Yahudi-Polandia: Perbedaan antara revisi

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|group = Yahudi Polandia
|caption=
|image = [[FileBerkas:Blank300.png|262px]]<br />[[FileBerkas:Berek Joselewicz (1764–1809).jpg|90px]][[FileBerkas:Janusz Korczak.PNG|75px]][[FileBerkas:Julian Tuwim.jpg|94px]]<br />[[FileBerkas:Ksawery Tartakower.jpg|71px]][[FileBerkas:Arthur Rubinstein 1906.jpg|115px]][[FileBerkas:Ben Gurion 1959.jpg|72px]]<br />[[FileBerkas:Zivia (Cywia) Lubetkin before WWII.jpg|69px]][[FileBerkas:Stanislaw Ulam ID badge.png|78px]][[FileBerkas:AlfredTarski1968.jpeg|113px]]
<small> <br />[[Berek Joselewicz]] • [[Janusz Korczak]]• [[Julian Tuwim]] <br />
[[Savielly Tartakower|Ksawery Tartakower]] • [[Arthur Rubinstein]] • [[David Ben-Gurion]]<br />
[[Zivia Lubetkin]] • [[Stanisław Ulam]] • [[Alfred Tarski]]</small><!-- Source: [[List of Polish Jews]] -->
|poptime = est. 1,300,000+
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Pada periode pasca perang, banyak dari sekitar 200.000 korban Yahudi yang terdaftar di CKŻP ( di antaranya 136,000 tiba dari Uni Soviet ) <ref name="Lukas"/><ref name="N-A"/><ref name="M-S"/> meninggalkan Republik Rakyat [[Komunis]] Polandia untuk Negara Israel atau [[Amerika Utara]] dan [[Amerika Selatan]]. kepergian mereka dipercepat oleh penghancuran lembaga-lembaga Yahudi, kekerasan pasca-perang dan permusuhan dari [[Partai Komunis]] untuk kedua agama dan perusahaan swasta, tetapi juga karena di tahun 1946-1947 Polandia adalah satu-satunya negara [[Blok Timur]] untuk memungkinkan Yahudi [[aliyah]] secara bebas ke Israel,<ref name="D-H"/> tanpa visa atau izin keluar.<ref name="Kochavi-175"/><ref name="Marrus"/> Inggris menuntut dari Polandia untuk menghentikan eksodus, tetapi tekanan mereka sebagian besar tidak berhasil.<ref name="Kochavi-xi"/> Sebagian besar dari orang-orang Yahudi yang tersisa meninggalkan Polandia pada akhir tahun 1968 sebagai hasil dari Soviet yang disponsori kampanye " anti-Zionis ". Setelah jatuhnya rezim komunis pada tahun 1989, situasi Yahudi Polandia menjadi normal dan mereka yang adalah warga negara Polandia sebelum [[Perang Dunia II]] diizinkan untuk memperbaharui kewarganegaraan Polandia. Lembaga keagamaan yang dihidupkan kembali, terutama melalui kegiatan yayasan Yahudi dari [[Amerika Serikat]]. Komunitas Yahudi Polandia kontemporer diperkirakan memiliki sekitar 20.000 anggota,<ref name="polish-jewish-heritage.org"/> meskipun jumlah sebenarnya orang-orang Yahudi, termasuk mereka yang tidak aktif terhubung ke Yudaisme atau budaya Yahudi, mungkin beberapa kali lebih besar.
 
