Chetnik
Detasemen Chetnik Angkatan Darat Yugoslavia, umumnya dijuluki Chetnik (bahasa Serbo-Kroasia: Četnici, Четници, pelafalan [tʃɛ̂tniːtsi]; bahasa Slovenia: Četniki), adalah sebuah pergerakan di Yugoslavia pada masa Perang Dunia II yang dipimpin oleh Draža Mihailović. Pergerakan ini pada awalnya merupakan pergerakan anti-Blok Poros yang melakukan perlawanan selama periode-periode tertentu.[1] Mereka kemudian melakukan kolaborasi dengan pasukan pendudukan secara taktis atau selektif selama berlangsungnya perang.[2] Pergerakan Chetnik bukanlah pergerakan yang homogen.[3] Pergerakan Chetnik Mihailović[4] menerapkan kebijakan kolaborasi[5] dengan Blok Poros, menetapkan modus vivendi dengan mereka, dan beroperasi sebagai pasukan pendukung yang "dilegalisasi" di bawah kendali Blok Poros.[6][7][8][9] Seiring berjalannya waktu, pergerakan Chetnik semakin[10] terseret ke dalam persetujuan-persetujuan kolaborasi: pertama-tama dengan pasukan Nedić di Wilayah Komandan Militer di Serbia,[11] kemudian dengan pasukan Italia di wilayah pendudukan Dalmasia dan Montenegro, lalu dengan beberapa pasukan Ustaše di Bosnia utara, dan pada akhirnya dengan Jerman Nazi secara langsung setelah Italia menyerah.[12] Walaupun kolaborasi Chetnik bersifat "ekstensif dan sistematis",[13] Chetnik mengklaim bahwa kebijakan kolaborasi mereka[5] merupakan cara untuk "memanfaatkan musuh".[12]
Pergerakan Chetnik | |
---|---|
Pemimpin | |
Waktu operasi | 1904–46 |
Wilayah operasi | Wilayah Yugoslavia yang diduduki Jerman Nazi |
Ideologi |
Pada masa tersebut, kelompok Chetnik juga melakukan terorisme terhadap orang-orang Kroasia di wilayah yang dihuni oleh orang Serbia dan Kroasia secara bersamaan; terhadap populasi Muslim di Bosnia, Herzegovina dan Sandžak; dan terhadap Partisan Yugoslavia dan pendukung-pendukung mereka di semua wilayah. Kegiatan teror yang mereka lakukan adalah membunuh warga sipil, membakar desa-desa dan menghancurkan harta benda. Tindakan-tindakan tersebut memperparah ketegangan etnis antara orang Kroasia dan Serbia.[14][15] Teror yang mereka lakukan terhadap orang Kroasia dapat dianggap sebagai pembalasan terhadap teror yang dilancarkan oleh Ustaše, tetapi pada akhirnya kelompok Chetnik tetap ingin agar orang Kroasia dan Muslim Bosnia "dibersihkan" dari wilayah Serbia Raya sesuai dengan arahan Mihailović pada 20 Desember 1941.[16]
Catatan kaki
sunting- ^ Milazzo 1975, hlm. 103–05.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, hlm. 182.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, hlm. 140.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, hlm. 185–86.
- ^ a b Ramet 2006, hlm. 145.
- ^ Ramet 2006, hlm. 147.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, hlm. 224–25.
- ^ Macdonald 2002, hlm. 140–42.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, hlm. 65–67.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, hlm. preface.
- ^ Hehn 1971, hlm. 350; Pavlowitch 2002, hlm. 141, official name of the occupied territory.
- ^ a b Tomasevich 1975, hlm. 196.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, hlm. 246.
- ^ Djokic, Dejan. "Coming To Terms With The Past: Former Yugoslavia." History Today 54.6 (2004): 17-19. History Reference Center. Web. 3 Mar. 2015.
- ^ Elections Diarsipkan 2009-01-13 di Wayback Machine., TIME Magazine, February 23, 1925
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, hlm. 259.
Daftar pustaka
sunting- Buku
- Allen, Beverly (1996). Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. Ithaca: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4158-5.
- Bailey, Ronald H. (1998). Partisans and guerrillas. Chicago, Illinois: Time-Life Books. ISBN 978-0-7835-5719-9.
