Unjuk rasa Kazakhstan 2022: Perbedaan antara revisi

| caption = Unjuk rasa di [[Aktobe]] pada 4 JanuaryJanuari 2022

| ResignationPengunduran ofdiri thepemerintahan [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] government

| RemovalPencabutan ofkekebalan immunitydan andpengunduran resignation ofdiri [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] from thedari [[Security CouncilDewan ofKeamanan Kazakhstan|SecurityDewan CouncilKeamanan]]

| Return to the 1993Mengembalikan [[Constitution ofKonstitusi Kazakhstan|Kazakh constitution]] 1993

| [[RiotingKerusuhan]]

| [[StrikeMogok action|Strikeskerja]]

| [[ArsonPembakaran disengaja]]

| MassPenjarahan lootingmassal anddan chaoskekacauan indi [[Almaty]] fromsejak 5 JanuaryJanuari tohingga 8 JanuaryJanuari

| [[ArmedAngkatan ForcesBersenjata of the Republic ofRepublik Kazakhstan|ArmedAngkatan forcesbersenjata]] ordereddiperintahkan tountuk shootmenembak withouttanpa warningperingatan fromsejak 7 JanuaryJanuari

| [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] declaresmenyatakan protestsunjuk overrasa onberakhir pada 11 JanuaryJanuari

| InternationalPenerbangan flightsinternasional resumekembali flyingterbang toke anddan fromdari [[Nur-Sultan]] onpada 11 JanuaryJanuari

| Pasukan [[CollectiveOrganisasi SecurityTraktat TreatyKeamanan OrganizationKolektif|CSTO]] forcesyang deployeddikerahkan indi Kazakhstan beginmulai withdrawalditarik fromsejak 13 JanuaryJanuari

| ResignationPengunduran ofdiri [[PrimePerdana Minister ofMenteri Kazakhstan|PrimePerdana MinisterMenteri]] [[Askar Mamin]]

| ResignationPengunduran ofdi ministersmenteri indi [[MaminKabinet CabinetMamin]]

| RestorationPemulihan ofbatas vehicleharga fuelbahan pricebakar capskendaraan ofsebesar 50 [[Kazakhstani tenge Kazakhstan|tenge]] pertiap litreliter forselama 6 monthsbulan

| side1 = '''Protesters'''{{flagdeco|Kazakhstan}} [[Oposisi Kazakhstan]]<br />Pengunjuk rasa

| side2 = {{flagdeco|Kazakhstan}} '''[[Government ofPemerintahan Kazakhstan]]'''<br />{{flag|CSTO}}''{{refn|group="n"|ThePemerintahan KazakhKazakhstan governmentmengklaim claimedbahwa that theoperasi CSTO's operationsadalah weresemata-mata solelyuntuk fortujuan [[peacekeepingpemeliharaan perdamaian]] purposes.}}

| units1 = {{nowrap|''NoTidak particularada organizationorganisasi tertentu''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forumdaily.com/en/protesty-v-kazaxstane-prodolzhaetsya-arestovali-uzhe-8-tysyach-chelovek-putin-uvidel-tam-texnologii-ukrainskogo-majdana/|title=Protests in Kazakhstan continue: 8 people have already been arrested, Putin saw there 'technologies of the Ukrainian Maidan'|first=Olga|last=Feoktistova|newspaper=ForumDaily|date=10 JanuaryJanuari 2022}}</ref>}}

| {{*}} [[ArmedAngkatan ForcesBersenjata of the Republic ofRepublik Kazakhstan|ArmedAngkatan ForcesBersenjata]]

| {{*}} [[NationalGarda Guard ofNasional Kazakhstan|NationalGarda GuardNasional]]

| {{*}} [[MilitaryPolisi PoliceMiliter (Kazakhstan)|MilitaryPolisi PoliceMiliter]]

| {{*}} [[LawPenegakan enforcementhukum indi Kazakhstan|PolicePolisi]]}}

| {{*}} [[98thDivisi GuardsPengawal AirborneUdara Divisionke-98]]<br />

| {{*}} [[45thBrigade GuardsPengawal Spetsnaz Brigadeke-45]]<br />

| {{*}} [[31stBrigade GuardsPengawal AirSerangan AssaultUdara Brigadeke-31]]}}

| {{*}} [[103rdBrigade GuardsPengawal AirborneSerangan BrigadeUdara ke-103]]<ref name="troops"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Миротворческая рота 103-й воздушно-десантной бригады ССО вылетела в Казахстан|url=https://www.tvr.by/news/obshchestvo/mirotvorcheskaya_rota_103_y_vozdushno_desantnoy_brigady_sso_vyletela_v_kazakhstan/ |agency=Belteleradio|date=6 JanuaryJanuari 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108020342/https://www.tvr.by/news/obshchestvo/mirotvorcheskaya_rota_103_y_vozdushno_desantnoy_brigady_sso_vyletela_v_kazakhstan/|archive-date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022}}</ref>}}

