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Baris 212: Virus Ebola mungkin berasal dari kelelawar.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Han\|first=Hui-Ju\|last2=Wen\|first2=Hong-ling\|last3=Zhou\|first3=Chuan-Min\|last4=Chen\|first4=Fang-Fang\|last5=Luo\|first5=Li-Mei\|last6=Liu\|first6=Jian-wei\|last7=Yu\|first7=Xue-Jie\|date=2015\|title=Bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25997928\|journal=Virus Research\|volume=205\|pages=1–6\|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.006\|issn=1872-7492\|pmc=7132474\|pmid=25997928\|access-date=2021-11-17\|archive-date=2021-10-30\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141824/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25997928/\|dead-url=no}}</ref>{{sfn\|Quammen\|2014\|p=97}} Virus Marburg ditularkan ke manusia dari monyet,{{sfn\|Mahy (b)\|2009\|p=382}} sedangkan [[demam Lassa]] dari tikus ''[[Mastomys natalensis]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Monath\|first=T. P.\|date=1975\|title=Lassa fever: review of epidemiology and epizootiology\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/782738\|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization\|volume=52\|issue=4-6\|pages=577–592\|issn=0042-9686\|pmc=2366662\|pmid=782738\|access-date=2021-11-17\|archive-date=2021-11-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117101608/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/782738/\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Infeksi zoonotik dapat bersifat parah karena manusia tidak memiliki kekebalan alami terhadap infeksi. Beberapa infeksi zoonotik sering kali merupakan "jalan buntu". Artinya, manusia merupakan inang terakhir dan virus tidak menyebar antarmanusia secara efisien, bukan karena berhasil diobati.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Baum\|first=Stephen G.\|date=2008\|title=Zoonoses-with friends like this, who needs enemies?\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18596867\|journal=Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association\|volume=119\|pages=39–51; discussion 51–52\|issn=0065-7778\|pmc=2394705\|pmid=18596867\|access-date=2021-11-17\|archive-date=2021-11-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117101607/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18596867/\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada awal abad ke-21, terjadi peningkatan kesadaran global akan epidemi yang berdampak besar di negara-negara berkembang. Pada beberapa dekade sebelumnya, epidemi di negara berkembang tidak banyak diperhatikan oleh komunitas kesehatan internasional.<ref>{{cite web\|year=2003\|title=A history of the HIV/AIDS epidemic with an emphasis on Africa\|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/adultmort/UNAIDS_WHOPaper2.pdf\|publisher=World Health Organization\|access-date=26 Juli 2015\|archive-date=2018-07-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712202531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/adultmort/UNAIDS_WHOPaper2.pdf\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Namun, pasca terjadinya pandemi global, virus Covid-19, seluruh negara di dunia, menaruh perhatian besar kepada perkembangan laten virus yang setiap hari bertransformasi dan siap menjadi "musuh" bagi peradaban manusia. Sehingga, para ahli kesehatan, mulai mengkaji dan menembukan anti-virus untuk menaklukan jutaan virus yang berpotensi menghancurkan. == Manfaat virus == Baris 230: {{cite book \|author=Baker, R \|title=Epidemic: The past, present and future of the diseases that made us \|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicpastpres0000bake \|url-access=registration \|publisher=Vision \|location=London \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-1-905745-08-1\|ref={{sfnref\|Baker\|2008}}}} {{cite book\|author=Barker, G\|title=The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why did Foragers become Farmers?