Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k Bot: Perubahan kosmetika |
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
||
| (15 revisi perantara oleh 10 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{terjemah|Inggris}}
{{Infobox orang}}
'''Zulfiqar/Zulfikar Ali Bhutto''' (atau [[Shaheed]] '''Quaid-e-Awam''') ([[Urdu]]: ذوالفقار علی بھٹو) ([[Sindhi]]: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو) ({{lahirmati|[[Larkana]] (di daerah [[Sindhi]], [[India]] yang kini wilayah [[Pakistan]]|5|1|1928||4|4|1979}}) adalah [[politikus]] [[Pakistan]] yang pernah menjabat sebagai [[Presiden Pakistan|Presiden]] Pakistan pada periode [[1971]]
== Biografi ==
=== Tahun-tahun awal ===
Bhutto dilahirkan di [[Larkana]] (di daerah [[Sindhi]] yang kini wilayah Pakistan) sebagai anak dari [[Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto]]. Ia menyelesaikan pendidikan awalnya di [[Mumbai]] di [[Cathedral and John Connon School]]. Setelah menyelesaikan pendidikan dasar dan menengahnya, ia pergi ke [[Amerika Serikat]] pada 1947 untuk belajar di [[Universitas Southern California]], dan
Setelah dari Oxford, ia dipanggil untuk masuk ke perhimpunan ahli hukum di [[Lincoln's Inn]] pada 1953 (yang juga pernah dimasuki oleh [[Allama Iqbal]] dan [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]). Tahun yang sama istrinya Begum [[Nusrat Bhutto]] melahirkan anak perempuan [[Benazir Bhutto|Benazir]], yang belakangan juga menjadi perdana menteri.
Baris 42 ⟶ 15:
Sebagai anggota delegasi Pakistan di [[PBB]] pada 1957, pada usia 29 tahun, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto berpidato pada Konferensi Keenam dari PBB tentang "Definisi Agresi". Sebagai peserta pada Konferensi Internasional di [[Jenewa]], [[Swiss]] pada Maret 1958 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto berbicara untuk umat manusia dengan pernyataan yang berani: "Samudra Bebas itu bebas untuk semua." Ia adalah anggota termuda dalam Kabinet Federal dalam sejarah Pakistan, dalam usia 30 tahun. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto memegang jabatan-jabatan kunci sebagai Menteri Perdagangan, Menteri Informasi, Menteri Rekonstruksi Nasional, Menteri Bahan Bakar, Sumber Daya dan Sumber-sumber Alam, sebelum ia menjadi Menteri Luar Negeri. Sebagai Menteri Bahan Bakar, Sumber Daya dan Sumber-sumber Alam, ia menandatangani perjanjian terobosan untuk melakukan eksplorasi minyak dan gas bersama [[Rusia]] pada 1960. Ia membentuk Perusahaan Pengembangan Gas dan Mineral pada 1961 dan penyulingan minyak pertama Pakistan pada 1962 di [[Karachi]].
<!--Bhutto emerged on the world stage as Leader of the Pakistan Delegation to the UN in 1959. To muster the support for [[Kashmir]] issue he toured [[China]], [[Britain]], [[Egypt]] and [[Ireland]]. He also held a series of talks with the Indian Foreign Minister [[Swaran Singh]]. He was appointed Foreign Minister in 1963 and remained at that post until his resignation in June 1966. Bhutto made indelible imprints on world community by his inimitable oratorical skills in United Nation's General Assembly and the Security Council{{citation needed}}. He believed in an independent Foreign Policy which had hitherto been the hand maiden of the Western Powers. During his tenure as Foreign Minister, Pakistan and [[Iran]] cemented a special relationship.
In [[1958]] he joined the cabinet of President [[Iskander Mirza]]. From this point, he was active in the Pakistani government, working at various posts. In 1966 he resigned from the cabinet, after serving as [[:Category:Foreign Ministers of Pakistan|Foreign Minister]].
His opposition to the Tashkent accord between [[India]] and Pakistan led to his resignation from the government. In [[1967]] Bhutto formed the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP) to oppose President [[Ayub Khan]]'s regime. He adopted a uniform similar to those worn by the [[Communist Party of China]] leaders and called for the introduction of "[[Islamic socialism]]" in Pakistan and the commencement of a "thousand years war" against [[India]]. The slogan of "Food, Shelter and Clothing" shifted the focus of Pakistan politics from theological to economic issues. Using the popular title '''Quaid-e-Awam''' ("Leader of the People,") Bhutto launched a nationwide tour, agitating against the military dictatorship.
Bhutto was arrested in connection with these activities in November 1968, and detained for 3 months. The movement he helped unleash in [[West Pakistan]] (coextensive with the country's current boundaries), in conjunction with agitation for greater autonomy taking place in [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), forced the resignation of [[Ayub Khan]] in March 1969. Ayub Khan handed power over to the army commander in chief, [[Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan]], who assumed the presidency and reimposed martial law.
The issue of an autonomous [[East Pakistan]] continued to plague Yahya's Administration. In the elections held in 1970, the pro-autonomy [[Awami League]] won by a landslide in East Pakistan, capturing enough parliamentary seats to control any government that might be formed. On the other side, Bhutto's [[PPP]] captured the majority of seats in [[West Pakistan]]. When Bhutto delayed the transfer of power to the newly elected representatives in March 1971, public unrest erupted in [[East Pakistan]]. East Pakistani leaders demanded the establishment of an independent nation of [[Bangladesh]], and the Pakistani Army cracked down on armed revolutionaries and massacred civilians in [[East Pakistan]].
