Unsur periode 6: Perbedaan antara revisi

! colspan="3" | '''[[ChemicalUnsur elementkimia]]

! [[ChemicalDeret serieskimia]]

! [[ElectronKonfigurasi configurationelektron]]

|| 55 || '''Cs''' || [[CaesiumSesium]] || [[AlkaliLogam metalalkali]] || [Xe] 6s¹

|| 56 || '''Ba''' || [[Barium]] || [[AlkalineLogam earthalkali metaltanah]] || [Xe] 6s²

|| 57 || '''La''' || [[LanthanumLantanum]] || [[LanthanideLantanida]] {{ref label|Note1|a|a}} || [Xe] 5d¹ 6s² {{ref label|Note2|b|b}}

|| 58 || '''Ce''' || [[CeriumSerium]] || LanthanideLantanida || [Xe] 4f¹ 5d¹ 6s² {{ref label|Note2|b|b}}

|| 59 || '''Pr''' || [[PraseodymiumPraseodimium]] || LanthanideLantanida || [Xe] 4f³ 6s²

|| 60 || '''Nd''' || [[NeodymiumNeodimium]] || LanthanideLantanida || [Xe] 4f⁴ 6s²

|| 61 || '''Pm''' || [[PromethiumPrometium]] || LanthanideLantanida || [Xe] 4f⁵ 6s²

|| 62 || '''Sm''' || [[Samarium]] || LanthanideLantanida || [Xe] 4f⁶ 6s²

|| 63 || '''Eu''' || [[Europium]] || LanthanideLantanida || [Xe] 4f⁷ 6s²

|| 64 || '''Gd''' || [[Gadolinium]] || LanthanideLantanida || [Xe] 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s² {{ref label|Note2|b|b}}

|| 65 || '''Tb''' || [[Terbium]] || LanthanideLantanida || [Xe] 4f⁹ 6s²

|| 66 || '''Dy''' || [[DysprosiumDisprosium]] || LanthanideLantanida || [Xe] 4f¹⁰ 6s²

|| 67 || '''Ho''' || [[Holmium]] || LanthanideLantanida || [Xe] 4f¹¹ 6s²

|| 68 || '''Er''' || [[Erbium]] || LanthanideLantanida || [Xe] 4f¹² 6s²

|| 69 || '''Tm''' || [[Thulium]] || LanthanideLantanida || [Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²

|| 70 || '''Yb''' || [[YtterbiumIterbium]] || LanthanideLantanida || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 6s²

|| 71 || '''Lu''' || [[LutetiumLutesium]] || LanthanideLantanida {{ref label|Note1|a|a}} || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹ 6s²

|| 72 || '''Hf''' || [[Hafnium]] || [[TransitionLogam metaltransisi]] || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²

|| 73 || '''Ta''' || [[Tantalum]] || TransitionLogam metaltransisi || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d³ 6s²

|| 74 || '''W''' || [[TungstenWolfram]] || TransitionLogam metaltransisi || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²

|| 75 || '''Re''' || [[RheniumRenium]] || TransitionLogam metaltransisi || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁵ 6s²

|| 76 || '''Os''' || [[Osmium]] || TransitionLogam metaltransisi || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁶ 6s²

|| 77 || '''Ir''' || [[Iridium]] || TransitionLogam metaltransisi || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁷ 6s²

|| 78 || '''Pt''' || [[PlatinumPlatina]] || TransitionLogam metaltransisi || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁹ 6s¹ {{ref label|Note2|b|b}}

|| 79 || '''Au''' || [[GoldEmas]] || TransitionLogam metaltransisi || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹ {{ref label|Note2|b|b}}

|| 80 || '''Hg''' || [[Mercury (element)|MercuryRaksa]] || TransitionLogam metaltransisi || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²

|| 81 || '''Tl''' || [[ThalliumTalium]] || [[Post-transitionLogam metalpasca transisi]] || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p¹

|| 82 || '''Pb''' || [[LeadTimbal]] || Post-transitionLogam metalpasca transisi || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²

|| 83 || '''Bi''' || [[BismuthBismut]] || Post-transitionLogam metalpasca transisi || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³

|| 84 || '''Po''' || [[Polonium]] || Post-transitionLogam metalpasca transisi || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴

|| 85 || '''At''' || [[AstatineAstatin]] || [[Halogen]] || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁵

|| 86 || '''Rn''' || [[Radon]] || [[NobleGas gasmulia]] || [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶

* {{note label|Note1|a|a}} NotePerlu thatdicatat lutetiumbahwa lutesium (oratau, alternativelyalternatifnya, lanthanumlantanum) isdimasukkan consideredsebagai tologam be a transition metaltransisi, buttetapi markeddiberi astanda asebagai lanthanidelantanida, as it is considered sosesuai byarahan IUPAC.

* {{note label|Note2|b|b}} AnSebuah exceptionperkecualian to thedari [[Aufbauprinsip principleAufbau]].

===Caesium Sesium ===

{{main|CaesiumSesium}}

'''CaesiumSesium''' oratau '''cesiumcaesium'''{{#tag:ref|''Caesium'' isadalah theejaan spellingyang recommendeddirekomendasikan by theoleh [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]](IUPAC).<ref>{{RedBook2005|pages=248–49}}.</ref> The [[American Chemical Society]] (ACS) hastelah usedmenggunakan the spellingejaan ''cesium'' sincesejak tahun 1921,<ref>{{Cite book|editor1-first = Anne M.|editor1-last = Coghill|editor2-first = Lorrin R.|editor2-last = Garson|year = 2006|title = The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information|edition = 3rd|publisher = American Chemical Society|location = Washington, D.C.|isbn = 0-8412-3999-1|page = 127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Pure Appl. Chem.|volume=70|issue=1|last1=Coplen|pages = 237–257|year = 1998|first1=T. B.|url =http://old.iupac.org/reports/1998/7001coplen/history.pdf|last2=Peiser|first2=H. S.|title = History of the recommended atomic-weight values from 1882 to 1997: a comparison of differences from current values to the estimated uncertainties of earlier values|doi = 10.1351/pac199870010237}}</ref> followingsesuai ''Webster's New International Dictionary''. TheUnsur elementini wasdiambil nameddari after thebahasa Latin word ''caesius'', meaningyang berarti "bluishabu-abu graykebiruan". MorePenjelasan spellinglebih explanationlanjut attentang perbedaan ejaan dapat dilihat di [[:en:American and British English spelling differences#Simplification of ae and oe|ae/oe vs e]].|group=notecatatan}} is theadalah [[chemicalunsur elementkimia]] with thedengan symbolsimbol '''Cs''' anddan [[atomicnomor numberatom]] 55. ItIni is a soft, silvery-goldtermasuk [[logam alkali metal]] withlunak, aberwarna meltingemas pointkeperakan ofdengan titik leleh {{convert|28&nbsp;°|C (82&nbsp;°|F)}}, whichyang makesmenjadikannya itsalah onesatu ofdari onlylima fiveunsur elementallogam metalsberwujud that(hampir) arecair liquid at (or near)pada [[roomsuhu temperaturekamar]].{{#tag:ref|AlongLainnya withadalah [[rubidium]] ({{convert|39&nbsp;°|C [102&nbsp;°|F]}}), [[franciumfransium]] (estimated atestimasi {{convert|27&nbsp;°|C [81&nbsp;°|F]}}), [[mercury (element)|mercuryraksa]] (−39&nbsp;°{{convert|-39|C [−38&nbsp;°|F]}}), anddan [[gallium]] ({{convert|30&nbsp;°|C [86&nbsp;°|F]}}); brominebrom isjuga alsoberwujud liquidcair atpada roomsuhu temperaturekamar (meltingmeleleh atpada −7{{convert|-7.2&nbsp;°|C, 19&nbsp;°|F}}) buttetapi itini is aadalah [[halogen]], not abukan metallogam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webelements.com/|publisher=University of Sheffield|accessdate=2010-12-01|title=WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements}}</ref>|group=notecatatan}} CaesiumSesium isadalah ansebuah [[logam alkali metal]] anddan hasmempunyai physicalsifat-sifat andfisika chemicaldan propertieskimia similaryang tomirip those ofdengan [[rubidium]] anddan [[potassiumkalium]]. TheLogam metalini issangat extremelyreaktif reactive anddan [[pyrophoricitypiroforisitas|pyrophoricpiroforik]], reactingbahkan withdapat waterbereaksi evendengan at−116&nbsp;°Cair (−177&nbsp;°pada suhu {{convert|-116|C|F)}}. ItIa isadalah theunsur leastyang paling kurang [[electronegativity|electronegativeelektronegativitas]]nya elementdan havingmemiliki asebuah stableisotop isotopestabil, caesiumsesium-133. CaesiumSesium iskebanyakan minedditambang mostly fromdari ''[[pollucite]]'', while thesementara [[RadionuclideRadionuklida|radioisotopesradioisotopnya]], especiallyterutama [[caesiumsesium-137]], asebuah [[fissionproduk productfisi]], arediekstraksi extracteddari fromlimbah wasteyang produceddihasilkan byoleh [[nuclearteknologi reactorreaktor technologynuklir|nuclearreaktor reactorsnuklir]].