| {{*}} [[ArmedAngkatan Forces ofBersenjata Tajikistan]]<ref name="troops"/>}}

| title= '''{{flag|KyrgyzstanKirgizstan}}'''

| {{*}} [[ArmedAngkatan ForcesBersenjata of KyrgyzstanKirgizstan]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Kyrgyzstan to send around 150 soldiers to Kazakhstan – report|url=https://akipress.com/news:666735:Kyrgyzstan_to_send_around_150_soldiers_to_Kazakhstan_-_report/|website=akipress.com|agency=AKIpress News Agency|date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022}}</ref>}}

| {{*}} [[ArmedAngkatan Forces ofBersenjata Armenia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Armenian peacekeepers left for Kazakhstan|url=https://mil.am/en/news/10252|website=mil.am|publisher=Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Armenia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107124914/https://mil.am/en/news/10252|archive-date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022|date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022|quote=...RA Armed Forces sent a peacekeeping subdivision to the Republic of Kazakhstan (100 servicemen) as part of the CSTO peacekeeping forces.}}</ref>}}

| leadfigures1 = {{nowrap|''NoTidak centralizedada leadershipkepemimpinan terpusat''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pikulicka-Wilczewska|first=Agnieszka|title=Do Kazakhstan's protests signal an end to the Nazarbayev era?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/11/qa-kazakh-activist-yevgeniy-zhovtis-on-mass-unrest|access-date=2022-01-12|website=www.aljazeera.com|quote=It is important to understand that protesters are never a unified mass. It is not that a single group or political party took to the streets. In all the regions where the protests took place, it was a mixed group of people. |df=mdy-all}}</ref>}}

| {{flagdeco|CSTO}} [[Stanislav Zas]]<ref>{{cite news|date=5 JanuaryJanuari 2022|title=CSTO agrees to intervene in Kazakhstan unrest|url=https://eurasianet.org/csto-agrees-to-intervene-in-kazakhstan-unrest |publisher=Eurasianet|access-date=8 JanuaryJanuari 2022}}</ref>

| {{flagdeco|CSTO}} [[Andrey Serdyukov]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022|title=Commander of the Airborne Forces Serdyukov became the head of the CSTO peacekeepers in Kazakhstan. (InDalam Russianbahasa Rusia)|work=Ria Novosti|url=https://ria.ru/20220107/mirotvortsy-1766837089.html}}</ref>

| howmany2 = {{flagdeco|CSTO}} 3,770<ref name="troops"/>

| casualties1 = 206 peopleorang killedterbunuh<ref name="aljazeera20220115">{{Cite web|title=Kazakh authorities say 225 people killed in violent unrest|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/15/kazakh-prosecutors-say-225-people-have-died-in-unrest|access-date=2022-01-15|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> <br />MoreLebih thandari 9,900 peopleorang arrested<ref name="rferl.org">{{Cite web|title=Kazakh President Announces CSTO Troop Withdrawal, Appoints New PM|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-detains-10000-unrest/31648618.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref>tertangkap

| casualties2 = 19 membersanggota ofpasukam thekeamanan security forces killedterbunuh<ref name="225killed">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-15|title=Kazakhstan puts unrest death toll at 225|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/kazakhstan-says-225-bodies-delivered-morgues-during-unrest-2022-01-15/|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Reuters}}</ref>

Unjuk rasa besar-besaran bermula di [[Kazakhstan]] pada 2 Januari 2022 setelah lonjakan tiba-tiba harga gas cair setelah pencabutan [[pagu harga|batasan harga]] yang diberlakukan pemerintah pada 1 Januari. Unjuk rasa bermula di kota penghasil minyak [[Zhanaozen]], tetapi kemudian dengan cepat menyebar ke kota-kota lain di Kazakhstan terutama kota terbesar [[Almaty]]. Unjuk rasa ini didorong oleh meningkatnya ketidakpuasan terhadap pemerintah dan [[kesenjangan ekonomi]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Lillis|first=Joanna|date=3 JanuaryJanuari 2022|title=Kazakhstan: Gas price hike fuels Zhanaozen protests|url=https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-gas-price-hike-fuels-zhanaozen-protests|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104064003/https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-gas-price-hike-fuels-zhanaozen-protests|archive-date=4 JanuaryJanuari 2022|access-date=4 JanuaryJanuari 2022|website=eurasianet.org}}</ref><ref name=":15"/> Selama kerusuhan dan tindakan keras selama seminggu, 225 orang tewas dan hampir 10 ribu orang ditangkap.<ref name="225killed"/>