Baris 63 ⟶ 36:
===Prime Minister of Pakistan (1973 – 1977)===
He helped unite the country despite worries of its imminent collapse post [[1971]], lifted martial law in [[1972]], and pushed through a new [[constitution]] in 1973 that recognized [[Islam]] as the [[national religion]]. The never ending dispute of powers between the Head of State and Parliament was resolved temporarily by empowering the office of the [[Prime Minister]].
On the international front, Bhutto resumed implementation of his policy of nonaligned neutrality. He withdrew Pakistan from the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and from the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] ([[SEATO]]), sponsored by the [[United States]]. In July 1972 he negotiated the Simla Agreement, which confirmed a line of control dividing Kashmīr and prompted the withdrawal of Indian troops from Pakistani territory. To forge closer ties with the Islamic world, in 1974 Bhutto hosted the second meeting of the [[Organization of the Islamic Conference]] in the city of [[Lahore]]. He used this forum to announce Pakistan’s official recognition of [[Bangladesh]]. To bolster Pakistan’s military defense capabilities, Bhutto laid the groundwork for a nuclear weapons program.
Baris 75 ⟶ 48:
On [[July 5]],[[1977]] the military, led by General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], staged a coup. Zia relieved Bhutto of power, holding him in detention for a month. Zia pledged that new elections would be held in 90 days. He kept postponing the elections and publicly retorted during successive press conferences that if the elections were held in the presence of Bhutto his party would not return to power again.
Upon his release, Bhutto traveled the country amid adulatory crowds of PPP supporters. He used to take the train traveling from the south to the north and on the way, would address public meetings at different stations. Several of these trains were late, some by days, in reaching their respective destinations and as a result Bhutto was banned from traveling by train. The last visit he made to the city of Multan in the province of Punjab was marked the turning point in Bhutto's political career and ultimately, his life. In spite of the administration's efforts to block the gathering, the crowd was so large that it became disorderly, providing an opportunity for the administration to declare that Bhutto had been taken into custody because the people were against him and it had become necessary to protect him from the masses for his own safety.
On [[September 3]] the army arrested Bhutto again on charges of authorizing the murder of a political opponent in March of [[1974]]. A 35-year-old politician Ahmed Raza Kasuri tried to run as a [[PPP]] candidate in elections, despite having previously left the party. The PPP rebuffed him. Three years earlier, Kasuri and his family had been ambushed, leaving Kasuri's father, ''Nawab Mohammad Ahmad Khan'', dead. Kasuri claimed that he was the actual target, accusing Bhutto of being the mastermind. Kasuri later claimed that he had been the victim of 15 assassination attempts.
Baris 107 ⟶ 80:
The Constitution of 1973, passed unanimously, is a direct legacy of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The ''Role of Islam'' in the State, the degree of ''Provincial Autonomy'', and the ''Nature of Executive'' were points of dispute since the birth of the State. Bhutto managed to bring all the political parties: '''Jamat-e-Islami''', '''JUI''' and '''JUP''', who demanded an Islamic State; and [[Wali Khan]], the leader of the opposition in Parliament, led [[National Awami Party]], which was the major party in the Frontier and [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], calling for autonomy, to agree to a consensus on the new Constitution and permanently resolving all the three issues.
The '''Senate of Pakistan''' was created, in which the provinces had equal representation in order to redress the balance of power in Pakistan. The creation of '''Council of Common Interest''' also gave to the provinces a greater weight in the federal dispensation. Islam was declared to be the State religion, and the '''Council of Islamic Ideology''' was given charge of the Islamisation of laws. At the same time the Constitution reiterated the basic principle of socialism: "[[from each according to his ability to each according to his need]]".
Through the 13th Amendment of [[1997]], the role of the [[Prime Minister]] was restored as was intended to be according to the Constitution of 1973. This role of the Prime Minister temporary lasted until General [[Pervez Musharraf]] took over as the Chief Executive in 1999 through a military coup d'état. The constitution was further mutilated through yet another LFO; Legal Framework Order, this time of another General. The 17th amendment of December 29, 2003 rendered the role of the Prime Minister a puppet at the hands of the ruling General and the Parliament to that of ineffective rubber stamp{{fact}}. -->
Baris 113 ⟶ 86:
== Rujukan ==
* [http://www.historychannel.com/broadband/clipview/index.jsp?id=d1t11 Pidato di depan Dewan Keamanan PBB]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-
== Buku-buku ==
Baris 149 ⟶ 122:
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.pakdef.info/multimedia/bhutto_address.wmv Video clip speech of Prime Minister Z A Bhutto's after the Indian nuclear explosion of 1974] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201111144/http://www.pakdef.info/multimedia/bhutto_address.wmv |date=2007-12-01 }}---------Pak Defence Info.com
* [http://www.ppp.org.pk/zab.html Zulfikar Ali Bhutto founder of Pakistan Peoples Party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230134129/http://www.ppp.org.pk/zab.html |date=2007-12-30 }}
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/ The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan]
* [
* [http://storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P019 Biography]
* [http://www.ppp.org.pk/ Pakistan Peoples Party offical website]
* [http://idl.atspace.com/ '''Indus Digital Library''']
{{start box}}
Baris 164 ⟶ 135:
{{succession box |title = Ketua [[Partai Rakyat Pakistan]]|before = ''Tidak ada, jabatan baru''|after = [[Nusrat Bhutto]] |years = [[30 November]] [[1967]] - [[4 April]] [[1973]]}}
{{end box}}
<
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali}}▼
[[Kategori:Meninggal usia 51]]
▲{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali}}
[[Kategori:Presiden Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Perdana Menteri Pakistan]]
| |||