\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=Oxford\|year=2009\|isbn=978-0-19-955995-4\|ref={{sfnref\|Barker\|2009}}}} {{Cite book\|author1=Barrett, Ron \|author2=Armelagos George J \|title=An unnatural history of emerging infections\|url=https://archive.org/details/unnaturalhistory0000barr \|publisher =Oxford University Press\|location= Oxford\|year=2013\|isbn=978-0-19-960829-4\|ref={{sfnref\|Barrett\|Armelagos\|2013}}}} {{cite book \|author1=Barrett, Thomas C \|author2=Pastoret, Paul-Pierre \|author3=Taylor, William J. \|title=Rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants: virus plagues of large and small ruminants \|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press \|location=Amsterdam \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-12-088385-1\|ref={{sfnref\|Barrett\|Pastoret\|Taylor\|2006}}}} {{cite book \|author=Barry, John M \| author-link = John M. Barry \|title=The great influenza: the epic story of the deadliest plague in history \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=New York \|year=2005 \|isbn=978-0-14-303649-4 \|url=https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00barr \|ref={{sfnref\|Barry\|2005}}}} Baris 238: {{cite book \|author1=Carr, NG \|author2=Mahy, BWJ \|author3=Pattison, JR \|author4=Kelly, DP \|title=The microbe 1984: Thirty-sixth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology, held at the University of Warwick, April 1984 \|publisher=Published for the Society for General Microbiology [by] Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge \|year=1984 \|isbn=978-0-521-26056-5\|ref={{sfnref\|Carr\|Mahy\|Pattison\|1984}}}} {{cite book \|author=Chakraborty, T \|title=Dengue fever and other hemorrhagic viruses (Deadly diseases and epidemics) \|url=https://archive.org/details/denguefeverother0000chak \|publisher=Chelsea House Publications \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-0-7910-8506-6\|ref={{sfnref\|Chakraborty\|2008}}}} {{cite book \|author=Clark, David \|title=Germs, genes & civilization: how epidemics shaped who we are today \|url=https://archive.org/details/germsgenescivili0000clar \|publisher=FT Press\|year=2010 \|isbn=978-0-13-701996-0\|ref={{sfnref\|Clark\|2010}}}} {{cite book \| last=Collier \| first=L. H. \| title=Human virology \| publisher=Oxford University Press \| publication-place=Oxford \| year=2016 \| isbn=978-0-19-871468-2 \| oclc=968152575 \| language=pt\|ref={{sfnref\|Collier\|2016}}}} {{cite book \|author=Crawford, Dorothy H\|title=The invisible enemy: a natural history of viruses \|url=https://archive.org/details/invisibleenemyna00craw\|url-access=registration\|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=Oxford\|year=2000 \|isbn=978-0-19-856481-2\|ref={{sfnref\|Crawford\|2000}}}} Baris 248: {{cite book \|editor1=Dubovi, EJ \|editor2=Maclachlan, NJ\|title=Fenner's veterinary virology, fourth edition \|publisher=Academic Press \|location=Boston \|year=2010 \|isbn=978-0-12-375158-4\|ref={{sfnref\|Dubovi\|2010}}}} {{cite book\|author=Elmer, P\|title=The healing arts: health, disease and society in Europe, 1500–1800\|publisher=Manchester University Press\|location=Manchester\|year=2004\|isbn=978-0-7190-6734-1\|ref={{sfnref\|Elmer\|2004}}}} {{cite book \|author=Gilchrist, Roberta \|title=Medieval life \|url=https://archive.org/details/medievallifearch0000gilc \|publisher=Boydell Press \|location=Ipswich \|year=2012 \|isbn=978-1-84383-722-0\|ref={{sfnref\|Gilchrist\|2012}}}} {{cite book \|author1=Glynn, Jenifer \|author2=Glynn, Ian \|title=The life and death of smallpox \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge, UK \|year=2004 \|isbn=978-0-521-84542-7 \|url=https://archive.org/details/lifedeathofsmall00glyn \|ref={{sfnref\|Glynn\|2004}}}} {{cite book \|author =Greenwood, David\|title = Antimicrobial Drugs, Chronicle of a Twentieth Century Medical Triumph\|url =https://archive.org/details/antimicrobialdru0000gree\|publisher= Oxford University Press\|year = 2008\| isbn = 978-0-19-953484-5\|ref={{sfnref\|Greenwood\|2008}}}} {{cite book \|author1=Hasegawa, Paul M \|author2=Altman, Arie \|title=Plant biotechnology and agriculture: prospects for the 21st century \|url=https://archive.org/details/plantbiotechnolo0000unse_c3u8 \|publisher=Academic Press \|location=Boston \|year=2011\|isbn=978-0-12-381466-1 \|ref={{sfnref\|Hasegawa\|2011}}}} {{cite book \| last=Honigsbaum, Mark \| title=The pandemic century : a history of global contagion from the Spanish flu to Covid-19 \| url=https://archive.org/details/pandemiccenturyh0000honi \| publisher=W.H. Allen \| publication-place=London \| year=2020 \| isbn=978-0-7535-5828-7 \| oclc=1158588299\|ref={{sfnref\|Honigsbaum\|2020}}}} {{cite book \|author1=Howard, Colin \|author2=Zuckerman, Arie J \|title=Hepatitis viruses of man \|publisher=Academic Press \|location=Boston \|year=1979 \|isbn=978-0-12-782150-4 