Ketidakpuasan yang meningkat terhadap pemerintah dan mantan [[Presiden Kazakhstan|Presiden]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] juga membuat unjuk rasa menjadi semakin besar. Karena tidak ada kelompok oposisi rakyat yang menentang Pemerintah Kazakhstan, kerusuhan tampaknya dilakukan langsung oleh warga. Sebagai tanggapan, Presiden [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] mengumumkan [[keadaan darurat]] di [[Provinsi Mangystau|Mangystau]] dan Almaty yang berlaku mulai 5 Januari 2022. [[Kabinet Askar Mamin]] mengundurkan diri pada hari yang sama.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/kazakhstan-government-resigns-after-violent-protests-over-fuel-price-2022-01-05/|title=Kazakhstan government's resignation fails to quell protests|work=Reuters|date=5 JanuaryJanuari 2022|access-date=5 JanuaryJanuari 2022|last1=Auyezov|first1=Olzhas|archive-date=5 JanuaryJanuari 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105041322/https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/kazakhstan-government-resigns-after-violent-protests-over-fuel-price-2022-01-05/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 JanuaryJanuari 2022|title=Kazakhstan protests: government resigns amid rare outbreak of unrest|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/04/kazakhstan-president-declares-state-of-emergency-in-protest-hit-areas|access-date=5 JanuaryJanuari 2022|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=5 JanuaryJanuari 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105122522/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/04/kazakhstan-president-declares-state-of-emergency-in-protest-hit-areas|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_Moscow_led_alliance"/> Keadaan darurat segera diperluas ke seluruh Kazakhstan. Menanggapi permintaan Tokayev, [[Organisasi Traktat Keamanan Kolektif]] (CSTO) yang beranggotakan [[Rusia]], [[Armenia]], [[Belarusia]], [[Kirgizstan]], [[Tajikistan]], dan [[Kazakhstan]] sendiri setuju untuk mengerahkan pasukan di Kazakhstan.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|last1=Hopkins|first1=Valerie|last2=Nechepurenko|first2=Ivan|date=5 JanuaryJanuari 2022|title=Russia-Allied Forces to Intervene as Unrest Sweeps Kazakhstan|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/world/europe/kazakhstan-protests-gas-prices.html|access-date=6 JanuaryJanuari 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=5 JanuaryJanuari 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105203224/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/world/europe/kazakhstan-protests-gas-prices.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tujuannya dinyatakan sebagai penjaga perdamaian. Nazarbayev dicopot sebagai Ketua [[Dewan Keamanan Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Jacobs|first=Harrison|date=6 JanuaryJanuari 2022|title=Russia-led alliance troops have arrived in Kazakhstan after mass protests |publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/06/1070840030/police-say-dozens-have-been-killed-in-kazakhstan-unrest|access-date=6 JanuaryJanuari 2022|archive-date=6 JanuaryJanuari 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106161905/https://www.npr.org/2022/01/06/1070840030/police-say-dozens-have-been-killed-in-kazakhstan-unrest|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sebagai konsesi, Presiden Kassym-Jomart mengatakan bahwa batas harga bahan bakar kendaraan senilai 50 [[tenge Kazakhstan|tenge]] tiap liter telah dipulihkan selama 6 bulan.<ref name="auto7">{{cite news|last=Reuters|date=5 JanuaryJanuari 2022 |title=Kazakhstan declares state of emergency in protest-hit city, province|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/protests-erupt-kazakhstan-after-fuel-price-rise-2022-01-04/|access-date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=6 JanuaryJanuari 2022|title=Kazakhstan unrest: Government restores fuel price cap after bloodshed|agency=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-59896471|access-date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan imposes 180-day state regulation on fuel, food prices amid protests|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/kazakhstan-imposes-180-day-state-regulation-on-fuel-food-prices-amid-protests/2465999|access-date=7 January 2022|website=aa.com.tr}}</ref> Pada 7 Januari, ia mengatakan dalam sebuah pernyataan bahwa sebagian besar ketertiban konstitusional telah dipulihkan di semua wilayah negara.<ref name="auto4">{{cite news|last=Auyezov|first=Olzhas|date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022|title=Kazakh president says constitutional order mostly restored |work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/kazakh-president-says-constitutional-order-has-mostly-been-restored-2022-01-07/|access-date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news |date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022|title=Kazakhstan unrest: Fresh gunfire as president says order largely restored|agency=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-59900037|access-date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|title=Kazakh President: Constitutional Order Restored|url=https://www.voanews.com/amp/kazakh-president-constitutional-order-restored/6386592.html|access-date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022 |website=voanews.com}}</ref> Ia juga mengumumkan dirinya telah memerintahkan pasukan untuk menggunakan [[kekuatan mematikan]] terhadap pengunjuk rasa dan memberi wewenang instruksi untuk menembak tanpa peringatan kepada siapa pun yang berunjuk rasa. Ia menyebut pengunjuk rasa sebagai bandit dan teroris serta mengatakan bahwa penggunaan kekuatan akan terus membubarkan unjuk rasa.<ref name="auto6">{{cite web|last=Child|first=Anealla Safdar, David|title=Kazakh leader tells troops to shoot without warning|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/7/more-killed-as-kazakh-leader-says-order-restored-live-updates|access-date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022|website=aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022|title=Kazakhstan president says he gave order to 'open fire with lethal force'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/07/kazakhstan-protests-thousands-detained-as-president-says-order-mostly-restored|access-date=7 January 2022|website=the Guardian}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022|title=Kazakh leader ordered use of lethal force on 'terrorists'|website=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/kazakhstan-law-enforcement-agencies-6dc8df9639367c3845aa00a008072997|access-date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022|agency=AP NEWS}}</ref><ref name="SHOOT">{{cite news|last1=Auyezov |first1=Olzhas|title=Kazakh president gives shoot-to-kill order to put down uprising|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/kazakh-president-says-constitutional-order-has-mostly-been-restored-2022-01-07/|access-date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022|work=Reuters|date=7 JanuaryJanuari 2022}}</ref>

