor-first=Michael|editor-last=Berenbaum|editor2-first=Fred|editor2-last=Skolnik|volume=1|edition=2nd|location=Detroit|publisher=Macmillan Reference|year=2007|pages=507–508|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0021_0_21490.html|accessdate=2013-11-01}}</ref> He was the second child of Jeanette and Jakob Herzl, who were German-speaking, assimilated Jews.
Jakob Herzl (1836–1902), Herzl's father, was a highly successful businessman. Herzl had one sister, Pauline, a year older than he was, who died suddenly on February 7, 1878, of [[typhus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aboutisrael.co.il/eng/site.php?site_id=281&parent_id=279|title=Theodor Herzl – Background|publisher=About Israel|accessdate=2011-10-26}}</ref> Theodor lived with his family in a house next to the [[Dohány Street Synagogue]] (formerly known as Tabakgasse Synagogue) located in [[Inner City (Budapest)|Belváros]], the inner city of the historical old town of [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]], in the eastern section of [[Budapest]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Herzl |first=Theodor |date=14 January 1898 |title=An Autobiography |newspaper=The Jewish Chronicle |issue=1 |p=20 |url-access=registration |url=https://www.thejc.com/archive/subscription-required-7.102?aId=1.152064 |accessdate=1 April 2017 |quote=I was born in 1860 in Budapest in a house next to the synagogue where lately the rabbi denounced me from the pulpit in very sharp terms (...)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Herzl|first=Theodor|authorlink=Theodor Herzl|year=1960|title=Herzl Speaks: His Mind on Issues, Events and Men|url=http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1634 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119183728/http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1634 |archivedate=19 November 2005|quote=I went ... to the synagogue [in Paris] and found the services once again solemn and moving. Much reminded me of my youth and the Tabakgasse synagogue in Pest.|publisher=The Herzl Press|location=New York|journal=Herzl Institute Pamphlet|volume=16}}</ref>
As a youth, Herzl aspired to follow in the footsteps of [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]],<ref>Chouraqui, André. ''A Man Alone: The Life of Theodor Herzl''. Keter Books, 1970, p. 11.</ref> builder of the [[Suez Canal]], but did not succeed in the sciences and instead developed a growing enthusiasm for poetry and the humanities. This passion later developed into a successful career in journalism and a less-celebrated pursuit of playwrighting.<ref>Elon, Amos (1975). ''Herzl'', pp. 21–22, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. {{ISBN|978-0-03-013126-4}}.</ref> According to Amos Elon,<ref>Elon, Amos (1975). ''Herzl'', p. 23, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. {{ISBN|978-0-03-013126-4}}.</ref> as a young man, Herzl was an ardent Germanophile who saw the Germans as the best ''Kulturvolk'' (cultured people) in Central Europe and embraced the German ideal of ''[[Bildung]]'', whereby reading great works of literature by Goethe and Shakespeare could allow one to appreciate the beautiful things in life, and thus become a morally better person (the ''Bildung'' theory tended to equate beauty with goodness).<ref name="Buruma, Ian page 180">Buruma, Ian ''Anglomania: A European Love Affair'', New York: Vintage Books, 1998 page 180.</ref> Through ''Bildung'', Herzl believed that Hungarian Jews such as himself could shake off their "shameful Jewish characteristics" caused by long centuries of impoverishment and oppression, and become civilized Central Europeans, a true ''Kulturvolk'' along the German lines.<ref name="Buruma, Ian page 180"/>
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== Pendidikan dan perjuangan ==
Tahun 1878 pindah ke [[Wina]] dan menuntut ilmu hukum di sana. Setelah lulus ia menjadi penulis drama (karyanya : ''the Ghetto''), sandiwara dan wartawan koran liberal Wina ''Neue Freie Presse''.
Setelah terjadinya [[peristiwa Dreyfus]] tahun [[1894]], setelah mendengar banyaknya berita yang beredar tentang penindasan terhadap kaum Yahudi di wilayah kekaisaran Russia dan sebagian Eropa Timur, Herzl berkeinginan untuk mendirikan negara berdasarkan ras Yahudi sendiri. Ia menerbitkan ''der Judenstaat'' (Negara Yahudi) tahun 1896 dan diejek banyak orang Yahudi yang tinggal di Eropa Barat, wilayah di mana orang Yahudi hidup dalam kemakmuran. Herzl mengusulkan program untuk mengumpulkan dana dari orang Yahudi untuk merealisasikan cita-citanya (ketika terbentuk organisasi ini disebut Zionisme).