TwoDua Germankimiawan chemistsJerman, [[Robert Bunsen]] anddan [[Gustav Kirchhoff]], discoveredmenemukan caesiumsesium inpada tahun 1860 by the newly developed methodmenggunakan ofmetode [[AtomicSpektroskopi emissionemisi spectroscopyatom#FlameSpektroskopi emissionemisi spectroscopynyala|flamespektroskopi spectroscopynyala]]. Theyang firstbaru small-scaledikembangkan. applicationsAplikasi forskala caesiumkecil havepertama beensesium asadalah asebagai "[[getter]]" indalam [[vacuumtabung tubehampa]]s anddan indalam [[SolarSel cellsurya|photoelectricsel cellsfotoelektrik]]. InPada tahun 1967, asebuah specificfrekuensi frequencyspesifik from thedari [[emissionspektrum spectrumemisi]] of caesiumsesium-133 wasterpilih chosenuntuk todigunakan besebagai used in the definition of thedefinisi [[seconddetik]] by theoleh [[InternationalSistem SystemSatuan of UnitsInternasional]]. SinceSejak thensaat itu, caesium has beensesium widelybanyak useddigunakan indalam [[atomicjam clockatom]]s.

=== Barium ===

'''{{unsur|Barium''' is a [[chemical element]] with the symbol '''|Ba''' and [[atomic number]] |56}}. ItUnsur isini themerupakan fifthunsur elementkelima indalam GroupGolongan 2, a soft silverysebuah [[metallogam]]lic [[alkalineLogam earthalkali metaltanah|alkali tanah]]. Bariumyang islunak neverberwarna foundkeperakan. inBarium naturetidak inpernah itsditemukan puredi formalam duedalam tobentuk itsmurni karena [[Reactivity (chemistry)|reactivityreaktivitas]]nya withdengan [[Earth'sAtmosfer atmospherebumi|airudara]]. ItsOksidanya oxidetelah isdikenal historicallysejak knownlama assebagai [[Barium hydroxidehidroksida|barytabarita]] buttetapi itoksida reactsini withbereaksi waterdengan and carbon dioxideair anddan iskarbondioksida notdan foundtidak asdijumpai asebagai mineral. TheMineral mostalami commonbarium naturallyyang occurringpaling mineralsumum are the very insolubleadalah barium sulfate,sulfat {{chem2|BaSO_|4}} ([[baritebarit]]) yang sangat sukar larut, anddan [[barium carbonatekarbonat]], {{chem2|BaCO_|3}} (''[[witherite]]''). Barium'sNama namebarium originatesdiambil fromdari [[Greekbahasa language|GreekYunani]] ''barys'' (βαρύς), meaningyang berarti "heavyberat", describingmenjelaskan thetentang hightingginya densitymassa ofjenis somebeberapa commonbijih barium-containing oresyang umum.

==f-block elementsUnsur blok-f (lanthanideslantanida) ==

{{main|LanthanidesLantanida}}

The '''lanthanideLantanida''' oratau '''lanthanoidlantanoid''' ([[ChemicalTata nama nomenclature|IUPAC nomenclature]])<ref group=catatan>TheSaat currentini [[IUPAC]] recommendationlebih ismerekomendasikan thatpenggunaan the nameistilah ''lanthanoidlantanoid'' be used rather thandaripada ''lanthanidelantanida'', askarena the suffixakhiran "-ideida" islebih preferredtepat for negativeuntuk [[ion]]s whereasnegatif thesementara suffixakhiran "-oid" indicatesmenunjukkan similaritykesamaan tosifat oneunsur ofdalam the members of the containing family ofsatu elementskelompok. HoweverNamun, ''lanthanidelantanida'' is stillmasih favoredlebih inbanyak mostdipilih (~90%) scientificdalam articlesartikel andilmiah isdan currentlysaat adoptedini ondiadopsi oleh Wikipedia. InDalam theliteratur yang olderlebih literatureterdahulu, thesering namedigunakan istilah "lanthanonlantanon" was often used.</ref> seriesadalah comprisesderet theunsur yang berisi fifteenlimabelas [[metalUnsur kimia|unsur]]lic [[chemical elementlogam]]s withdengan [[atomicnomor numberatom]]s antara 57 throughdan 71, fromdari [[lanthanumlantanum]] throughhingga [[lutetiumlutesium]].<ref name="Gray"/>{{rp|240}}<ref>[http://www.britannica.com.ph/chemistry/lanthanide-369725.html Lanthanide], Encyclopædia Britannica on-line</ref><ref name="Holden2004">{{cite journal|author=Holden, Norman E. and Coplen, Tyler |date=January–February 2004|journal=Chemistry International|title=The Periodic Table of the Elements|publisher=IUPAC|volume=26|issue=1|page=8|url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2004/2601/2_holden.html|accessdate=March 23, 2010}}</ref> TheseKelimabelas fifteenunsur elementsini, alongbersama withdengan theunsur yang chemicallymirip similarsecara elementskimia [[scandiumskandium]] anddan [[yttriumitrium]], aresecara oftenkolektif collectivelysering knowndikenal as thesebagai '''[[rareunsur earthtanah elementsjarang]].'''.