Pada 10 Januari, pemerintah mengumumkan hari berkabung bagi para korban unjuk rasa.<ref name="apnews.com">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-10|title=Nearly 8,000 detained in Kazakhstan amid unrest|url=https://apnews.com/article/kazakhstan-europe-national-security-terrorism-2c026ecb00584aba668f320d4482d0f1|access-date=2022-01-10|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> Pada 11 Januari, Kassym-Jomart mengatakan bahwa ketertiban telah dipulihkan di Kazakhstan dan unjuk rasa berakhir.<ref name=":18"/> Ia mengumumkan bahwa pasukan CSTO akan mulai menarik diri dari Kazakhstan pada 13 Januari dan akan ditarik sepenuhnya dalampada 1019 hariJanuari.<ref kename=":24">{{cite depanweb|title=Post-Soviet security bloc’s last peacekeepers depart from Kazakhstan for Moscow|url=https://tass.com/world/1390149|date=2022-01-19|publisher=[[TASS]]}}</ref> Dalam pidatonya di depan parlemen mengenai hari-hari terakhir, ia menjanjikan reformasi dan mengakui ketidakpuasan publik atas ketidaksetaraan pendapatan serta mengkritik Nursultan dan rekan-rekannya karena kekayaan mereka.<ref name="Vaal">{{Cite news|last=Vaal|first=Tamara|date=2022-01-11|title=Russian troops to quit Kazakhstan, says president, taking aim at the elite|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/kazakhstan-detains-almost-10000-over-deadly-unrest-2022-01-11/|access-date=2022-01-11}}</ref> Ia juga mencalonkan perdana menteri baru [[Alihan Smaiylov]] dan dan Memecat menteri Pertahanan Murat Bektanov.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reuters|date=2022-01-19|title=Kazakhstan president fires defence minister for lack of leadership during protests|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/kazakhstan-security-forces-high-alert-almaty-amid-calls-fresh-protests-2022-01-19/|access-date=2022-01-19}}</ref> Penerbangan internasional dilanjutkan ke dan dari ibu kota [[Nur-Sultan]].<ref name="rbc.ru">{{Cite web|title=В Нур-Султане восстановили международное авиасообщение|url=https://www.rbc.ru/society/11/01/2022/61dd0e8c9a79478101f27958|access-date=2022-01-11|website=РБК|language=ru}}</ref>