== Sejarah awal ==
[[FileBerkas:Reception oh Jews in Poland 1096.JPG|thumb|right|''Penerimaan dari orang-orang Yahudi di Polandia pada tahun 1096. Lukisan oleh Jan Matejko]]
[[FileBerkas:Gniezno Boleslaus II.jpg|thumb|[[Adalbert of Prague]] menuduh orang-orang Yahudi dari perdagangan budak Kristen terhadap [[Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia]], relief dari [[Gniezno Doors]]]]
Secara historis, orang-orang Yahudi diperkirakan berasal dari suku-suku Israel di [[Timur Tengah]].<ref name=WhoAreTheJews>{{cite web|url=http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf|title=Who are the Jews?|author=Jared Diamond|year=1993|accessdate=November 8, 2010}} Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12-19.</ref><ref name=pnas.org>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/97/12/6769.full|title=Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=nytimes-chromosome-study>{{cite news|title=Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora|first=Nicholas|last=Wade|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/09/science/y-chromosome-bears-witness-to-story-of-the-jewish-diaspora.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 May 2000|accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=tony-frudakis-book>{{cite book|last=Shriver|first=Tony N. Frudakis ; with a chapter 1 introduction by Mark D.|title=Molecular photofitting : predicting ancestry and phenotype using DNA|year=2008|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780120884926|url=http://books.google.rs/books?id=9vXeydpj7VkC&pg=PA383&dq=ashkenazi+jews+middle+eastern+origin+bronze+age&hl=en#v=onepage&q=ashkenazi%20jews%20middle%20eastern%20origin%20bronze%20age&f=false}}</ref> Awalnya, sejumlah besar pindah ke [[Italia]], [[Perancis]], dan [[Jerman]] pada awal abad ke-4.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/germany.html |title=Germany: Virtual Jewish History Tour |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date= |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref><ref name="museenkoeln.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.museenkoeln.de/archaeologische-zone/default.asp?s=4311 |title=Archäologische Zone - Jßdisches Museum |publisher=Museenkoeln.de |date= |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref> Setelah itu, karena berbagai pogrom yang terjadi selama [[Abad Pertengahan]], mereka melarikan diri sebagian besar ke [[Polandia]] dan [[Lithuania]], dan dari sana tersebar di seluruh [[Eropa Timur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Jews of Poland|url=http://books.google.co.il/books?id=K2DgBdSCQnsC&dq=b+weinryb+the+jews+of+poland+a+socio+economic+history&source=gbs_navlinks_s|work=Bernard Dov Weinryb|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=CHERIE WOODWORTH|title=Where Did the East European Jews Come From?|url=http://www.yale.edu/ccr/woodworth/woodworth_Yiddish_Jan2010.pdf|publisher=Yale University|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref>
 
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Pada 1332, Raja Casimir III Agung ( 1303-1370 ) diperkuat dan diperluas antara piagam tua Bolesław dengan Wiślicki Statuta . Casimir, yang menurut legenda memiliki kekasih Yahudi bernama Esterka dari Opoczno <ref name="opoczno-1"/> terutama ramah kepada orang-orang Yahudi, dan pemerintahannya dianggap sebagai era kemakmuran besar bagi Yahudi Polandia, dan dijuluki oleh orang sezamannya " Raja dari budak dan orang-orang Yahudi." Di bawah ancaman hukuman mati, ia melarang penculikan anak-anak Yahudi untuk tujuan ditegakkan baptisan Kristen. Dia menyebabkan hukuman berat bagi penodaan pemakaman Yahudi. Namun demikian, sedangkan untuk sebagian besar pemerintahan Casimir orang-orang Yahudi dari Polandia menikmati ketenangan, menuju penutupan mereka mengalami penganiayaan pada rekening Kematian Hitam. Pada 1348, pertama tuduhan fitnah darah terhadap orang-orang Yahudi di Polandia tercatat, dan pada tahun 1367 yang pogrom pertama berlangsung di Poznań ( Posen ).<ref name="Poznan-1"/> Dibandingkan dengan kehancuran kejam mereka terhadap orang seagama di [[Eropa Barat]], bagaimanapun, orang Yahudi Polandia tidak mengalami nasib buruk, dan massa Yahudi dari Jerman melarikan diri ke kota-kota yang lebih ramah di Polandia.
 
== Catatan ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Central">''In accordance with its tradition of religious tolerance, Poland refrained from participating in the excesses of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation'' "Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends" by Lonnie R. Johnson Oxford University Press 1996</ref>
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}}
 
== Referensi ==
{{JewishEncyclopedia}}
* [[Marek Jan Chodakiewicz]], ''After the Holocaust'', [[East European Monographs]], 2003, ISBN 0-88033-511-4.
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* Laurence Weinbaum, ''The De-Assimilation of the Jewish Remnant in Poland'', in: Ethnos-Nation: eine europäische Zeitschrift, 1999, pp.&nbsp;8–25
 