- Bakke, Elisabeth (2010). "Party Systems Since 1989". Dalam Ramet, Sabrina P. Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 64–90. ISBN 978-1-139-48750-4.
- Bartrop, Paul R. (2012). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-38679-4.
- Bećirević, Edina (2014). Genocide on the Drina River. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300192582.
- Bianchini, Stefano (2010). "The EU in the Values and Expectations of Serbia". Dalam Listhaug, Ola; Ramet, Sabrina P.; Dulić, Dragana. Civic and Uncivic Values: Serbia in the Post-Milošević Era. Budapest: Central European University Press. hlm. 221–240. ISBN 978-963-9776-98-2.
- Biliarsky, Tsocho (2007). Вътрешната македоно-одринска революционна организация (1893–1919 г.) – Документи на централните ръководни органи, Том I, Част I (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). Sofia: Sofia University. ISBN 978-954-9800-61-6.
- Bugajski, Janusz (2002). Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-2016-3.
- Cigar, Norman (1995). Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of "Ethnic Cleansing". College Station: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-004-7.
- Cohen, Philip J. (1996). Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0-89096-760-7.
- Goldstein, Ivo (1999). Croatia: A History. London: C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-85065-525-1.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2001). "Civilian-Military Relations in Bosnia-Herzegovina 1992–1995". Dalam Magaš, Branka; Žanić, Ivo. The War in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina 1991–1995. London: Frank Cass. hlm. 178–199. ISBN 978-0-7146-8201-3.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2006). Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-726380-8.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2007). The History of Bosnia: From the Middle Ages to the Present Day. London: Saqi. ISBN 978-0-86356-953-1.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2013). Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-70394-9.
- Hockenos, Paul (2003). Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism and the Balkan Wars. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4158-5.
- Höpken, Wolfgang (2007). "Between Civic Identity and Nationalism: History Textbooks in East-Central and Southeastern Europe". Dalam Ramet, Sabrina P.; Matić, Davorka. Democratic Transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education, and Media. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. hlm. 163–192. ISBN 978-1-60344-452-1.
- Hupchick, Dennis P. (1995). Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-12116-4.
- Judah, Tim (2000). The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08507-5.
- Karchmar, Lucien (1987). Draža Mihailović and the Rise of the Četnik Movement, 1941–1945. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8240-8027-3.
- Lukic, Rénéo; Lynch, Allen (1996). Europe From the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829200-5.
- Macartney, C. A. (1957). October Fifteenth: A History of Modern Hungary, 1929–1945. II. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Macdonald, David Bruce (2002). Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6467-8.
- Magaš, Branka; Žanić, Ivo (2001). The War in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina 1991–1995. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-8201-3.
- Malcolm, Noel (1994). Bosnia: A Short History. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5520-4.
- Mennecke, Martin (2012). "Genocidal Violence in the Former Yugoslavia". Dalam Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S. Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87191-4.
- Milazzo, Matteo J. (1975). The Chetnik Movement & the Yugoslav Resistance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1589-8.
- Mitrović, Andrej (2007). Serbia's Great War, 1914–1918. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-476-7.
- Mojzes, Paul (2011). Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the 20th Century. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-0665-6.
- Newman, John Paul (2015). Yugoslavia in the Shadow of War: Veterans and the Limits of State Building, 1903–1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-07076-9.
- Pajović, Radoje (1977). Kontrarevolucija u Crnoj Gori: Četnički i federalistički pokret 1941–1945 (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian). Cetinje, Yugoslavia: Obod.
- Pavlaković, Vjeran (2005). "Serbia Transformed?". Dalam Ramet, Sabrina P. Serbia since 1989: Politics and Society under Milopevic and After. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80207-7.
- Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002). Serbia: the History behind the Name. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-476-6.
- Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2007). Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-1-85065-895-5.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34656-8.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2008). Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia at Peace and at War: Selected Writings, 1983–2007. Berlin: LIT Verlag. ISBN 3-03735-912-9.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2010a). "Politics in Croatia Since 1990". Dalam Ramet, Sabrina P. Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 258–285. ISBN 978-1-139-48750-4.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2010b). "Serbia and Montenegro Since 1989". Dalam Ramet, Sabrina P. Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 286–310. ISBN 978-1-139-48750-4.