![[ChemicalUnsur elementkimia]]!![[LanthanumLantanum|La]]!![[CeriumSerium|Ce]]!![[praseodymiumPraseodymium|Pr]]!![[neodymiumNeodymium|Nd]]!![[promethiumPromethium|Pm]]!![[samariumSamarium|Sm]]!![[europiumEuropium|Eu]]!![[gadoliniumGadolinium|Gd]]!![[terbiumTerbium|Tb]]!![[dysprosiumDysprosium|Dy]]!![[holmiumHolmium|Ho]]!![[erbiumErbium|Er]]!![[thuliumThulium|Tm]]!![[ytterbiumYtterbium|Yb]]!![[lutetiumLutetium|Lu]]

| [[AtomicNomor numberatom]]

|Image|| [[FileBerkas:Lanthanum-2.jpg|50px]]||[[FileBerkas:Cerium2.jpg|50px]]||[[FileBerkas:Praseodymium.jpg|50px]]||[[FileBerkas:Neodymium2.jpg|50px]]||||[[FileBerkas:Samarium-2.jpg|50px]]||[[FileBerkas:Europium.jpg|50px]]||[[FileBerkas:Gadolinium-4.jpg|50px]]||[[FileBerkas:Terbium-2.jpg|50px]]||[[FileBerkas:Dy chips.jpg|50px]]||[[FileBerkas:Holmium2.jpg|50px]]||[[FileBerkas:Erbium-crop.jpg|50px]]||[[FileBerkas:Thulium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|50px]]||[[FileBerkas:Ytterbium-3.jpg|50px]]||[[FileBerkas:Lutetium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|50px]]

|DensityMassa jenis (g/cm³)

|6.,162 ||6.,770 ||6.,77 ||7.,01 ||7.,26 ||7.,52 ||5.,244 ||7.,90 ||8.,23 ||8.,540 ||8.,79 ||9.,066 ||9.,32 ||6.,90 ||9.,841

|MeltingTitik pointleleh (°C)

| Atomic [[electronKonfigurasi elektron configurationatom]]*||'''5d¹'''||4f¹'''5d¹'''||4f³|| 4f⁴|| 4f⁵||4f⁶||4f⁷|| 4f⁷'''5d¹'''||4f⁹||4f¹⁰||4f¹¹||4f¹²||4f¹³||4f¹⁴||4f¹⁴'''5d¹'''

| Konfigurasi elektron Ln³⁺ electron configuration*<ref>{{cite book|author=Walter Koechner |title=Solid-state laser engineering |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RK3jK0XWjdMC&pg=PA47 |accessdate=15 January 2012 |year=2006 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-29094-2|pages=47–}}</ref>||4f⁰<ref>[http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Kr-Ma/Lanthanum.html Lanthanum – Chemistry Encyclopedia – reaction, water, elements, metal, gas, name, atom]. Chemistryexplained.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.</ref> || 4f¹||4f²|| 4f³|| 4f⁴||4f⁵||4f⁶|| 4f⁷||4f⁸|| 4f⁹|| 4f¹⁰||4f¹¹||4f¹²|| 4f¹³||

| Jari-jari Ln³⁺ radius ([[picometerpikometer|pm]])<ref name=Greenwood>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw|page=1233}}</ref> || 103 || 102 || 99|| 98.,3|| 97|| 95.,8|| 94.,7|| 93.,8|| 92.,3|| 91.,2|| 90.,1|| 89||88|| 86.,8|| 86.,1

*Between initialAntara kulit elektron [Xe] andawal finaldan akhir 6s² electronic shells

InDalam presentations of thepenyajian [[periodictabel tableperiodik]], the [[lanthanideslantanida]] and thedan [[actinidesaktinida]] aredisajikan customarilysebagai showndua asbaris twotambahan additionaldi rowsbawah belowtabel the main body of the tableutama,<ref name="Gray" /> withdengan placeholderspenanda ortempat elseatau asatu selectedunsur singleterpilih elementdari of eachmasing-masing seriesderet (eitherbaik [[lanthanumlantanum]] oratau [[lutetiumlutesium]], and eithermaupun [[actiniumaktinium]] oratau [[lawrenciumlawrensium]], respectively) showndisajikan indalam asebuah singlesel cellpada oftabel the main tableutama, betweenantara [[barium]] anddan [[hafnium]], andserta [[radium]] anddan [[rutherfordium]], respectively. ThisKonvensi conventionini issepenuhnya entirelyhanya aberhubungan matter ofdengan [[aestheticsestetika]] anddan formattingkepraktisan practicalityformat; a rarely used [[periodictabel table (wide)|wide-formattedperiodik periodicformat tablelebar]] insertsmemasukkan thederet lanthanidelantanida anddan actinideaktinida seriespada intempat-tempat theiryang proper placessesuai, assebagai partsbagian ofdari thebaris table's(periode) sixthkeenam anddan seventhketujuh rowstabel (periods)periodik.

===Lutetium Lutesium ===

{{main|LutetiumLutesium}}

LutetiumLutesium wassecara independentlyterpisah discoveredditemukan inpada tahun 1907 byoleh Frenchilmuwan scientistPrancis [[Georges Urbain]], Austrian mineralogistmineralogiwan Baron [[Carl Auer von Welsbach]], anddan Americankimiawan chemistAmerika [[Charles James (chemistkimiawan)|Charles James]]. AllKetiga ofilmuwan theseini menmenemukan foundlutesium lutetiumsebagai assuatu anketakmurnian impurity in thedalam mineral [[ytterbiaiterbia]], which was previously thoughtyang tosebelumnya consistdiduga entirelyhanya ofmengandung ytterbiumiterbium. TheSengketa disputetentang onhak theprioritas prioritypenemu ofterjadi thetidak discoverylama occurredkemudian, shortlyyang after, withmana Urbain anddan von Welsbach accusingsaling eachmenuduh otherhasil ofpublikasinya publishingdipengaruhi resultsoleh influencedpenelitian by the published research of the otherrivalnya; the namingpenghargaan honorakhirnya wentjatuh topada Urbain askarena heia publishedmempublikasikan hishasilnya resultslebih earlierawal. HeIa chosememilih the namenama ''lutecium'' foruntuk theunsur newbaru elementini buttetapi inpada tahun 1949 the spelling ofejaan elementunsur 71 wasini changeddiubah tomenjadi ''lutetium''. InPada tahun 1909, the priority wasprioritas finallyakhirnya grantedjatuh tokepada Urbain anddan hisnamanya namesdiabadikan weresebagai adoptedsalah assatu officialnama onesresminya; howevernamun, the namenama ''cassiopeium'' (oratau laterterakhir menjadi ''cassiopium'') foruntuk elementunsur 71 proposedyang bydiusulkan oleh von Welsbach was used bydigunakan manyoleh Germanbanyak scientistsilmuwan untilJerman thehingga 1950s1950an. LikeSeperti otherlantanida lanthanideslainnya, lutetiumlutesium isadalah onesalah ofsatu theunsur elementsyang thatsecara traditionallytradisional weredimasukkan includeddalam in the classificationklasifikasi "[[RareLogam earthtanah elementjarang|raretanah earthjarang]]s.".

=== Hafnium ===

'''{{UnsurEja|Hafnium''' (|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|æ|f|n|i|ə|m}} {{respell|HAF|nee-əm}})|Hf|72}} is aSuatu [[chemicallogam elementtransisi]] with the [[element symbol|symboltetravalen]] '''Hf'''abu-abu and [[atomic number]] 72.perak Ayang [[lustrekilau (mineralogymineralogi)|lustrousberkilau]], silvery gray, [[tetravalence|tetravalent]] [[transition metal]],kimiawi hafnium chemically resemblesmenyerupai [[zirconiumzirkonium]] anddan isditemukan found in zirconiumdalam [[mineral]]s zirkonium. ItsKeberadaannya existence wastelah [[Mendeleev'sUnsur-unsur predictedprediksi elementsMendeleev|predicteddiprediksi byoleh Dmitri Mendeleev]] inpada tahun 1869. Hafnium wasadalah the penultimateunsur [[stableisotop isotopestabil]] elementpenultimate toyang be discoveredditemukan ([[rheniumrenium]] wasdiidentifikasi identifieddua twotahun years laterkemudian). HafniumNama ishafnium namedberasal fordari ''Hafnia'', thenama [[Latin]] name foruntuk "[[Copenhagen]]", where it wastempat discoveredditemukannya.