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/hepatitisviruses0000zuck \|ref={{sfnref\|Howard\|1979}}}} {{cite book \|author=Jenkins, Simon \|title=A short history of England \|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofen0000jenk \|publisher=Profile Books Ltd \|location=London \|year=2012\|isbn=978-1-84668-463-0\|ref={{sfnref\|Jenkins\|2012}}}} Baris 259: {{cite book \|author=Kurstak, E\|title=Applied virology \|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0124296017\|publisher=Academic Press \|location=Boston \|year=1984 \|isbn=978-0-12-429601-5\|ref={{sfnref\|Kurstak\|1984}}}} {{cite book \|author=Lane, Joan \|title=A social history of medicine: health, healing and disease in England, 1750–1950 \|url=https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofm0000lane \|publisher=Routledge \|location=New York \|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-415-20038-7\|ref={{sfnref\|Lane\|2001}}}} {{cite book \|author1=Leppard, Keith \|author2=Nigel Dimmock \|author3=Easton, Andrew \|title=Introduction to modern virology \|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontomo0000dimm \|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited \|location= Oxford\|year=2007\|isbn=978-1-4051-3645-7 \|ref={{sfnref\|Leppard\|2007}}}} {{cite book \|author1=Levins, Richard \|author2=Wilson, Mary E \|title=Disease in evolution: global changes and emergence of infectious diseases \|url=https://archive.org/details/diseaseinevoluti0740unse \|publisher=New York Academy of Sciences \|location=New York, N.Y \|year=1994 \|isbn=978-0-89766-876-7\|ref={{sfnref\|Levins\|Wilson\|1994}}}} {{cite book \|editor1= Mahy BWJ \|editor2=Van Regenmortel MHV\|title=Desk encyclopedia of general virology\|publisher=Academic Press \|location=Oxford \|year=2009 \|isbn=978-0-12-375146-1 \|ref={{sfnref\|Mahy (a)\|2009}}}} (a) {{cite book \|editor1=Mahy BWJ \|editor2=Van Regenmortel \|title=Desk encyclopedia of human and medical virology \|publisher=Academic Press \|location=Boston \|year=2009 \|isbn=978-0-12-375147-8\|ref={{sfnref\|Mahy (b)\|2009}}}} (b) {{cite book \|author=McNeill, WH\|title=Plagues and peoples \|publisher=Anchor Books \|location=New York \|year=1998\|isbn=978-0-385-12122-4\|ref={{sfnref\|McNeill\|1998}}}} {{cite book \|author=Mortimer, Ian \|title=The time traveler's guide to medieval England: a handbook for visitors to the fourteenth century \|url=https://archive.org/details/timetravelersgui0000mort_e4n4 \|publisher=Touchstone \|location=New York, NY \|year=2009 \|isbn=978-1-4391-1289-2\|ref={{sfnref\|Mortimer\|2009}}}} {{cite book \|author=Mortimer, Ian \|title=The time traveller's guide to Elizabethan England \|url=https://archive.org/details/timetravellersgu0000mort_a0g6 \|publisher=Bodley Head \|location=London \|year=2012\|isbn=978-1-84792-114-7\|ref={{sfnref\|Mortimer\|2012}}}} {{cite book \|author=Norton-Griffiths, M \|title=Serengeti, dynamics of an ecosystem \|url=https://archive.org/details/serengetidynamic0000unse \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|year=1979 \|isbn=978-0-226-76029-2\|ref={{sfnref\|Norton-Griffiths\|1979}}}} Baris 271: {{cite book\|editor=Piganeau, G\|title=Genomic insights into the biology of algae\|year=2012\|publisher=Academic Press\|isbn=978-0-12-394411-5\|ref={{sfnref\|Piganeau\|2012}}}} {{cite book \|author=Porter, Roy \|title=Disease, medicine, and society in England, 1550–1860 \|url=https://archive.org/details/diseasemedicines0000port_a7a3 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge, UK \|year=1995\|isbn=978-0-521-55791-7 \|ref={{sfnref\|Porter\|1995}}}} {{cite book \|author=Quammen, David\|title=Ebola: The natural and human history\|url=https://archive.org/details/ebolanaturalhuma0000davi\|publisher=The Bodley Head\|location= London \|year=2014 \|isbn=9781847923431 \|ref={{sfnref\|Quammen\|2014}}}} {{cite book \|author=Quinn, Tom \|title=Flu: a social history of influenza \|url=https://archive.org/details/flusocialhistory0000quin \|publisher=New Holland Publishers (UK) LTD \|location= London \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-1-84537-941-4 \|ref={{sfnref\|Quinn\|2008}}}} {{cite book \|author=Reid, Robert \|title=Microbes and men \|url=https://archive.org/details/microbesmen0000reid \|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation \|location=London \|year=1974 \|isbn=978-0-563-12469-6 \|ref={{sfnref\|Reid\|1974}}}}