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Ia meminta bantuan dana dari orang-orang kaya Yahudi seperti Baron Hirsch dan Baron Rotschild, namun percuma. Walaupun begitu akhirnya ia bisa menyelenggarakan Kongres I Zionis di Basel, Swiss tahun [[1897]]. Dalam delegasi itu ia mengemukakan Program Basel. Pada kongres itu ia diangkat jadi pemimpinnya.
Herzl berkeliling ke [[Mandat Britania atas Palestina|Mandat Inggris Palestina]], [[Istanbul]], dan [[Jerman]] untuk mencari dukungan namun gagal. Saat berada Istanbul, ia sempat mencoba menawari Sultan [[Abd-ul-Hamid II]] dengan uang 35 juta lira emas, menjanjikan membangun benteng pertahanan bagi [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] dan pelunasan utang luar negeri agar ia mencabut larangan bagi Yahudi untuk menetap di Palestina tak lebih dari 3 bulan dan agar Yahudi menetap di sana, tetapi tawarannya ditolak.
Bangsa Yahudi yang menginginkan daerah bekas kerajaan Nabi/Raja [[Daud]] dijadikan [[Negara Yahudi|Negara]] [[Yahudi]] kembali harus memikirkan cara lain untuk mendirikan negara Israel di atas tanah [[Yahudi]]. Pada Perjanjian Balfour, Inggris membagi British Mandate of Palestine menjadi dua wilayah sebagian untuk Orang Arab (Penduduk tanah palestina), dan sebagian lagi untuk orang Yahudi (bangsa pendatang dari negara-negara eropa). Sehari setelah Inggris angkat kaki dari wilayah itu, pada 1948, pecahlah Perang Arab-Israel dimana negara-negara Arab berkoalisi menyerbu negara Israel yang telah mendeklarasikan kemerdekaannya. Pada 1967, dalam perang 6 hari melawan 7 koalisi negara pendudukan Arab, tentara Yahudi akhirnya mampu mengusir pasukan pendudukan Arab-Palestina di sekitar wilayah [[Yerusalem]]. 4000 tahun sejarah bangsa [[Yahudi]] (terhitung sejak zaman [[Abraham]] hingga abad 20M), dan 3000 tahun sejak pemerintahan [[Daud]] sebagai raja Israel, setelah bangsa-bangsa besar bangkit menguasai dan menjajah tanah mereka, dan kemudian jatuh dalam kehancuran, akhirnya nasib bangsa [[Yahudi]] berada dalam titik kemenangan atas tanah warisan mereka.
Ia kembali ke [[Britania Raya|Inggris]] dan bertemu [[Joseph Chamberlain]] dan ia menawarkan daerah Uganda sebagai daerah swatantra Yahudi (dan usulan itu ditolak oleh aktivis Zionis tahun [[1905]] pada kongres ketujuh). Setelah itu ia pergi ke Rusia untuk memohon pada [[Tsar]] [[Rusia]] agar membantu Zionis memindahkan orang-orang Yahudi Rusia ke Tanah Israel.
== Kematian ==
Herzl meninggal
== Biographies of Theodor Herzl ==▼
* {{Cite book|last = Falk|first = Avner|title = Herzl, King of the Jews: A Psychoanalytic Biography of Theodor Herzl|publisher = University Press of America|location = Washington|year = 1993|isbn = 0-8191-8925-1|authorlink=Avner Falk}}
* {{Cite book|last = Elon|first = Amos|title = Herzl|url = https://archive.org/details/herzl00elon|publisher = Holt, Rinehart and Winston|location = New York|year = 1975|isbn = 0-03-013126-X|authorlink = Amos Elon }} Amos Elon has also written ''The Israelis: Founders and Sons'', and ''Jerusalem: City of Mirrors''. His biography of Herzl is also a portrait of Europe at the end of the 19th century.
