Alkohol dalam Alkitab

Minuman beralkohol muncul dalam Alkitab Ibrani, setelah Nuh menanam ladang anggur dan menjadi mabuk. Dalam Perjanjian Baru, Yesus secara ajaib membuat sejumlah anggur^[1] di perkawinan di Kana. Anggur adalah minuman beralkohol paling umum dalam kesusastraan biblikal, dimana anggur menjadi sumber simbolisme,^[2] dan merupakan sebuah bagian penting dari kehidupan sehari-hari pada zaman biblikal.^[2]^[3]^[4] Selain itu, para penduduk Israel kuno meminum biru, dan wine yang terbuat dari buah-buahan selain anggur.^[5]

Catatan kaki

^ Six pots of thirty-nine litres each = 234 liters = 61.8 gallons, according to Seesemann, p. 163.
^ ^a ^b B. S. Easton (1915b).
^ Broshi (1984), p. 33.
^ Broshi (1986), p. 46: "In the biblical description of the agricultural products of the Land, the triad 'cereal, wine, and oil' recurs repeatedly (Deut. 28:51 and elsewhere). These were the main products of ancient Palestine, in order of importance. The fruit of the vine was consumed both fresh and dried (raisins), but it was primarily consumed as wine. Wine was, in antiquity, an important food and not just an embellishment to a feast.... Wine was essentially a man's drink in antiquity, when it became a significant dietary component. Even slaves were given a generous wine ration. Scholars estimate that in ancient Rome an adult consumed a liter of wine daily. Even a minimal estimate of 700g. per day means that wine constituted about one quarter of the caloric intake (600 out of 2,500 cal.) and about one third of the minimum required intake of iron."
^ Waltke (2005), p. 505.

Karya yang dikutip

Magen Broshi (1984). "Wine in Ancient Palestine – Introductory Notes". Israel Museum Journal. III: 21–40.
Magen Broshi (1986). "The Diet of Palestine in the Roman Period – Introductory Notes". Israel Museum Journal. V: 41–56.
W. R. F. Browning (2004) [1996]. "Wine". A Dictionary of the Bible. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-860890-5.
Ross, Thomas D., "And be not drunk with wine, but be filled with the Spirit," in The Doctrine of Sanctification, Ph. D. Dissertation, Great Plains Baptist Divinity School, 2014
Teachout, Robert P., The Use of "Wine" In the Old Testament. Th. D. Dissertation, Dallas Theological Seminary, May 1979
M. D. Coogan (1993). "Wine". Dalam Bruce Metzger and M. D. Coogan. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-504645-8.
W. Dommershausen (1990). "Yayin". Dalam G. Johannes Botterweck; Helmer Ringgren. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. VI. trans. David E. Green. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-2330-0.
Ralph Earle (1986). "1 Timothy 5:13". Word Meanings in the New Testament. Kansas City, Missouri: Beacon Hill Press. ISBN 0-8341-1176-4.
Matthew George Easton (1897a). "Vinegar". Easton's Bible Dictionary. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-22.
Matthew George Easton (1897b). "Wine". Easton's Bible Dictionary. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-22.
F. S. Fitzsimmonds (1982). "Wine and Strong Drink". Dalam J. D. Douglas. New Bible Dictionary (edisi ke-2nd). Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 0-8308-1441-8.
R. Laird Harris; Gleason Archer; Bruce Waltke (1980). Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Moody.
Edwin Hatch & Henry Adeney Redpath (1998). Concordance to the Septuagint. with an extensive Hebrew index by Takamitsu Muraoka appended (edisi ke-2nd). Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-2141-1.
Hans Wolfgang Heidland (1967). "όξος". Dalam Gerhard Kittel and Ronald E. Pitkin. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. V. trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-2247-9.
William Kaiser; Duane Garrett, ed. (2006). "Wine and Alcoholic Beverages in the Ancient World". Archaeological Study Bible. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-92605-4.
D. Kellermann (1986). "Chomets [et al.]". Dalam G. Johannes Botterweck; Helmer Ringgren. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. IV. trans. David E. Green. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-2328-9.
Frederic Richard Lees & Dawson Burns (1870). "Appendix C-D". The Temperance Bible-Commentary. New York: National Temperance Society and Publication House. hlm. 431–446.
Henry Liddell; Robert Scott; Henry Stuart Jones; Roderick McKenzie (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-864226-1.
Bruce Lincoln (2005). "Beverages". Dalam Lindsay Jones. Encyclopedia of Religion. 2 (edisi ke-2nd). MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-865733-2.
Jill Maynard, ed. (1997a). "Drunkenness". Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life & Times. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association.
Jill Maynard, ed. (1997b). "Wine". Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life & Times. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association.
Jill Maynard, ed. (1997c). "Wine Making". Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life & Times. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association.
John McClintock; James Strong (1891). "Wine". Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. X. New York: Harper and Brothers. hlm. 1010–1017.
M. S. and J. L. Miller revising B. M. Bennett, Jr. and D. H. Scott (1996). "The Life of the Farmer: Land Use and Crops". Harper's Encyclopedia of Bible Life (edisi ke-3rd). Castle Books. ISBN 0-7858-0726-8.
Leon Morris (1995). "Additional Note H: The Last Supper and the Passover". The Gospel According to John. New International Commentary on the New Testament (edisi ke-revised). Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2504-9.
"The New Testament Greek Lexicon (based on Thayer's and Smith's Bible Dictionary plus others)". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 January 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-22.
"The Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon (based on the Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon)". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 January 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-22.
R. V. Pierard (1984). "Alcohol, Drinking of". Dalam Walter A. Elwell. Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House. ISBN 0-8010-3413-2.
Pratt, Richard L. (2003). The Spirit of the Reformation Study Bible. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-92360-2.
I. W. Raymond (1970) [1927]. The Teaching of the Early Church on the Use of Wine and Strong Drink. AMS Press. ISBN 978-0-404-51286-6.
Heinrich Seesemann (1967). "οινος". Dalam Gerhard Kittel and Ronald E. Pitkin. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. V. trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-2247-9.
Joseph Henry Thayer (1977) [1901]. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. Baker. ISBN 0-8010-8872-0.
"Tractate Berakoth 6.1". Diakses tanggal 2007-03-15.
Bruce Waltke (2004). The Book Of Proverbs: Chapters 1–15. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2545-2.
Bruce Waltke (2005). The Book of Proverbs: Chapters 15–31. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2776-0.

[1] Six pots of thirty-nine litres each = 234 liters = 61.8 gallons, according to Seesemann, p. 163.

[ISBEWine-2] B. S. Easton (1915b).

[Broshi_1984,_p._33-3] Broshi (1984), p. 33.

[4] Broshi (1986), p. 46: "In the biblical description of the agricultural products of the Land, the triad 'cereal, wine, and oil' recurs repeatedly (Deut. 28:51 and elsewhere). These were the main products of ancient Palestine, in order of importance. The fruit of the vine was consumed both fresh and dried (raisins), but it was primarily consumed as wine. Wine was, in antiquity, an important food and not just an embellishment to a feast.... Wine was essentially a man's drink in antiquity, when it became a significant dietary component. Even slaves were given a generous wine ration. Scholars estimate that in ancient Rome an adult consumed a liter of wine daily. Even a minimal estimate of 700g. per day means that wine constituted about one quarter of the caloric intake (600 out of 2,500 cal.) and about one third of the minimum required intake of iron."

[WaltkeP505-5] Waltke (2005), p. 505.

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