Selama periode ini, Kazakhstan menjadi salah satu negara berkinerja terkuat di [[Asia Tengah]] dengan produksi minyak menyumbang sebagian besar dari pertumbuhan ekonomi sampai harga minyak turun pada pertengahan dasawarsa 2010-an.<ref name="imfarticleiv">{{cite web|title=IMF Executive Board Article IV consultation1 with Kazakhstan|url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2013/pr13308.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183248/https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2013/pr13308.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=14 February 2016|website=imf.org|publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> Negara ini juga memiliki sekitar 40% sumber daya [[uranium]] dunia di dalam wilayahnya.<ref name=":15"/> Walau begitu, tidak ada manfaat ekonomi yang dibagikan ke seluruh penduduk dengan [[upah minimum di Kazakhstan]] untuk individu biasa kurang dari US$100 per bulan dan [[kesenjangan ekonomi]] meluas.<ref name=":15"/> Pada tahun 2012, [[Forum Ekonomi Dunia]] mencatat korupsi sebagai masalah terbesar dalam berbisnis di negara ini,<ref name="OECD1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=BU7uK583X8MC&pg=PA112&lpg=PA112&dq=kazakhstan+corruption+ranking&source=bl&ots=ZI50X8c9BL&sig=TiPEPwdRpIq41eJ1a5PxX_GsgYs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBTgKahUKEwib2f2FzYPIAhVmcHIKHePYBpE#v=onepage&q=kazakhstan%20corruption%20ranking&f=false OECD Investment Policy Reviews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918173939/https://books.google.com/books?id=BU7uK583X8MC&pg=PA112&lpg=PA112&dq=kazakhstan+corruption+ranking&source=bl&ots=ZI50X8c9BL&sig=TiPEPwdRpIq41eJ1a5PxX_GsgYs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBTgKahUKEwib2f2FzYPIAhVmcHIKHePYBpE#v=onepage&q=kazakhstan%20corruption%20ranking&f=false|date=18 September 2020}}, p. 112, [[OECD]], 2012</ref> sementara [[Bank Dunia]] memasukkan Kazakhstan sebagai titik rawan korupsi setara dengan [[Angola]], [[Bolivia]], [[Kenya]], dan [[Libya]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/business/yourmoney/05giffen.html?pagewanted=all Oil, Cash and Corruption] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418062819/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/business/yourmoney/05giffen.html?pagewanted=all|date=18 April 2019}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' 5 November 2006</ref> Pada tahun 2013, ''[[Aftenposten]]'' mengutip aktivis hak asasi manusia dan pengacara Denis Jivaga yang mengatakan bahwa terdapat [[dana kestabilan|dana minyak]] di Kazakhstan, tetapi tidak ada yang tahu cara pendapatan itu dibelanjakan.<ref>[http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/politikk/Observatorer-fra-tidligere-Sovjet-jakter-pa-valg-juks-7305886.html Observatører fra tidligere Sovjet jakter på valg-juks] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225918/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/politikk/Observatorer-fra-tidligere-Sovjet-jakter-pa-valg-juks-7305886.html|date=3 March 2016}} Aftenposten.no (10 September 2013) Retrieved 8 March 2014</ref> Menyusul berbagai skandal perbankan internasional, orang kaya Kazakhstan beremigrasi ke luar negeri terutama [[Britania Raya]].<ref name=":15"/> Pada tahun 2018, [[Crédit Suisse]] menempatkan Kazakhstan pada peringkat ke-169 dari 174 negara dalam [[agihan kekayaan]].<ref name="databook2018">{{Cite document|author1=Anthony Shorrocks|author2=Jim Davies |author3=Rodrigo Lluberas|date=October 2018|title=Global Wealth Report|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html|publisher=Credit Suisse}} October 10, 2018 article: [https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/articles/news-and-expertise/global-wealth-report-2018-us-and-china-in-the-lead-201810.html Global Wealth Report 2018: US and China in the lead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225212231/https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/articles/news-and-expertise/global-wealth-report-2018-us-and-china-in-the-lead-201810.html |date=2019-02-25 }} [http://publications.credit-suisse.com/index.cfm/publikationen-shop/research-institute/global-wealth-report-2018-en Report]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [http://publications.credit-suisse.com/index.cfm/publikationen-shop/research-institute/global-wealth-databook-2018-en Databook]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report/tables.html Downloadable data sheets] See Table 3.1 (page 114) of databook for mean and median wealth by country</ref> Pada tahun 2022, 55% kekayaan Kazakhstan dikuasai oleh 162 orang kaya.<ref name=":15"/>

Kota penghasil minyak di [[Provinsi Mangystau|Mangystau]] [[Zhanaozen]] memiliki sejarah mogok dan unjuk rasa buruh. Pada tahun 2011, [[pembantaian Zhanaozen 2011|kerusuhan pecah]] di Zhanaozen di tengah peringatan 20 tahun [[Hari Kemerdekaan (Kazakhstan)|Kazakhstan]] yang menyebabkan 16 orang tewas dan 100 orang terluka menurut angka resmi. Pasukan keamanan Kazakhstan melepaskan tembakan ke arah pengunjuk rasa yang menuntut keadaan kerja yang lebih baik. Saat itu, harga satu liter [[gas minyak cair]] (LPG), campuran [[butana]] dan [[propana]] yang merupakan bahan bakar kendaraan umum di Zhanaozen, berkisar antara 30 hingga 35 [[tenge Kazakhstan|tenge]] dan telah berulang kali naik sejak saat itu. Menyusul [[unjuk rasa Kazakhstan 2018–2020|unjuk rasa pada tahun 2018]] lebih lanjut dan tindakan keras Nursultan terhadap demonstrasi, ia diangkat menjadi Ketua [[Dewan Keamanan Kazakhstan]] seumur hidup.<ref name=":16" />

SinceSejak JanuaryJanuari 2019, thePemerintah KazakhKazakhstan governmentmelakukan phasedkebijakan transitionperalihan policybertahap toke perdagangan [[Electronic markets|electronicpasar marketelektronik]] tradinggas ofminyak LPGcair tountuk gradually end statemengakhiri [[Energysubsidi subsidyenergi|subsidi gas subsidies]] andnegara allowsecara forbertahap thedan marketmemungkinkan insteadpasar tomenentukan determineharga prices,yang resultingmengakibatkan withkenaikan increasedharga LPGgas pricesminyak accordingcair tomenurut [[Eurasianet]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kumenov|first1=Almaz|last2=Lillis|first2=Joanna|date=4 January 2022|title=Kazakhstan explainer: Why did fuel prices spike, bringing protesters out onto the streets?|url=https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-explainer-why-did-fuel-prices-spike-bringing-protesters-out-onto-the-streets|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2022|website=eurasianet.org|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105023407/https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-explainer-why-did-fuel-prices-spike-bringing-protesters-out-onto-the-streets}}</ref>

