ʿAṯtar

ʿAṯtar adalah dewa Semit kuno yang peran, nama, dan bahkan jenis kelaminnya bervariasi menurut budaya Asia Barat. Pada kedua jenis kelamin, ʿAṯtar diidentifikasikan dengan planet Venus, bintang pagi dan sore, dalam beberapa manifestasi mitologi Semit.

ʿAṯtar
Deity of the Morning and Evening Star
Fragmen stela Arab Selatan yang menggambarkan ibex dan tiga kepala Arabian oryx berbaring, yang diasosiasikan dengan ʿAṯtar.
Planet	Venus
Hewan	Gazelle (di Suriah dan Arabia)
Padanan
Mesopotamian	Lugal-Marada, Zababa (through equation with Aštabi), Ninurta (through equation with Aštabi and Lugal-Marada)
Hurrian	Aštabi

Sumber

• Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39485-7. 
• Frayne, Douglas R.; Stuckey, Johanna H. (2021), A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, and Elam, Penn State University Press, ISBN 9781646021277 .
• George, Andrew R. (1993). House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 0-931464-80-3. OCLC 27813103. 
• Hoyland, Robert G. (2002). Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-64634-0. 
• Lipiński, Edward (1975). Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. 1. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-9-061-86019-8. 
• Lipiński, Edward (1995). Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique [Gods and Goddesses of the Phoenician and Punic Universe]. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta (dalam bahasa Prancis). 64. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-9-068-31690-2. 
• Lipiński, Edward (2000). The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. 100. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-9-042-90859-8. 
• Lipiński, Edward (2006). On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. 153. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-9-042-91798-9. 
• Tugendhaft, Aaron (2016). "Gods on clay: Ancient Near Eastern scholarly practices and the history of religions". Dalam Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W. Canonical Texts and Scholarly Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 164. doi:10.1017/cbo9781316226728.009. 
• Van Beek, Gus W. (1997a). "Ḥadhramaut". Dalam Dever, William G.; Meyers, Carol L.; Muhly, James D.; Pardee, Dennis; Sauer, James A.; Finney, Paul Corby; Jorgensen, John S. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. 2. Oxford, United Kingdom; New York City, United States: Oxford University Press. hlm. 452–453. 
• Van Beek, Gus W. (1997b). "Qataban". Dalam Meyers, Eric M.; Dever, William G.; Meyers, Carol L.; Muhly, James D.; Pardee, Dennis; Sauer, James A.; Finney, Paul Corby; Jorgensen, John S. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. 4. Oxford, United Kingdom; New York City, United States: Oxford University Press. hlm. 383–384. ISBN 978-0-195-06512-1. 
• Archi, Alfonso (1997). "Studies in the Ebla Pantheon II". Orientalia. GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press. 66 (4): 414–425. ISSN 0030-5367. JSTOR 43078145. Diakses tanggal 2022-03-09. 
• Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2014). "The Role of Aštabi in the Song of Ullikummi and the Eastern Mediterranean "Failed God" Stories". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. University of Chicago Press. 73 (1): 95–103. doi:10.1086/674665. ISSN 0022-2968. 
• Archi, Alfonso (2013). "The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background". Dalam Collins, B. J.; Michalowski, P. Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman. Atlanta: Lockwood Press. ISBN 978-1-937040-11-6. OCLC 882106763.