* Alex Bein (1934) ''Theodor Herzl; Biographie. mit 63 Bildern und einer Ahnentafel.'' {{de icon}}
* Alex Bein, Maurice Samuel (translator), (1941) ''Theodor Herzl: A Biography of the Founder of the Modern Zionism''
==
* [[Pengumpulan orang Israel|Pengumpulan Israel]]
* [[Diaspora Yahudi]]
* [[Kembali ke Sion]]
{{lifetime|1860|1904|Herzl}}▼
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== Pustaka tambahan ==
* Beller, Steven. ''Herzl'' (2004)
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|coauthors=|editor=|others=|origdate=|origyear=|origmonth=|series=|year=|month=|location=|language=|isbn=978-0-19-827439-1|oclc=|doi=|id=|pages=|chapter=|chapterurl=|quote=}}
===
* Herzl, Theodor. ''A Jewish state: an attempt at a modern solution of the Jewish question'' (1896) [http://books.google.com/books?id=eXkLAAAAIAAJ&dq=inauthor:herzl&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 full text online]
* Herzl, Theodor. ''Theodor Herzl: Excerpts from His Diaries'' (2006) [http://books.google.com/books?id=2RhB8hgyK4UC&dq=inauthor:herzl&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=3 excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708150713/http://books.google.com/books?id=2RhB8hgyK4UC&dq=inauthor:herzl&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=3 |date=2014-07-08 }}
* Herzl, Theodor. ''Philosophische Erzählungen'' Philosophical Stories (1900), ed. by Carsten Schmidt. new edition Lexikus Publ. 2011, ISBN 978-3-940206-29-9
==
{{Sister project links|Theodor_Herzl}}
* [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jewish_social_studies/v005/5.3avineri.html On Herzl's Diaries, [[Shlomo Avineri]]]
* [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?169181 Original Letters and Primary Sources from Theodor Herzl] Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* [http://www.aboutisrael.co.il/eng/site_intro.php?parent_id=279 About Israel - Herzl Now] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005062136/http://www.aboutisrael.co.il/eng/site_intro.php?parent_id=279 |date=2013-10-05 }}
* [[s:de:Theodor Herzl|Works by Herzl in German at German-language Wikisource]]
* [http://www.literature.at/elib/www/wiki/index.php/Theodor_Herzl#Im_Volltext_vorhanden Works by Herzl in German] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105002930/http://www.literature.at/elib/www/wiki/index.php/Theodor_Herzl#Im_Volltext_vorhanden |date=2006-11-05 }} from the [http://www.literature.at/ elib/www/wiki/ eLibrary Austria Project (eLib Austria)]
* [http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1600 "Altneuland"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027155301/http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1600 |date=2007-10-27 }}
* [http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/expand_author.asp?lastname=Herzl&firstname=Theodor Herzl's Writing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050416160221/http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/expand_author.asp?lastname=Herzl&firstname=Theodor |date=2005-04-16 }}
* [http://www.zionism-Israel.com/zionism_history.htm Zionism and the creation of modern Israel]
* [http://www.zionism-israel.com/bio/biography_herzl.htm Biography of Theodor Herzl]
* [http://www.doingzionism.org.il/doingzionism/about_us/program.asp?id=20 Herzl's Centenary and Award]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.shofar.net/site/emedia.asp?id=962&Category=3&Prourl=mms://il12.cast-tv.com/list_vod_shofar/Languages\english\Herzel-eng.wmv Herzel and Zionism English subtitled video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202004135/http://www.shofar.net/site/emedia.asp?id=962&Category=3&Prourl=mms%3A%2F%2Fil12.cast-tv.com%2Flist_vod_shofar%2FLanguages%5Cenglish%5CHerzel-eng.wmv |date=2012-02-02 }}
* [http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+History/Herzl/The+Doomed+Dynasty.htm Herzl family] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621063626/http://jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+History/Herzl/The+Doomed+Dynasty.htm |date=2010-06-21 }}
* The personal papers of Theodor Herzl are kept at the [http://www.zionistarchives.org.il/ZA/pMainE.aspx Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem]
▲{{lifetime|1860|1904|Herzl}}
▲[[Kategori:Tokoh Hongaria|Herzl]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Austria|Herzl]]
[[Kategori:Zionisme|Herzl]]
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