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Baris 1: {{Italic title}} [[Berkas:1000000th ~~beatle~~Beetle.jpg\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|~~The~~ [[Volkswagen Beetle]] adalah simbol rekonstruksi Jerman Barat. Yang ada di gambar ini merupakan mobil ke-1.000.000.]] ~~{{Audio\|De-Wirtschaftswunder.ogg\|~~'''''Wirtschaftswunder''''' ({{IPA-de\|ˈvɪʁt.ʃaftsˌvʊndɐ\|lang\|De-Wirtschaftswunder.ogg}} ~~([[Bahasa Jerman]]:~~, "keajaiban ekonomi"), juga dikenal sebagai '''Keajaiban di Sungai Rhine''', adalah istilah yang menjelaskan rekonstruksi dan perkembangan [[ekonomi]] [[Jerman Barat]] dan [[Austria]] yang begitu cepat setelah [[Perang Dunia II]].<ref name="henderson">{{cite encyclopedia \|last1=Henderson \|first1=David R. \|encyclopedia=Concise Encyclopedia of Economics \|title=German Economic Miracle \|url=http://www.econlib.org/library/enc/GermanEconomicMiracle.html \|year=2008 \|edition= 2nd \|publisher=Library of Economics and Liberty \|location=Indianapolis }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Utgaard, P.\|title=Remembering and Forgetting Nazism: Education, National Identity, and the Victim Myth in Postwar Austria\|year=2003\|location=New York\|publisher=Berghahn Books\|url=https://archive.org/details/rememberingforge0000utga\|pages=~~126–128~~[https://archive.org/details/rememberingforge0000utga/page/126 126]–128}}</ref> Istilah ini digunakan pertama kali oleh ''[[The Times]]'' tahun 1950.{{fact}} Hal ini dimulai dengan [[reformasi moneter\|mengganti]] mata uang [[Reichsmark Jerman\|Reichsmark]] dengan [[Deutsche Mark]] (juga [[Schilling Austria\|Schilling]] di Austria), kemudian diikuti dengan inflasi rendah yang bertahan lama bersamaan dengan pertumbuhan industri yang luar biasa dipimpin oleh [[Kanselir Jerman#Kanselir (Republik Federal Jerman (sejak 1949)\|Kanselir]] [[Konrad Adenauer]] dan menteri ekonominya, [[Ludwig Erhard]].<ref name="henderson"/> Di Austria, penggunaan tenaga kerja efisien juga menjadi motor pertumbuhan ekonomi. Era pertumbuhan ekonomi yang luar biasa ini menjadikan Jerman dan Austria dari negara yang porak-poranda akibat perang menjadi negara maju di [[Eropa]] modern. Saat berdirinya [[Masyarakat Ekonomi Eropa\|Pasar Bersama Eropa]] tahun 1957 pertumbuhan ekonomi Jerman berbanding terbalik dengan kondisi di [[Britania Raya]] yang tengah mengalami kesulitan. == Referensi == Baris 19: == Pranala luar == * {{PDFlink\|[http://assets.cambridge.org/052183/3620/sample/0521833620ws.pdf Rebuilding Germany]\|147 [[Kibibyte\|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 151476 bytes -->}} * [http://trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/harkortg.htm Interview with Gunther Harkort] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227181823/http://trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/harkortg.htm \|date=2014-12-27 }} Representative of the Federal Republic of Germany to the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), 1949–1952. * [http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/clayl.htm Interview with] General [[Lucius D. Clay]] Deputy to U.S. General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], 1945; deputy military governor, Germany (U.S.) 1946; commander in chief, U.S. Forces in Europe and military governor, U.S. Zone, Germany, 1947–49; retired 1949. * [http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/draperw.htm Interview with] General [[William Henry Draper Jr.]] Chief, Economics Division, Control Council for Germany, 1945–1946; Military Government Adviser to the Secretary of State, Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers, 1947; Under Secretary of War, 1947; Under Secretary of the Army, 1947–1949; * [http://time-proxy.yaga.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,799988,00.html 'Time Magazine ''Faceless Crisis''']{{Pranala mati\|date=April 2021 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}, April 4, 1949 * [http://www.cvce.eu/obj/letter_from_konrad_adenauer_to_robert_schuman_26_july_1949-en-a03f485c-0eeb-4401-8c54-8816008a7579.html Letter from Konrad Adenauer to Robert Schuman] (26 July 1949) Warning him of the consequences of the dismantling policy. * [http://www.cvce.eu/obj/demonstration_against_dismantling_in_germany_7_june_1949-en-ab6482f8-4970-49ea-bb25-e0a225722046.html Picture of demonstration against dismantling] (7 June 1949) Workers in the Ruhr demonstrate against the dismantling of their factories by the Allied forces of occupation. * [http://www.cvce.eu/obj/dismantling_the_iron_and_steel_industry-en-489ee577-4dba-433d-8fdb-5644d12f8a04.html Picture: dismantling the Iron and Steel Industry] ‘We want to work, we will help you to rebuild Europe' Workers at dismantled plant protest. * [http://www.cvce.eu/obj/demonstration_against_the_dismantling_of_german_industry_19_august_1949-en-296b39c2-205b-4db0-a2fc-07421fa72d03.html Picture: 12,000 factory workers demonstrate against the dismantling of German industry] (19 August 1949) * [http://histclo.com/Country/ger/chron/20/pw/dec/1950/gem.html German Economic Miracle] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510004907/http://histclo.com/country/ger/chron/20/pw/dec/1950/gem.html \|date=2015-05-10 }} [[Kategori:Ekonomi Austria]]