Hafnium isdigunakan useddalam infilamen filamentsdan and electrodeselektrode. Beberapa proses Somefabrikasi [[semiconductorsemikonduktor]] fabricationmenggunakan processesoksidanya use its oxide foruntuk [[integratedsirkuit circuitsterpadu]] at 45&nbsp;nm anddan smallerfitur featureyang lengthslebih kecil. SomeBeberapa [[superalloysuperaloy]]s usedyang digunakan foruntuk specialaplikasi applicationskhusus containberisi hafnium inyang combinationdikombinasi withdengan [[niobium]], [[titanium]], oratau [[tungstenwolfram]].

=== Tantalum ===

'''{{UnsurEja|Tantalum''' (|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|æ|n|t|ə|l|əm}} {{respell|TAN|təl-əm}}) is a [[chemical element]] with the symbol '''|Ta''' and [[atomic number]] |73.}} PreviouslySebelumnya knowndikenal assebagai ''tantalium'', thenama nameyang comesberasal fromdari ''[[Tantalus]]'', asebuah characterkarakter fromdari Greekmitologi mythologyYunani.<ref>[[Euripides]], ''[[Orestes (play)|Orestes]]''</ref> Tantalum isadalah a[[logam raretransisi]] yang langka, hardkeras, bluebiru abu-grayabu, [[lustrekilau (mineralogymineralogi)|lustrous]] [[transition metalberkilau]] thatyang issangat highlytahan corrosionterhadap resistantkorosi. ItIa isadalah partbagian ofdari thegolongan [[refractorylogam metalsrefraktori]] group, whichyang arebanyak widelydigunakan usedsebagai askomponen minor componentdalam in alloysaloy. The chemical inertnessKeinertan ofkimia tantalum makesmenjadikannya itbahan aberharga valuableuntuk substanceperalatan forlaboratorium laboratorysebagai equipment and a substitute forpengganti [[platinumplatina]], buttetapi itspenggunaan mainutamanya usesaat todayini is inadalah [[kapasitor tantalum capacitor]]s indalam peralatan [[electronicselektronika|electronicelektronik]] equipment such asseperti [[mobiletelepon phoneseluler|ponsel]]s, [[pemutar DVD player]]s, [[videosistem gamepermainan systemsvideo]] anddan [[PersonalKomputer computerpribadi|computerskomputer]].

Tantalum, alwaysselalu togetherberada withbersama thedengan chemicallyunsur similaryang kimiawinya mirip yaitu [[niobium]], occursterdapat in thedalam [[mineral]]s ''[[tantalite]]'', ''[[columbite]]'' anddan ''[[coltan]]'' (a mixsuatu ofcampuran ''columbite'' anddan ''tantalite'').

===Tungsten Wolfram ===

{{main|TungstenWolfram}}

'''{{UnsurAliasEja|Tungsten''' |{{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ʌ|ŋ|s|t|ən}}, also known as '''|wolfram''' |{{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ʊ|l|f|r|ə|m}} ({{Respell|WUUL|frəm}}), is a [[chemical element]] with the chemical symbol '''|W''' and [[atomic number]] |74.}} The wordIstilah ''tungsten'' comes fromdiambil thedari Swedishbahasa languageSwedia ''tung sten'' directlyyang translatablejika toditerjemahkan langsung artinya ''heavy stone'',<ref>{{OED|Tungsten}}</ref> thoughmeskipun thenamanya name isadalah ''volfram'' indalam Swedishbahasa toSwedia distinguishuntuk itmembedakan fromdari [[Scheelite]], indalam bahasa Swedia Swedishnama alternativelyalternatifnya namedadalah ''tungsten''.

A hard,Sebagai raresuatu [[metallogam]] underkeras standarddan conditionslangka whendalam uncombinedkondisi standar dan tidak dalam paduannya, tungstenwolfram isalami founddi naturallyBumi onhanya Earthdijumpai onlysebagai insenyawa chemical compoundskimia. ItWolfram waspertama identifiedkali asdiidentifikasi asebagai newunsur elementbaru pada intahun 1781, anddan firstdiisolasi isolatedsebagai aslogam auntuk metalpertama inkalinya pada tahun 1783. Its important [[oreBijih]]s includepentingnya antara lain [[wolframite]] anddan [[scheelite]]. The [[freeUnsur elementbebas]]nya ismemiliki remarkablekekuatan foryang its robustnessmengagumkan, especiallyterutama thekarena fact that it has thewolfram highestmemiliki [[meltingtitik pointlebur]] oftertinggi alldi theantara seluruh logam non-[[alloyaloy]]ed metalsdan andkedua thetertinggi seconddi highestantara ofseluruh all the elementsunsur aftersetelah [[carbonkarbon]]. AlsoMassa remarkablejenisnya isjuga itssangat hightinggi, density ofsekitar 19.,3 timeskali thatmassa ofjenis waterair, comparablesebanding to that ofdengan [[uranium]] anddan [[goldemas]], andserta much higher (aboutsekitar 1.,7 times)kali thanmassa that ofjenis [[leadtimbal]].<ref name="daintith">{{cite book |last=Daintith |first=John |title=Facts on File Dictionary of Chemistry |edition=4th |location=New York |publisher=Checkmark Books |year=2005 |isbn=0-8160-5649-8 }}</ref> TungstenWolfram withdengan minorjumlah amounts ofketakmurnian impuritieskecil issering oftenkali [[brittlerapuh]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Tungsten: properties, chemistry, technology of the element, alloys, and chemical compounds|first = Erik|last = Lassner|author2=Schubert, Wolf-Dieter | publisher = Springer|year = 1999|isbn = 978-0-306-45053-2|url = http://books.google.com/?id=foLRISkt9gcC&pg=PA20|chapter = low temperature brittleness|pages = 20–21}}</ref> anddan [[hardnessHardness|hardkeras]], makingmembuatnya itmenyulitkan difficult tountuk [[metalworkingPengolahan logam|workdiolah]]. HoweverNamun, verywolfram pureyang tungstensangat murni, thoughmeskipun stillmasih hardkeras, is morelebih [[ductilityKeuletan (fisika)|ductileulet]], and can bedan cutdapat withdipotong a hard-steeldengan [[hacksawgergaji]] baja keras.<ref name="albert">{{cite book |last=Stwertka |first=Albert |title=A Guide to the elements |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements0002stwe |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-515026-0 }}</ref>

===Rhenium Renium ===

{{main|RheniumRenium}}

'''Rhenium''' ({{UnsurEja|Renium|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|n|i|ə|m}} {{respell|REE|nee-əm}})|Re|75}} is a [[chemical element]] with the symbol '''Re''' andadalah [[atomiclogam numbertransisi]] 75.baris Itketiga isberwarna aputih silvery-whiteperak, heavyberat, third-rowtermasuk dalam [[transitionUnsur metal]] in [[groupgolongan 7 element|groupgolongan 7]] of thepada [[periodictabel tableperiodik]]. With anDengan ''estimatedestimasi'' averagekonsentrasi concentration ofhanya 1 [[Parts-Bagian per notationnotasi|partbagian per billionmilyar]] (ppb), rheniumrenium isadalah onesalah ofsatu thelogam rarestpaling elementslangka in thedalam [[Earth'skerak crustBumi]]. TheUnsur freebebasnya elementmempunyai has[[titik theleleh]] [[ListDaftar ofunsur elementsberdasarkan bytitik melting pointlebur|third-highestketiga tertinggi]] dan [[meltingtitik pointdidih]] andtertinggi highestdi boilingantara pointsemua of any elementunsur. RheniumRenium resemblesmenyerupai [[manganesemangan]] chemicallysecara andkimia isdan obtaineddiperoleh as asebagai [[by-productproduk samping]] ofdari ekstraksi bijih [[molybdenummolibdenum]] anddan [[coppertembaga]] ore's extraction and refinement. RheniumDalam showssenyawanya, inRenium itsmenunjukkan compounds a wide variety ofberbagai [[oxidationtingkat stateoksidasi]]s rangingmulai fromdari −1-1 tohingga +7.