InPada JanuaryJanuari 2020, aunjuk protestrasa wasdiadakan held indi Zhanaozen whereketika citypenduduk residentsmenuntut demandedpenurunan a reduction in the price ofharga gas that hadyang risennaik fromdari 55 tomenjadi 65 tenge.<ref>{{cite web|last=ТОЙКЕН|first=Санияш|date=10 January 2020|title=Жанаозенцы вновь пришли в акимат, требуя снижения цен на газ|url=https://rus.azattyq.org/a/30370468.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 January 2022|website=Радио Азаттык|language=ru|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104062459/https://rus.azattyq.org/a/30370468.html}}</ref> As theKetika [[COVIDpandemi Covid-19 pandemic]] affectedmempengaruhi the economyperekonomian, langkah-langkah [[austeritypengetatan anggaran]] measuresdan and an inadequate amount ofjumlah [[economic stimulus ekonomi]] fromyang tidak memadai thedari governmentpemerintah resultedmengakibatkan withinflasi inflationdan andupah stagnantyang wagesstagnan.<ref name=":15" />

SinceSejak 1 JanuaryJanuari 2022, accordingmenurut topengunjuk Zhanaozenrasa protestersZhanaozen, theharga pricegas ofminyak LPGcair almostmelonjak doubled,hampir todua 120kali tengelipat permenjadi litre120 ([[Euro|€]]0.24 per litre; US$1.06tenge pertiap gallon)liter, causingsehingga outragemenyebabkan amongstkemarahan citizenswarga.<ref name="tass">{{cite web|url=https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/13354113?utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop|title=В аэропорту Актау в Казахстане задерживается часть рейсов|agency=TASS|language=Russian|access-date=4 January 2022|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104214801/https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/13354113?utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop|url-status=live}}</ref> FurtherKetidakpuasan discontentlebih withlanjut thedengan formermantan leaderPresiden Nursultan Nazarbayev, the nation's [[oligarchyoligarki]], corruptionkorupsi, anddan economicketimpangan inequalityekonomi wouldkemudian thenakan sparkmemicu moreunjuk widespreadrasa protestsyang lebih luas.<ref name="Guardian_Moscow_led_alliance:15" /><ref name=":15Guardian_Moscow_led_alliance" />

Tujuan unjuk rasa yang dilaporkan setelah protesunjuk rasa dimulai termasuk seruan untuk perubahan politik besar. Menurut Darkhan Sharipov dari Oyan, kelompok aktivis Qazaqstan, para pemrotespengunjuk rasa menginginkan "reformasi politik yang nyata" dan "pemilihan yang adil", dan marahmuak tentangterhadap "korupsi dan nepotisme".<ref name="Guardian_Moscow_led_alliance" /> Menurut ''[[The New York Times]]'', para pemrotes menginginkan para pemimpin wilayah Kazakhstan dipilih secara langsung daripada ditunjuk oleh presiden.<ref name="NYT_revolt_Kazakhstan" />

Pada pagi 2 Januari, penduduk Zhanaozen menutup jalan sebagai penentangan terhadap kenaikan [[harga gas alam|harga gas]]. Dari situ, para pengunjuk rasa meminta [[akim]] Mangystau, [[Nurlan Nogaev]], dan akim kota Maksat Ibagarov untuk mengambil tindakan dalam menstabilkan harga dan mencegah kelangkaan bahan bakar. Penduduk bertemu dengan penjabat akim Zhanaozen Galym Baijanov yang menyarankan massa untuk menulis surat keluhan kepada pemerintah kota tempat para pengunjuk rasa ingat bahwa keluhan mereka seharusnya diabaikan oleh pejabat kota.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=ТОЙКЕН|first=Санияш|date=2 January 2022|title=Жители Жанаозена перекрыли дорогу, протестуя против повышения цен на газ|url=https://rus.azattyq.org/a/31636220.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 January 2022|website=Радио Азаттык|language=ru|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104062452/https://rus.azattyq.org/a/31636220.html}}</ref> Dari situ, para pengunjuk rasa meminta [[akim]] Mangystau, [[Nurlan Nogaev]], dan akim kota Maksat Ibagarov untuk mengambil tindakan dalam menstabilkan harga dan mencegah kelangkaan bahan bakar. Penduduk bertemu dengan penjabat akim Zhanaozen Galym Baijanov yang menyarankan massa untuk menulis surat keluhan kepada pemerintah kota tempat para pengunjuk rasa ingat bahwa keluhan mereka seharusnya diabaikan oleh pejabat kota.<ref name=":0"/>

