Zircon (peluru kendali): Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 1:
{{Infobox weapon
| name = 3M22, Tsirkon (Zircon)<br />3M22, Циркон
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Anti-ship missile]]<br />[[Hypersonic cruise missile]]<br />[[Submarine-launched cruise missile]]<br />[[Land-attack missile]]
| origin = [[Russia]]
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged = Yes
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive = Yes
| is_artillery =
| is_vehicle = Yes
| is_missile = Yes
| is_UK = <!-- Service history -->
| service = In service (4 January 2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia's Admiral Gorshkov frigate begins trip across Atlantic, Indian Oceans|url=https://tass.com/defense/1558937|website=TASS.com|access-date=5 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2022/0822/084069118/detail.shtml | title=ЦАМТО / / Сергей Шойгу сообщил о начале серийного производства гиперзвуковых ракет "Циркон" }}</ref>
| used_by = [[Russian Navy]]
| wars = <!-- Production history -->
| designer = [[NPO Mashinostroyeniya]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer = NPO Mashinostroyeniya
| unit_cost = Unknown (unofficially estimated up to 10 million USD)<ref>{{cite web|title=How Russia's Zircon Hypersonic Missiles Could Turn the Tide of Ukraine War|url=https://www.newsweek.com/how-russias-zircon-hypersonic-missiles-could-turn-tide-ukraine-war-1711296|website=Newsweek|date=30 May 2022 }}</ref>
| production_date = 2021–present<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1329473|title=Russia's top brass signs deal on delivery of Tsirkon hypersonic missiles to troops|website=TASS.com|access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>
| number =
| variants = <!-- General specifications -->
| spec_label =
| mass =
| length = {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter = {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| crew =
| passengers = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| cartridge =
| cartridge_weight =
| caliber =
| barrels =
| action =
| rate =
| velocity =
| range = {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| max_range = {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| feed =
| sights = <!-- Artillery specifications -->
| breech =
| recoil =
| carriage =
| elevation =
| traverse = <!-- Bladed weapon specifications -->
| blade_type =
| hilt_type =
| sheath_type =
| head_type =
| haft_type = <!-- Explosive specifications -->
| filling = > 300 kg HE, >200 kt thermonuclear
| filling_weight = {{convert|300|–|400|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news|title=В России рассказали о работе над гиперзвуковой ракетой "Циркон"|url=https://expert.ru/2019/08/30/v-rossii-rasskazali-o-rabote-nad-giperzvukovoj-raketoj-tsirkon/|publisher=[[Expert (magazine)|Expert]]|date=30 August 2019|access-date=6 October 2019|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Putin Reveals Zircon Mach 9 Missile Specification|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-02-22/putin-reveals-zircon-mach-9-missile-specification|publisher=[[Aviation International News]]|date=22 February 2019|access-date=6 October 2019}}</ref>
| detonation =
| yield = <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
| armour =
| primary_armament =
| secondary_armament =
| engine = [[Scramjet]]
| engine_power =
| pw_ratio =
| payload_capacity =
| transmission =
| suspension =
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = >{{convert|1000|km|nmi mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theceomagazine.com/business/news/|title=News Archives|website=Theceomagazine.com|access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="avia-pro.net">{{Cite web|url=https://avia-pro.net/news/minoborony-rf-ispytaniya-giperzvukovoy-rakety-cirkon-uspeshno-zaversheny|title=Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation: tests of the Zircon hypersonic missile have been successfully completed|website=Avia-pro.net|access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazeta.ru/army/2020/07/26/13166185.shtml|title="Подтвердили характеристики»: завершаются испытания ракеты «Циркон"|website=Gazeta.ru|access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>
| speed = {{convert|9|Mach|mph km/h km/s}} (Max)<ref name="April 2017 test"/><ref name="Mach 9"/>
| guidance =
| steering = <!-- Missiles only -->
| wingspan =
| propellant = [[Liquid fuel|Liquid]] - ''Detsilin-M'' ({{lang-ru|Децилин-М}})<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/2748782|title=Программа создания гиперзвуковых ракет достигла стадии летных испытаний|publisher=[[TASS]]|date=17 March 2016|access-date=29 September 2019|language=ru}}</ref>
| ceiling =
| altitude = {{convert|28|km|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="Gerasimov_Zircon"/>
| boost =
| depth =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform = [[Submarine]], [[Surface combatant|Surface ship]],<br />Land-based (in development)<ref name="land-based_version"/>
| transport = <!-- For all -->
| ref =
}}