DiscoveredDitemukan inpada tahun 1925, rheniumrenium was the lastadalah [[stableunsur elementstabil]] toterakhir beyang discoveredditemukan. ItNamanya wasdiambil nameddari afternama thesungai riverdi Eropa, [[Rhine]] in Europe.

[[NickelSuperaloy]]-based renium berbasis [[superalloysnikel]] ofdigunakan rheniumpada areruang used in the combustion chamberspembakaran, turbinebilah bladesturbin, anddan exhaustnozel nozzles ofknalpot [[jetmesin enginejet]]s, theselogam alloyspaduan ini containmengandung up tohingga 6% rheniumrenium, makingsehingga jetkonstruksi enginemesin constructionjet theadalah largestpengguna singletunggal useterbesar forunsur the elementini, withdisusul theoleh chemicalpemanfaatan industry'ssebagai catalytickatalis usesoleh beingindustri next-most importantkimia. BecauseOleh ofkarena thepermintaan lowunsur availabilityini relativerelatif tolebih demand,besar rheniumdaripada isketersediaannya, amongrenium thetermasuk mostlogam expensivepaling of metalsmahal, withdengan anharga averagerata-rata pricesekitar of approximately US$4,.575 per [[kilogram]] (US$142.,30 per troy ounce) asper of AugustAgustus 2011; it. isRenium alsojuga ofstrategis criticalbagi strategic military importancemiliter, foruntuk itsdigunakan usedalam inmesin highjet performancedan military jetroket andmiliter rocketberkinerja enginestinggi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metalprices.com/FreeSite/metals/re/re.asp |title=Rhenium |work=MetalPrices.com |publisher=MetalPrices.com |accessdate=February 2, 2012 |archive-date=2012-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115004912/http://www.metalprices.com/FreeSite/metals/re/re.asp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

=== Osmium ===

'''{{UnsurEja|Osmium''' (|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒ|z|m|i|ə|m}} {{respell|OZ|mee-əm}})|Os|76}} isOsmium aadalah [[chemicallogam elementtransisi]] with the symbol '''Os''' anddalam [[atomicGolongan numberplatina|keluarga platina]] 76. It is ayang hardkeras, brittlerapuh, blue-grayberwarna orbiru blueabu-blackabu [[transitionatau metal]]biru inhitam thedan [[platinummerupakan family]]unsur andalami ispaling the densest naturally occurring elementpadat, with adengan [[densitymassa jenis]] of {{val|22.59|ul=g/cm3}} (slightlysedikit greaterlebih thantinggi that ofdaripada [[iridium]] anddan twicedua thatkali ofmassa jenis [[leadtimbal]]). ItOsmium isdijumpai founddi inalam naturesebagai as an alloyaloy, mostlyterutama indalam platinumbijih oresplatina; its [[alloylogam paduan]]snya withdengan [[platinumplatina]], [[iridium]], anddan otherlogam platinumgolongan groupplatina metalslainnya aredigunakan employeddalam inujung [[fountain pen]] tips, electricalkontak contactslistrik, anddan otheraplikasi applicationslain whereyang extrememembutuhkan durabilitydaya andtahan hardnessdan arekekerasan neededekstrem.<ref>Hammond "Osmium", C. R., p. 4-25 in {{RubberBible86th}}</ref>

=== Iridium ===

'''{{UnsurEja|Iridium''' (|{{IPAc-en|ɨ|ˈ|r|ɪ|d|i|ə|m}} {{respell|i|RID|ee-əm}}) is|Ir|77}} theSebagai [[chemicallogam elementtransisi]] withyang [[atomicsangat number]] 77keras, and is represented by the symbol '''Ir'''. A very hardrapuh, brittle,putih silvery-whitekeperakan [[transition metal]] of thedari [[platinumGolongan groupplatina|keluarga platinum family]], iridium isadalah theunsur kedua second-[[densityMassa jenis|densestterpadat]] element (aftersetelah [[osmium]]) anddan ismerupakan thelogam mostyang paling tahan [[corrosionkorosi]]-resistant metal, evenbahkan atpada temperaturessuhu as high assetinggi 2000&nbsp;°C. Although only certainMeskipun moltengaram saltscair anddan [[halogen]]s aretertentu corrosivesaja toyang solidbersifat korosif untuk iridium padat, finely divideddebu iridium dust ishalus muchjauh morelebih reactivereaktif anddan candapat bemudah flammableterbakar.

Iridium wasditemuksn discoveredpada intahun 1803 amongdi insolubleantara impuritiesketakmurnian inyang naturaltak larut dalam [[platinumplatina]] alami. [[Smithson Tennant]], thepenemu primary discovererutamanya, namedmengambil thenama iridium for thedari goddessDewi [[Iris (mythologymitologi)|Iris]], personificationpersonifikasi of the rainbowpelangi, because of the strikingkarena andwarna diversegaramnya colorsyang ofmenyolok itsdan saltsberagam. Iridium isadalah [[AbundanceKelimpahan ofunsur elementsdalam inkerak Earth's crustbumi|onesalah ofsatu theunsur rarestpaling elementslangka]] in thedalam [[Crust (geology)#Earth's crust|Earth'skerak crustbumi]], withdengan annualproduksi productiondan andkonsumsi consumptiontahunan ofhanya only threetiga [[tonneton]]s. Hanya ada dua [[isotop]] alami iridium yaitu {{chemchem2|191|Ir}} anddan {{chemchem2|193|Ir}} areyang the only two naturally occurringsekaligus [[isotope]]sisotop of iridium as well as the only [[stable isotopestabil]]s; the{{chem2|193|Ir}} latterlebih ismelimpah thedaripada more abundant of the two{{chem2|191|Ir}}.

===Platinum Platina ===

{{main|PlatinumPlatina}}

{{UnsurEja|Platina|{{lang-en|'''Platinum'''}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|l|æ|t|i-|n|ə|m}}) is a [[chemical element]] with the [[chemical symbol]] '''|Pt''' and an [[atomic number]] of |78.}}

ItsNamanya nameberasal isdari derivedistilah from the Spanish termSpanyol ''platina'', whichyang issecara literallyharfiah translatedditerjemahkan intomenjadi "littleperak silverkecil".<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464081/platinum-Pt "platinum (Pt)."] Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 April 2012</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|platinum}}</ref><!--source for "platina del Pinto"<ref>{{cite book|last=Woods|first=Ian|title=The Elements: Platinum|url=https://archive.org/details/platinum0000wood|publisher=Benchmark Books|year=2004|series=The Elements|isbn=978-0-7614-1550-3}}</ref>--> ItIni isadalah a[[logam transisi]] [[densityMassa jenis|densepadat]], [[malleabilityKeuletan (fisika)|malleabledapat ditempa]], [[ductilityKeuletan (fisika)|ductileulet]], [[preciousLogam metalberharga|preciousberharga]], graydan berwarna abu-whiteabu [[transitionputih metal]].