Ratusan penduduk Zhanaozen berkumpul dan berkemah di alun-alun kota semalaman. Saat warga lain bergabung dengan massa pada sore hari, diperkirakan 1.000 orang berada di alun-alun meneriakkan dan menuntut pemilihan langsung pemimpin lokal. Petugas polisi tidak melakukan campur tangan ketika berdiri di pinggir alun-alun selama unjuk rasa.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=3 January 2022|title="Акимов должен выбирать народ!" Протест в Жанаозене: от призывов снизить цены до политических требований|url=https://rus.azattyq.org/a/kazakhstan-zhanaozen-rally-gas-prices/31637309.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 January 2022|website=Радио Азаттык|language=ru|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104062453/https://rus.azattyq.org/a/kazakhstan-zhanaozen-rally-gas-prices/31637309.html}}</ref> Saat warga lain bergabung dengan massa pada sore hari, diperkirakan 1.000 orang berada di alun-alun meneriakkan dan menuntut pemilihan langsung pemimpin lokal. Petugas polisi tidak melakukan campur tangan ketika berdiri di pinggir alun-alun selama unjuk rasa.<ref name=":2"/> Akim Mangystau [[Nurlan Nogaev]] dan Akim Zhanaozen Maqsat bağarov serta Direktur Pabrik Pengolahan Gas Kazakh Nakbergen Tulepov berusaha menenangkan para pengunjuk rasa dengan tiba di alun-alun dan berjanji menurunkan harga gas menjadi 85–90 tenge, tetapi gagal. Nurlan serta bawahannya terpaksa melarikan diri dari alun-alun oleh massa yang marah.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title="Мы устали от сказок!" В Жанаозене протестующие прогнали с площади акима области Ногаева|url=https://rus.azattyq.org/a/31637803.html|access-date=4 January 2022|website=Радио Азаттык|language=ru|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104062445/https://rus.azattyq.org/a/31637803.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

InDi [[Aktau]], asekelompok grouppengunjuk ofrasa protestorsmuncul showeddi up at theLapangan Yntymaq Squaredi indepan frontgedung ofpemerintahan thekota citydengan administrationmendirikan building,tenda setting up tents anddan [[yurt]]s foruntuk theperkemahan. encampmentPada malam hari, diperkirakan 6 ribu pengunjuk rasa berada di alun-alun menuntut pengurangan biaya gas serta pengunduran diri pemerintah. Mereka bergabung dengan kelompok pendukung lain yang dilaporkan dari daerah dan kota tetangga di seluruh Kazakhstan.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|last=ТОЙКЕН|first=Санияш|date=4 January 2022|title="Правительство в отставку!" и "Шал, кет!". В Актау и Жанаозене продолжились митинги|url=https://rus.azattyq.org/a/31638526.html|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2022|website=Радио Азаттык|language=ru|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105071545/https://rus.azattyq.org/a/31638526.html}}</ref> ByAkim evening,Mangystau an[[Nurlan estimatedNogaev]] 6,000mendatangi demonstratorsunjuk wererasa atitu thedan square,mengingatkan demandingramai reductionsorang inbahwa thePemerintah costKazakhstan oftelah gasmenurunkan asharga wellgas asserta theBadan resignationPerlindungan ofdan thePengembangan government.Persaingan Theytelah weremeluncurkan joinedpenyelidikan byantimonopoli otherterhadap groupspemasok ofgas supporterskarena reportedly from neighbouring regions and cities across Kazakhstan.<ref name=":4"/> Mangystau akimdugaan [[Nurlanpendongkrakan Nogaevharga|kolusi harga]]. visitedNurlan themendesak rally,para remindingpengunjuk therasa crowduntuk thatmenjaga theketertiban Kazakhumum governmentdan hadmeminta reducedmereka themengadakan pricedialog ofyang gasmembangun anddengan thatpihak the Agency for the Protection and Development of Competition had launched an antitrust probe into gas suppliers for a suspected [[Price gouging|price collusion]]berwenang.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|date=4 January 2022|title=Нурлан Ногаев вышел к митингующим в Актау|url=https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/nurlan-nogaev-vyishel-k-mitinguyuschim-v-aktau-458163/|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2022|website=Tengrinews.kz|language=ru|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104233614/https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/nurlan-nogaev-vyishel-k-mitinguyuschim-v-aktau-458163/}}</ref> Nogaev urged the Aktau protestors to maintain public order and suggested for they hold a constructive dialogue with the authorities.<ref name=":5"/>

OnPada 4 JanuaryJanuari, aroundsekitar 1,.000 peopleorang gatheredberkumpul tountuk protestberunjuk inrasa thedi centrepusat ofkota [[Almaty]]. Polisi menggunakan granat kejut dan gas air mata untuk membubarkan pengunjuk rasa.<ref name="rian">{{cite web | url =https://ria.ru/20220104/kazakhstan-1766588006.html?utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop |title=В Алма-Ате проходят задержания протестующих|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]| date=4 January 2022|language=Russian| access-date =4 January 2022}}</ref> PoliceKassym-Jomart usedmenandatangani stundekret grenadesuntuk and tear gas to disperse the protesters.<ref name="rian" /> Tokayev signed decrees to introduce amemberlakukan [[state ofkeadaan emergencydarurat]] indi [[MangystauDistrik DistrictMangystau]] anddan Almaty fromdari 5 JanuaryJanuari 01:30 localwaktu timesetempat to 19 Januaryhingga 00:00 local19 timeJanuari.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://ria.ru/20220104/chp-1766590484.html?utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop |title=Президент Казахстана ввел ЧП в Алма-Ате и Мангистауской области|publisher=RIA Novosti| language=Russian|date=4 January 2022| access-date =4 January 2022}}</ref> According toMenurut Tokayev, allsemua legitimatetuntutan demandsyang ofsah protestersdari willpara bepengunjuk consideredrasa akan dipertimbangkan.<ref name="rian" /> ASebuah specialkomisi commissionkhusus, aftersetelah bertemu meetingdengan withpengunjuk protestersrasa, agreedsetuju tountuk lowermenurunkan theharga LPG price tomenjadi 50 tenges ($0.11)tenge pertiap litreliter.<ref name="tass" /> InternetOrganisasi watchdogpengawas organizationinternet [[NetBlocks]] documentedmendokumentasikan significantgangguan internet disruptionsyang withsignifikan dengan "highdampak impacttinggi topada mobilelayanan servicesseluler" that were likelyyang tokemungkinan limitakan themembatasi public'skemampuan abilitypublik tountuk expressmengekspresikan politicalketidakpuasan discontentpolitik.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-04|title=Internet disrupted in Kazakhstan amid energy price protests|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-kazakhstan-amid-energy-price-protests-oy9YQgy3|access-date=2022-01-05|website=NetBlocks|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-04|title=NetBlocks: Казакстанда интернет чектелди|url=https://www.azattyk.org/a/31639442.html|url-status=live|access-date=|website=Азаттык Υналгысы|language=ky}}</ref>