'''Zircon''' atau '''3M22 Tsirkon''' ( Rusia: Циркон, nama laporan NATO: SS-N-33 ) adalah [[rudal hipersonik]] manuver yang dikembangkan oleh militer [[Rusia]]. Peluncuran yang paling sukses adalah pada tanggal 3 Juni 2017, hampir setahun lebih awal dari yang diumumkan oleh pejabat Rusia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia develops hypersonic 4,600 mph Zircon missile|url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2017/04/01/russia-develops-hypersonic-4600-mph-zircon-missile.html|work=Fox News|date=1 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="ren">{{cite news|title=Эксперт рассказал о суперспособности ракеты "Циркон" преодолеть системы ПРО|url=http://ren.tv/novosti/2017-04-15/ekspert-rasskazal-o-supersposobnosti-rakety-cirkon-preodolet-sistemy-pro|work=РЕН ТВ|date=15 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="marsden">{{cite news|last1=Marsden|first1=Harriet|title=New Russian missile 'makes Western defences obselete'|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-hypersonic-zircon-missile-system-testing-successful-putin-sputnik-defence-obsolete-a7770641.html|accessdate=5 June 2017|work=The Independent|date=3 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="ren"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Российские ракеты «Циркон» делают американский «Джеральд Форд» «авианедоносцем». {{!}} Блог Малюта {{!}} КОНТ|url=https://cont.ws/@skuratoff/218513|work=cont.ws}}</ref><ref name="iva">{{cite news|last1=Ivanov|first1=Yuri|title=Гиперзвуковая ракета "Циркон" ослабит позиции США|url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/novye_razrabotki/giperzvukovaya_raketa_tsirkon_oslabit_pozitsii_ssha/?sphrase_id=12237855|accessdate=6 June 2017|agency=ОРУЖИЕ РОССИИ|date=17 April 2017|language=Russian|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034052/http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/novye_razrabotki/giperzvukovaya_raketa_tsirkon_oslabit_pozitsii_ssha/?sphrase_id=12237855|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Baris 5 ⟶ 90:
Versi untuk ekspor akan memiliki jangkauan terbatas hingga di bawah 300 km sesuai dengan MTCR atau hingga 400 km.
== Penggunaan ==
Pada bulan Januari 2023<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia's Admiral Gorshkov frigate begins trip across Atlantic, Indian Oceans|url=https://tass.com/defense/1558937|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108095136/https://tass.com/defense/1558937|archive-date=January 8, 2024|access-date=January 5, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> 3M22 pertama kali dikerahkan pada fregat kelas Admiral Gorshkov yang merupakan kapal utama dari rangkaian fregat Proyek 22350.
Pada tahun 2023, Laksamana Nakhimov sedang dimodernisasi untuk memulai uji coba laut. Rudal anti-kapal P-700 Granit kapal diganti dengan sel VLS universal 3S14 yang mampu membawa rudal jelajah anti-kapal Oniks, Kalibr dan Zircon; kapal itu akan dilengkapi dengan 72 rudal semacam itu. Kapal aktif kelas Kirov lainnya, Pyotr Velikiy, akan menjalani prosedur serupa.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|author=Виктория Фоменко|date=May 17, 2016|title=Опаснее "Калибра": Россия начала испытание гиперзвуковой ракеты "Циркон" - Газета Труд|url=http://www.trud.ru/article/17-03-2016/1335410_opasnee_kalibra_rossija_nachala_ispytanie_giperzvukovoj_rakety_tsirkon.html|website=trud.ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801071850/http://www.trud.ru/article/17-03-2016/1335410_opasnee_kalibra_rossija_nachala_ispytanie_giperzvukovoj_rakety_tsirkon.html|archive-date=August 1, 2017|access-date=July 17, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Setelah selesai reparasi, kapal tersebut dapat membawa 40–80 rudal jelajah anti-kapal dari berbagai jenis.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 17, 2016|title=Начались испытания гиперзвуковой ракеты "Циркон"|url=https://rg.ru/2016/03/17/nachalis-letnye-ispytaniia-giperzvukovoj-rakety-cirkon.html|website=rg.ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327134953/https://rg.ru/2016/03/17/nachalis-letnye-ispytaniia-giperzvukovoj-rakety-cirkon.html|archive-date=March 27, 2017|access-date=July 17, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
Platform lain yang akan menerima Tsirkon adalah korvet kelas Gremyashchiy (dilengkapi dengan sel VLS UKSK selama konstruksi), kapal selam kelas Yasen, kapal perusak kelas Udaloy yang dimodernisasi, dan kapal selam kelas Oscar yang dimodernisasi (Proyek 949AM).<ref>{{cite web|date=October 8, 2021|title=[Actu] Le missile 3M22 Tsirkon|url=https://redsamovar.com/2021/10/08/actu-le-missile-3m22-tsirkon/|website=Red Samovar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713111957/https://redsamovar.com/2021/10/08/actu-le-missile-3m22-tsirkon/|archive-date=July 13, 2022|access-date=July 13, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