PlatinumPlatina isdigunakan used indalam [[catalyticpengubah converterkatalitik]]s, laboratoryperalatan equipmentlaboratorium, kontak [[electriclistrik]]al contacts anddan [[electrodeelektrode]]s, [[platinumSensor resistancesuhu|termometer resistensi thermometerplatina]]s, peralatan [[dentistrykedokteran gigi]] equipment, and jewelry. Because only a few hundred tonnes are produced annually, it is a scarce material, and is highly valuable and is a majordan [[List of traded commodities#Precious metals|precious metal commodityperhiasan]]. BeingOleh akarena termasuk [[heavy metal (chemistry)|heavylogam metalberat]], itplatina leadsmemiliki tomasalah healthkesehatan issuesjika uponterpapar exposure to its saltsgaramnya, buttetapi duekarena toketahanannya itsterhadap corrosion resistancekorosi, it isplatina nottidak asberacun toxicseperti asbeberapa somelogam metalslainnya.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/123081/AQG2ndEd_6_11Platinum.PDF|title=Air Quality Guidelines|edition=Second|chapter=Chapter 6.11 Platinum&#124;|publisher=WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark|date= 2000 }}</ref> ItsSenyawa compounds,yang mostmengandung notablyplatina, seperti ''[[cisplatinsisplatin]]'', are''[[oksaliplatin]]'' dan ''[[karboplatin]]'', applieddigunakan indalam [[chemotherapykemoterapi]] againstuntuk certainmelawan typeskanker ofjenis cancertertentu.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 20593091 | yeardate = 2010 | last1 = Wheate | first1 = NJ | last2 = Walker | first2 = S | last3 = Craig | first3 = GE | last4 = Oun | first4 = R | title = The status of platinum anticancer drugs in the clinic and in clinical trials | volume = 39 | issue = 35 | pages = 8113–27 | doi = 10.1039/C0DT00292E | journal = Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)}}</ref>

===Gold Emas ===

{{main|GoldEmas}}

{{UnsurEja|Emas|{{lang-en|'''Gold'''}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|l|d}}|Au|79}} isEmas aadalah dense,[[logam soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. It is atransisi]] [[chemicalMassa elementjenis|padat]], withlunak, theberkilau, symbol[[Keuletan '''Au'''(fisika)|mudah anddibentuk]], dan [[atomicKeuletan number(fisika)|ulet]] 79.

GoldEmas resistsdapat attacksbertahan bydari individualserangan acidsasam individu, but it can betetapi dissolveddapat bydilarutkan theoleh [[aqua regia]] (asam nitro-hydrochloric acidklorida), so nameddinamakan becausedemikian itkarena dissolvesmelarutkan goldemas. GoldEmas alsojuga dissolveslarut indalam alkaline solutions oflarutan [[cyanidesianida]] alkalis, which haveyang beentelah useddigunakan indi miningpertambangan. GoldEmas dissolveslarut indalam [[mercury (element)|mercuryraksa]], formingmembentuk paduan [[amalgam (chemistry)|amalgam]] alloys. GoldEmas istidak insolublelarut indalam [[nitricasam acidnitrat]], whichyang dissolvesmelarutkan [[silverperak]] anddan [[baselogam metaldasar]]s, asifat propertyyang thattelah haslama longdigunakan beenuntuk usedmengkonfirmasi tokeberadaan confirmemas thedalam presence of gold in itemsbahan, givingsehingga risemencuatkan to the termistilah ''the [[acidUji testasam (goldemas)|aciduji testasam]].''.

ASebanyak total of 165,.000 [[tonneton]]s ofemas goldtelah haveditambang beendalam minedsejarah inumat human historymanusia, as ofper 2009.<ref name="World Gold Council FAQ">[http://www.gold.org/faq/answer/76/how_much_gold_has_been_mined/ World Gold Council FAQ]. www.gold.org</ref> ThisSecara iskasar roughlyini equivalentsetara todengan 5.,3 billionmiliar [[troy ounce]]s oratau, in termsdalam ofhitungan volume, aboutsekitar 8500 m³, .<!--or a [[cube]] 20.4 m on a side.--> The world consumption of new goldKonsumsi producedemas isdunia aboutsekitar 50% inuntuk jewelryperhiasan, 40% inuntuk investmentsinvestasi, anddan 10% inuntuk industryindustri.<ref name='oil-price.com-worlds-gold-consumption 2011'>{{cite news|first = Andy |last = Soos|title = Gold Mining Boom Increasing Mercury Pollution Risk|date = 2011-01-06|publisher = Oilprice.com|url = http://oilprice.com/Metals/Gold/Gold-Mining-Boom-Increasing-Mercury-Pollution-Risk.html|work = Advanced Media Solutions, Inc.|accessdate = 2011-03-26}}</ref>

ItTelah hasdiklaim beenbahwa claimedsebagian thatbesar mostemas ofbumi theterletak Earth'spada goldinti liesbumi, atkepadatan itslogam core,ini theyang metal'stinggi highmembuatnya densitytenggelam havingdi madesana itdi sinkmasa there in themuda planet's youthini. Hampir Virtuallysemua allemas ofyang thetelah goldditemukan thatoleh mankindmanusia hasdianggap discoveredtelah isdisimpan consideredkemudian to have been deposited later byoleh [[meteoritesmeteorit]] whichyang containedberisi theunsur elementini. Hal Thisini supposedlyseharusnya explainsmenjelaskan whymengapa, indalam masa prehistoryprasejarah, goldemas appearedmuncul assebagai nuggetsbongkahan ondi the earth'spermukaan surfacebumi.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14827624 | work=BBC News | title=Meteorites delivered gold to Earth | date=2011-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110907132044.htm|title=Where does all Earth's gold come from? Precious metals the result of meteorite bombardment, rock analysis finds|website=ScienceDaily|date=2011-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite|url=http://www.ees.rochester.edu/ees119/reading2.pdf|website=rochester.edu|title=The Origin of Gold in South Africa}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/10/meteor-shower-gold_n_955448.html | work=Huffington Post | title=Meteor Shower Rained Gold On Ancient Earth | date=2011-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7363/full/nature10399.html#/access|title=The tungsten isotopic composition of the Earth’s mantle before the terminal bombardment|first1=Matthias|last1=Willbold|first2=Tim|last2=Elliott|first3=Stephen|last3=Moorbath|journal=Nature|volume=477|pages=195–198|date=08 September 2011|doi=10.1038/nature10399}}</ref>