== Bacaan terkait ==
* [[Alvydas Nikžentaitis]], Stefan Schreiner, Darius Staliūnas (editors). ''The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews''. Rodopi, 2004, ISBN 90-420-0850-4
* {{cite book| year= 2003 | title = After the Holocaust: Polish-Jewish Conflict in the Wake of World War II, East European Monographs | isbn = 0-88033-511-4 | first = Marek Jan | last = Chodakiewicz | authorlink = Marek Jan Chodakiewicz | publisher = Columbia University Press}}
* {{Cite news | first = David | last = Engel | authorlink = David Engel (historian)| title = Patterns of Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland 1944–1946 | work = Yad Vashem Studies | year = 1998 }}
* [[Antony Polonsky|Polonsky, Antony]], ''The Jews in Poland and Russia, Volume 1: 1350-1881'' (Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2009) ISBN 978-1-874774-64-8
* Polonsky, Antony, ''The Jews in Poland and Russia, Volume 2: 1881-1914'' (Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2009) ISBN 978-1-904113-83-6
* Polonsky, Antony, ''The Jews in Poland and Russia, Volume 3: 1914-20008'' (Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2011) ISBN 978-1-904113-48-5
* Ury, Scott, ''Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry'', Stanford University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-8047638047-836383-7
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Judaism in Poland}}
 
=== Peta ===
* [http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415236614/resources/maps/map48.jpg The Cossak Uprising and its Aftermath in Poland], [http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415236614/resources/maps/map47.jpg Jewish Communities in Poland and Lithuania under the Council of the Four Lands], [http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415236614/resources/maps/map50.jpg The Spread of Hasidic Judaism], [http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415236614/resources/maps/map65.jpg Jewish Revolts against the Nazis in Poland] (All maps from Judaism: History, Belief, and Practice)
 
=== Sejarah Yahudi Polandia ===
* [http://www.jewishmuseum.org.pl/index.php?miId=2&lang=en Museum of the History of Polish Jews]
** [http://www.sztetl.org.pl/?lang=en_GB Virtual Shtetl]
* [http://polishjews.org The Polish Jews Home Page]
* [http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/index.html Beyond the Pale]: A History of the Jews in Russia. See especially: [http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/18.html Jews of Lithuania and Poland]
* [http://members.core.com/~mikerose/history.html Mike Rose's History of the Jews in Poland before 1794] and [http://members.core.com/~mikerose/history2.htm After 1794]
* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Poland.html Virtual Jewish History Tour of Poland]
* [http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Medieval/TheStory6321666/Expulsion/Poland.htm Early History of the Polish Jewish Community] from Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia
* [http://www.cyberroad.com/poland/jews.html Jews in Poland] from the LNT Travel company.
* [http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/judaismmiller.htm Judaism in the Baltic: Vilna as the Spiritual Center of Eastern Europe]
* [http://www.zydziwpolsce.edu.pl/aindex.html The Jews in Poland. Saving from oblivion – Teaching for the future]
* [http://jewish.sites.warszawa.um.gov.pl/wstep_a.htm Historical Sites of Jewish Warsaw]
* [http://krakow.zaprasza.net/fkz/szeroka_street.html Kazimierz in Kraków – History and Jewish Festivals]
* [http://www.jewishmemory.gliwice.pl/ Jewish presence in the history of Gliwice]
* [http://www.polandembassy.org/Links/p7-10.htm Polish-Jewish Relations section of the Polish Embassy in Washington]
* [http://www.polandembassy.org/Links/under_one_heaven/content/08_OnTheRole.html Facts and Myths: on the Role of the Jews during the Stalinist Period]
* [http://www.ce-review.org/00/4/rohozinska4.html A Complicated Coexistence:Polish-Jewish relations through the centuries], [[Joanna Rohozinska]], [[Central Europe Review]], 28 January 2000
* [http://www.earlymodern.org Primary sources for the premodern period in Jewish history and video presentations by scholars, including: Edward Fram, Moshe Rosman, Adam Teller, and Magda Teter on Jews in Poland-Lithuania]
* [http://fzp.net.pl/historia20.html Jewish organisations in Poland before the Second World War]
* [http://fodz.pl/?d=1&l=en Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Heritage in Poland]
 
=== Perang Dunia II dan Holocaust ===
* [http://www.vilnaghetto.com/index.html Chronicles of the Vilna Ghetto: wartime photographs & documents – vilnaghetto.com]
* [http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/uprising/ Warsaw Ghetto Uprising] from the US Holocaust Museum. From the same source see:
** [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/ Non-Jewish Polish Victims of the Holocaust]
** Bibliography of [http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/index.php?content=bibliography/index.php%3fcontent=poles Polish Jewish Relations] during the War
* [http://www.humboldt.edu/~rescuers/book/Makuch/conditionsp.html Chronology of German Anti-Jewish Measures] during World War II in Poland
* [http://letters.krakow.pl/books/mojzesz.html The Catholic Zionist Who Helped Steer Israeli Independence through the UN]
* [http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_VPNRQSN Poland's Jews:A light flickers on], [[The Economist]], 20 December 2005
* http://fzp.net.pl/historia20.html
 
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