Zirkon tampaknya telah digunakan dalam peran serangan darat dalam Perang Rusia-Ukraina. Rudal ini khususnya digunakan dalam serangan terhadap Ukraina pada tanggal 7 Februari 2024.<ref>{{cite news|date=February 12, 2024|title=Russia uses Zircon hypersonic missile in Ukraine for first time, researchers say|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-uses-zircon-hypersonic-missile-ukraine-first-time-researchers-say-2024-02-12/|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wojna Rosji z Ukrainą: Rosjanie użyli nowej broni do ataku na Kijów?|url=https://www.rp.pl/konflikty-zbrojne/art39803361-rosjanie-uzyli-przeciwokretowych-pociskow-hipersonicznych-do-ataku-na-kijow-wideo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209053803/https://www.rp.pl/konflikty-zbrojne/art39803361-rosjanie-uzyli-przeciwokretowych-pociskow-hipersonicznych-do-ataku-na-kijow-wideo|archive-date=February 9, 2024|access-date=February 15, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lendon|first=Brad|date=February 13, 2024|title=Russia used a Zircon hypersonic cruise missile for the first time in recent strike, Ukraine claims|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/13/europe/ukraine-russia-zircon-hypersonic-missile-intl-hnk-ml/index.html|website=CNN|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229164825/https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/13/europe/ukraine-russia-zircon-hypersonic-missile-intl-hnk-ml/index.html|archive-date=February 29, 2024|access-date=February 29, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalam pidato tahunannya di Majelis Federal, Vladimir Putin membenarkan bahwa rudal hipersonik Zirkon telah digunakan selama konflik.<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 29, 2024|title=Путин: гиперзвуковой "Циркон" применялся в ходе СВО, эта система уже в строю|url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/20115087?utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop&utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fdzen.ru%2Fnews%2Fsearch%3Ftext%3D|work=[[TASS]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229164825/https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/20115087?utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop&utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fdzen.ru%2Fnews%2Fsearch%3Ftext%3D|archive-date=February 29, 2024|access-date=February 29, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Ekspor ==
CEO program gabungan BrahMos Indo-Rusia, Atul Rane, menyatakan pada tahun 2022, rudal BrahMos-II masa depan untuk India kemungkinan akan memiliki karakteristik serupa dengan Zircon.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 28, 2020|title=Modified Version Of BrahMos Anti-Ship Cruise Missile Successfully Tested; Hits Target With Pinpoint Accuracy|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/modified-version-of-brahmos-anti-ship-cruise-missile-successfully-tested-hits-target-with-pinpoint-accuracy/|website=Eurasian Times Desk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325014628/https://eurasiantimes.com/modified-version-of-brahmos-anti-ship-cruise-missile-successfully-tested-hits-target-with-pinpoint-accuracy/|archive-date=March 25, 2023|access-date=February 3, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=Naval News|date=August 2, 2022|title=Hypersonic BrahMos-II missile may include tech from Tsirkon missile|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/08/hypersonic-brahmos-ii-missile-may-include-tech-from-tsirkon-missile/|website=Naval News|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206090801/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/08/hypersonic-brahmos-ii-missile-may-include-tech-from-tsirkon-missile/|archive-date=February 6, 2023|access-date=December 26, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
Menurut laporan yang diterbitkan pada 1 April 2023, India telah meminta Rusia untuk mentransfer teknologi 3M22.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 5, 2023|title=India to get deadly Zircon missile technology from Russia, may develop BrahMos-II|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/india-to-get-deadly-zircon-missile-technology-from-russia-may-develop-brahmos-ii-12411612.html|website=Firstpost|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430162503/https://www.firstpost.com/world/india-to-get-deadly-zircon-missile-technology-from-russia-may-develop-brahmos-ii-12411612.html|archive-date=April 30, 2023|access-date=April 30, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=April 10, 2023|title=India, Russia to jointly develop Brahmos-II Hypersonic Missile Version - Defence & Aerospace Research Forum|url=https://thedefencespace.com/2023/04/10/india-russia-to-jointly-develop-brahmos-ii-hypersonic-missile-version/|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226223324/https://thedefencespace.com/2023/04/10/india-russia-to-jointly-develop-brahmos-ii-hypersonic-missile-version/|archive-date=December 26, 2023|access-date=December 26, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Pengguna ==
* [[Angkatan Laut Rusia|Angkatan laut Rusia]]
== Lihat Juga ==
* [[Kh-47M2 Kinzhal]]
* [[Boeing X-51]]
* [[BrahMos-II|Brahmos II]]
* [[Kh-22]]
* [[Kh-90]]
== Referensi ==
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