===Mercury Raksa ===

{{main|Mercury (element)Raksa}}

'''Mercury'''{{Unsur|Raksa|Hg|80}} isIa ajuga [[chemical element]] with thedikenal symbolsebagai '''Hg''quicksilver' and [[atomic number]] 80. It is also known as '''quicksilver'''<!--<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/quicksilver|title=quicksilver definition |accessdate=13 October 2008|publisher=Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)}}</ref>---> oratau '''''hydrargyrum''''' ({{lang-gr| < Greek}} "[[Wiktionary:en:hydr-|hydr-]]" ''waterair'' anddan "[[Wiktionary:en:άργυρος|argyros]]" ''silverperak''). ASebagai heavy, silveryunsur [[dblok-blockd]] elementyang berat, mercurykeperakan, israksa theadalah onlysatu-satunya metallogam thatyang isberbentuk liquidcair atpada [[standardtemperatur conditionsdan fortekanan temperature and pressurestandar]]; theunsur onlylainnya otheryang elementberwujud thatcair ispada liquidkondisi underini these conditions isadalah [[brominebrom]], though metalsmeskipun suchlogam asseperti [[caesiumsesium]], [[franciumfransium]], [[galliumgalium]], anddan [[rubidium]] meltmeleleh justtepat abovedi roomatas temperaturesuhu kamar. WithDengan atitik [[freezingbeku point]] of −38.-38,83&nbsp;°C anddan [[boilingtitik point]] ofdidih 356.,73&nbsp;°C, mercuryraksa hasmerupakan onesalah ofsatu thelogam narrowestdengan rangesrentang ofbentuk itscair liquidyang statesempit ofdibandingkan anylogam metalapapun.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/inorganic/faq/why-is-mercury-liquid.shtml| title=Why is mercury a liquid at STP?| accessdate=May 1, 2007| publisher=General Chemistry Online at Frostburg State University| author=Senese, F}}</ref><ref name="Norrby">{{cite journal|author=Norrby, L.J.|title=Why is mercury liquid? Or, why do relativistic effects not get into chemistry textbooks?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1991-02_68_2/page/110| journal= Journal of Chemical Education|volume=68|issue=2|page=110 |year=1991|doi=10.1021/ed068p110|bibcode=1991JChEd..68..110N}}</ref><ref>{{RubberBible86th|pages=4.125–4.126}}</ref>

===Thallium Talium ===

{{main|ThalliumTalium}}

{{UnsurEja|Talium|{{lang-en|'''Thallium'''}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|θ|æ|l|i|ə|m}} {{respell|THAL|ee-əm}}) is a chemical element with the symbol '''|Tl'''|81}} and[[Logam atomicpasca numbertransisi]] 81.abu-abu Thisyang softlembut gray [[other metal]]ini resemblesmenyerupai [[tintimah]] buttetapi discolorsberubah whenwarna exposedbila toterkena airudara. TheDua twoahli chemistskimia [[William Crookes]] anddan [[Claude-Auguste Lamy]] discoveredmenemukan thalliumtalium independentlysecara interpisah pada tahun 1861 bydengan themetode newlyyang developedbaru method ofdikembangkan, [[Atomic emission spectroscopy#FlameSpektroskopi emissionemisi spectroscopyatom|flamespektroskopi spectroscopynyala]]. BothKeduanya discoveredmenemukan theunsur newbaru elementdalam inresidu residues ofproduksi [[sulfuricasam acidsulfat]] production.

ApproximatelySekitar 60–70% ofdari thalliumproduksi productiontalium isdigunakan used in thedalam [[electronicsindustri industryelektronik]], anddan thesisanya remainderdigunakan is used in thedalam [[pharmaceuticalindustri industryfarmasi]] and indan [[glassKaca|glassmanufakturing manufacturingkaca]].<ref name="sl2001">{{cite web|title=Chemical fact sheet&nbsp;— Thallium|publisher=''Spectrum Laboratories'' |date=April 2001 |url=http://www.speclab.com/elements/thallium.htm|accessdate=2008-02-02|archive-date=2008-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221222321/http://www.speclab.com/elements/thallium.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ItLogam isini alsojuga useddigunakan indalam [[infrareddetektor detectorinframerah]]s. ThalliumTalium is highlysangat [[toxicToksik|beracun]] anddan wasdigunakan used indalam [[rat poisonrodentisida]]s andserta [[insecticideinsektisida]]s. ItsPenggunaannya usetelah hasdikurangi beenatau reduceddihilangkan ordi eliminatedbanyak innegara manykarena countriestoksisitas becausenon of its nonselective toxicityselektifnya. BecauseOleh ofkarena itsdigunakan use foruntuk [[murderpembunuhan]], thalliumtalium hastelah gainedmemperoleh the nicknamesjulukan "TheRacun Poisoner'spara PoisonPeracun" anddan "InheritanceSerbuk PowderWarisan" (alongsidebersama [[arsenicarsen]]).<ref>{{cite book|title = The Boron Elements: Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium|url = https://archive.org/details/boronelementsbor0000hasa| page = [https://archive.org/details/boronelementsbor0000hasa/page/14 14]|first =Heather|last = Hasan|year = 2009| isbn = 978-1-4358-5333-1|publisher = Rosen Publishing Group}}</ref>

===Lead Timbal ===

{{main|LeadTimbal}}

LeadTimbal isdigunakan useddalam inkonstruksi building constructionbangunan, [[lead–acidbaterai battery|leadtimbal-acid batteriesasam]], [[bulletpeluru]]s anddan [[leadpeluru shot|shotpelet]]s, weightsanak timbangan, assebagai partbagian ofdari [[solder]]s, [[pewterpyuter]]s, [[fusiblepaduan alloyyang dapat lebur]]s and({{lang-en|fusible asalloy}}) adan sebagai [[radiationProteksi radiasi|perisai shieldradiasi]]. LeadTimbal has the highestmemiliki [[atomicnomor numberatom]] of alltertinggi ofdari thesemua [[stableDaftar elementunsur berdasarkan kestabilan isotop|unsur stabil]]s, althoughmeskipun theunsur nextberikutnya higheryang elementlebih tinggi, [[bismuthbismut]], has amemiliki [[half-lifewaktu paruh]] thatyang issangat so longpanjang (much longer thanlebih thelama agedari ofusia thealam universesemesta) thatyang itdapat candianggap be considered stablestabil. Its fourEmpat stableisotop isotopesstabilnya havememiliki 82 [[proton]]s, asuatu [[magicAngka numberajaib (physicsfisika)|magicangka numberajaib]] in thedalam [[nuclearmodel shellkulit modelnuklir]] ofsuatu [[atomicinti nucleiatom]].

===Bismuth Bismut ===

'''Bismuth''' ({{UnsurEja|Bismut|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɪ|z|m|ə|θ}} {{respell|BIZ|məth}}) is a [[chemical element]] with symbol '''|Bi''' and [[atomic number]] |83.}} BismuthBismut, alogam trivalentpasca [[othertransisi metal]]trivalen, chemicallykimiawinya resemblesmenyerupai [[arsenicarsen]] anddan [[antimonyantimon]]. ElementalUnsur bismuthbismut maydapat occurterjadi naturallysecara uncombinedalami dalam bentuk bebas, althoughmeskipun itssulfida sulfidedan andbentuk oxideoksidanya formmerupakan importantbijih commercialkomersial oresyang penting. The [[freeUnsur elementbebas]] isnya 86% as dense assepadat [[leadtimbal]]. It is aIni brittleadalah metallogam withrapuh adengan silverywarna whiteputih colorkeperakan whensaat newlybaru madedibuat, buttetapi oftensering seenterlihat indi airudara withdengan asemburat pinkmerah tingemuda owingkarena tooksida the surface oxidepermukaannya. BismuthLogam metalbismut hastelah beendikenal knownsejak fromzaman ancient timeskuno, althoughmeskipun untilsampai theabad 18thke-18 centurymasih itsering wasdibingungkan oftendengan confusedtimbal withdan lead and tintimah, whichyang eachmasing-masing havememiliki somebeberapa ofsifat thefisik metal's bulk physicalmassal propertieslogam. TheEtimologinya etymologytidak ispasti uncertaintetapi butmungkin possiblyberasal comesdari frombahasa ArabicArab "bi ismid" meaningyang havingberarti thememiliki properties ofsifat-sifat antimonyantimon<ref>[http://webmineral.com/data/Bismuth.shtml Bismuth]. Web Mineral. Retrieved on 2011-12-17.</ref> oratau Germanbahasa wordsJerman ''weisse masse'' oratau ''wismuth'' yang berarti meaning''whitemassa mass.putih''.<ref name="arizona1">{{cite book|editor=Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W. and Nichols, Monte C. |title=Handbook of Mineralogy|publisher=Mineralogical Society of America |place=Chantilly, VA, US |volume=I (Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts) |url=http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/bismuth.pdf|format=PDF |chapter=Bismuth |accessdate=December 5, 2011 |isbn=0-9622097-0-8 }}</ref>