OnPada 5 JanuaryJanuari, TokayevKassym-Jomart acceptedmenerima thepengunduran government'sdiri dari kabinet resignationAskar. OnPada thehari sameyang daysama, aseorang koresponden [[Reuters]] correspondentmelaporkan reportedribuan thousandspengunjuk ofrasa protestersmendesak pressingmaju aheadmenuju towardspusat kota Almaty citysetelah centrepasukan afterkeamanan securitygagal forcesmembubarkan failedmereka todengan dispersegas themair with tear gasmata anddan stungranat grenadeskejut.<ref name="reuters"/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Auyezov|first=Olzhas|date=5 January 2022-01-05|title=Kazakh protesters torch public buildings; emergency declared, Cabinet resigns|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/kazakhstan-government-resigns-after-violent-protests-over-fuel-price-2022-01-05/|access-date=5 January 2022-01-05|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105121343/https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/kazakhstan-government-resigns-after-violent-protests-over-fuel-price-2022-01-05/|url-status=live}}</ref> LaterKemudian onpada thehari sameyang daysama, TokayevKassym-Jomart announcedmengumumkan thatbahwa formermantan presidentPresiden [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] hastelah resignedmengundurkan as the Chairmandiri ofsebagai theKetua [[SecurityDewan Council ofKeamanan Kazakhstan]], anddan Tokayevlangsung hasdigantikan assumedoleh this positionKassym-Jomart himselfsendiri.<ref>{{cite news |title=Назарбаев перестал быть председателем Совбеза Казахстана |url=https://reform.by/289511-nazarbaev-perestal-byt-predsedatelem-sovbeza-kazahstana |work=reform.by |date=5 January 2022 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105132250/https://reform.by/289511-nazarbaev-perestal-byt-predsedatelem-sovbeza-kazahstana |url-status=live }}</ref> DigitalMonitor rightshak monitordigital [[NetBlocks]] reportedmelaporkan thatbahwa gangguan internet disruptionstelah hadmeningkat intensifiedpada bypukul 517:00&nbsp;p.m. local time, leavingsehingga Kazakhstan inberada thedalam "midst of a nation-scalepemadaman [[Internet censorship indi Kazakhstan|internet blackoutInternet]]" afterberskala anegara daysetelah ofgangguan mobileInternet internetseluler dan disruptionspembatasan andsebagian partialselama restrictionssehari.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hart|first=Robert|date=5 January 2022-01-05|title=Kazakhstan Reportedly Hit By Internet Blackout As Oil-Rich Nation Breaks Out In Rare Anti-Government Protests|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthart/2022/01/05/kazakhstan-reportedly-hit-by-internet-blackout-as-oil-rich-nation-breaks-out-in-rare-anti-government-protests/|url-status=live|access-date=|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105155724/https://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthart/2022/01/05/kazakhstan-reportedly-hit-by-internet-blackout-as-oil-rich-nation-breaks-out-in-rare-anti-government-protests/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Agence France Presse|first=AFP|date=5 January 2022-01-05|title=Kazakhstan Sees 'Nation-scale Internet Blackout' Amid Protests|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/kazakhstan-sees-nation-scale-internet-blackout-amid-protests-01641385807|url-status=live|access-date=|website=www.barrons.com|language=en-US|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105154017/https://www.barrons.com/news/kazakhstan-sees-nation-scale-internet-blackout-amid-protests-01641385807}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 January 2022-01-05|title=Report: Kazakh president's home ablaze as protests escalate|url=https://apnews.com/article/business-kazakhstan-almaty-9da42330ca51c36fe9fd88f9ef35ff4e|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2022-01-05|website=Associated Press|language=en|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105155242/https://apnews.com/article/business-kazakhstan-almaty-9da42330ca51c36fe9fd88f9ef35ff4e}}</ref>