BismuthBismut hassecara classicallyklasik beentelah considereddianggap tosebagai beunsur thealami heaviestterberat naturallyyang occurring stable elementstabil, in termsdalam ofhal atomicmassa massatom. RecentlyBagaimanapun, however, it hasbaru-baru beenini foundtelah toditemukan bebahwa verybismut slightlysedikit radioactiveradioaktif: itshanya onlyisotop primordial isotope [[bismuth-209]] decaysyang viameluruh melalui [[alphapeluruhan decayalfa]] intomenjadi [[thalliumtalium-205]] with adengan [[half-lifewaktu paruh]] oflebih moredari than asatu [[1000000000 (numberangka)|billionmiliar]] timeskali the estimatedperkiraan [[age ofusia thealam universesemesta]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/7/4/16| title=Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay| date=2003-04-23| publisher=Physicsweb| first=Belle| last= Dumé}}</ref>

=== Polonium ===

'''{{UnsurEja|Polonium''' (|{{IPAc-en|p|oʊ|ˈ|l|oʊ|n|i|ə|m}} {{respell|po|LOH|nee-əm}}) is a [[chemical element]] with the symbol '''|Po'''|84}} andUnsur [[atomicini number]] 84,ditemukan discoveredpada intahun 1898 byoleh [[Marie Curie|Marie Skłodowska-Curie]] anddan [[Pierre Curie]]. ASebagai rareunsur andyang highlylangka dan sangat [[radioactiveradioaktif]] element, kimiawi polonium ismirip chemically similar todengan [[bismuthbismut]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pertab/Po.html |title = Polonium| accessdate = 2009-05-05}}</ref> anddan [[telluriumtelurium]], and itdan occursterdapat indalam [[uraniumbijih]] [[oreuranium]]s. Polonium hastelah beendipelajari studieduntuk forkemungkinan possibledigunakan usedalam in heatingpemanasan [[spacecraftwahana antariksa]]. AsOleh itkarena issifatnya unstableyang tidak stabil, allseluruh [[isotopes ofisotop polonium]] areadalah radioactiveradioaktif. ThereTerdapat isketidaksepakatan disagreementmengenai aspenempatan topolonium, whetherantara polonium ismasuk akelompok [[post-transitionlogam metalpasca transisi]] oratau polonium masuk kelompok [[metalloidmetaloid]].<ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1021/ed100308w |title = Polonium and Astatine Are Not Semimetals| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_2010-08_87_8/page/783 |journal= Journal of Chemical Education| year=2010| last1=Hawkes| first1=Stephen J.| volume=87| issue=8| pages=783 |bibcode = 2010JChEd..87..783H }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://periodic.lanl.gov/metal.shtml |title=Characterizing the Elements |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work= |publisher=[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] |accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref>

===Astatine Astatin ===

{{main|AstatineAstatin}}

'''AstatineAstatin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|s|t|ə|t|iː|n}} {{respell|AS|tə-teen}} oratau {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|s|t|ə|t|ɪ|n}} {{respell|AS|tə-tin}}) isadalah asuatu [[radioactiveunsur kimia]] [[chemical elementradioaktif]] with thedengan symbollambang '''At''' anddan [[atomicnomor numberatom]] 85. ItAstatin occursterdapat ondi theBumi Earthhanya onlysebagai ashasil thepeluruhan resultdari ofunsur-unsur decayyang oflebih heavier elementsberat, andkemudian meluruh decayskembali awaydengan rapidlycepat, sosehingga muchsangat lesssedikit isyang knowndiketahui abouttentang thisunsur elementini thandaripada itsunsur-unsur di atasnya dalam uppergolongan neighborsyang insama thepada [[periodictabel tableperiodik]]. EarlierStudi studiesawal havetelah shownmenunjukkan thisbahwa elementunsur followsini periodicmengikuti trendstren periodik, being the heaviest knownmerupakan [[halogen]] paling berat yang dikenal, withdengan [[meltingtitik point|meltingleleh]] anddan [[boilingTitik pointdidih|didih]]s beinglebih highertinggi thandaripada thosehalogen ofyang lighterlebih halogensringan.

AstatineAstatin waspertama firstkali produceddiproduksi byoleh [[Dale R. Corson]], [[Kenneth Ross MacKenzie]], anddan [[Emilio SegrèSegre]] in thedi [[University ofUniversitas California, Berkeley]] inpada tahun 1940. ThreeTiga yearstahun laterkemudian, itditemukan wasdi found in naturealam; howevernamun, withdengan anjumlah estimateddiperkirakan amountkurang of less thandari 28&nbsp;gramsgram (1&nbsp;oz) atpada givenwaktu timetertentu, astatineastatin isadalah theunsur leastpaling abundantlangka elementdalam inkerak Earth'sbumi crustdi amongkalangan non-[[Unsur transuranium|unsur elementnon-transuranium]]s. AmongDi astatineantara isotopesisotop astatin, sixenam (withdengan [[massnomor numbermassa]]s 214 to -219) areterdapat presentdi inalam naturesebagai asakibat thedari resultpeluruhan ofunsur decayyang oflebih heavier elementsberat; howevernamun, the most stable astatineastatin-210 andyang thepaling industriallystabil useddan astatineastatin-211 areyang digunakan oleh industri tidak termasuk yang berasal dari peluruhan nottersebut.

=== Radon ===

'''{{UnsurEja|Radon''' (|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|eɪ|d|ɒ|n}} {{respell|RAY|don}}) is a [[chemical element]] with symbol '''|Rn''' and [[atomic number]] |86.}} ItUnsur isini aadalah [[radioactivepeluruhan decayradioaktif|radioactiveradioaktif]], colorless,tidak odorlessberwarna, tasteless{{citationtidak needed|date=February 2012}}berbau, [[noblegas gasmulia]] yang tidak berasa, occurringyang naturallyterjadi assecara thealami decaysebagai productproduk ofpeluruhan [[uranium]] oratau [[thoriumtorium]]. Its most stable [[isotopeIsotop]]nya yang paling stabil, [[Radon-222|^{{chem2|222|Rn}}]], has amemiliki [[half-lifewaktu paruh]] of 3.,8 dayshari. Radon isadalah onesalah ofsatu thezat densestterpadat substancesyang thattetap remains amenjadi [[gas]] underdalam kondisi normal conditions. ItIa isjuga also the onlysatu-satunya gas thatyang isradioaktif radioactivedalam underkondisi normal conditions, anddan isdianggap consideredmembahayakan akesehatan healthkarena hazard due to its radioactivityradioaktivitasnya. IntenseRadioaktivitasnya radioactivityyang alsokuat hinderedjuga chemicalmenghambat studiesstudi ofkimia radon and onlydan ahanya fewbeberapa compoundssenyawa areyang knowndikenal.

==Toxicity Lihat juga ==

==Notes Catatan kaki ==

{{Reflist|group=notecatatan}}

==References Referensi ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

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