- Ramet, Sabrina P.; Wagner, Peter F. (2010). "Post-socialist Models of Rule in Cental and Southeast Europe". Dalam Ramet, Sabrina P. Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 9–36. ISBN 978-1-139-48750-4.
- Redžić, Enver (2005). Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War. Abingdon: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-5625-0.
- Roberts, Walter R. (1987). Tito, Mihailović and the Allies: 1941–1945. New Brunswick, NJ: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0773-0.
- Röhr, Werner, ed. (1994). Europa unterm Hakenkreuz: Okkupation und Kollaboration (1938–1945) (dalam bahasa German). Berlin: Hüthig.
- Ron, James (2003). Frontiers and Ghettos: State Violence in Serbia and Israel. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-93690-4.
- Sells, Michael Anthony (1998). The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92209-9.
- Shub, Boris (1943). Hitler's Ten-Year War on the Jews. New York: Institute of Jewish Affairs.
- Singleton, Frederick Bernard (1985). A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-27485-2.
- Stojanović, Dubravka (2010). "Value Changes in the Interpretations of History in Serbia". Dalam Listhaug, Ola; Ramet, Sabrina P.; Dulić, Dragana. Civic and Uncivic Values: Serbia in the Post-Milošević Era. Budapest: Central European University Press. hlm. 221–240. ISBN 978-963-9776-98-2.
- Thomas, Robert (1999). Serbia Under Milošević: Politics in the 1990s. London: C. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-85065-367-7.
- Toal, Gerard; Dahlman, Carl T. (2011). Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973036-0.
- Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2008). Dictionary of Genocide. I. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34642-2.
- Timofejev, Aleksej (2010). "Crvena armija i JVuO tokom jeseni 1944 – nesuđena saradnja". Istorija 20. veka. 1. Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije. hlm. 85–102.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (1969). "Yugoslavia During the Second World War". Dalam Vucinich, Wayne S. Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment. Berkeley: University of California Press. hlm. 59–118. OCLC 652337606.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3615-2.
- Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533343-5.
- Velikonja, Mitja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-226-3.
- Jurnal
- Hehn, Paul N. (1971). "Serbia, Croatia and Germany 1941–1945: Civil War and Revolution in the Balkans". Canadian Slavonic Papers. University of Alberta. 13 (4): 344–373. JSTOR 40866373.
- Jeffrey, Alex (2006). "Building State Capacity in Post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Case of Brcko District" (PDF). Political Geography. Elsevier. 25 (2): 203–227. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2005.11.003.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (May 2005). "Review of Le Monténégro et l'Italie durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale: Histoire, mythes et réalités by Antoine Sidoti". The English Historical Review. 120 (487): 863. doi:10.1093/ehr/cei317.
- Berita
- Binder, David (13 September 1999). "Momcilo Djujic, Serbian Priest and Warrior, Dies at 92". New York Times.
- "Bora Čorba kod Hrge: Ponosan sam četnik". Dnevnik. 22 January 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-02-28. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-04.
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (Laporan). U.S. Department of State. 4 March 2002.
- Burns, John F. (10 May 1992). "The Demographics of Exile: Victorious Serbs Repopulate Croatian Villages". New York Times.
- "Chetniks rehabilitated". B92. 17 May 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-01-16. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-04.
- "Četnici "personae non gratae"". B92 (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian). 23 December 2004.
- "Četnički simboli u Srebrenici". Index (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian). 13 July 2009.
- Ćirić, Aleksandar (23 December 2004). "Četnici – Partizani 12:5". Vreme.
- "Controversial group in Srebrenica incident". B92. 13 July 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-04. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-04.
- Engelberg, Stephen (10 December 1991). "Serbs in Croatia Build Political Foundation to Support Their Military Gains". New York Times.
- Gudžević, Sinan (18 June 2010). "Na kapi zvezda, u glavi kokarda". e-Novine (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-10. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-04.
- Horvat, Karmen (13 July 2009). "Chetniks Urinate on Bosnia-Herzegovina Flag". Dalje. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-10-19. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-04.
- "Incidenti u Srebrenici i Bratuncu: Četničko orgijanje ne zanima tužioce?". 24 sata (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian). 7 August 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-08-11. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-04.
- "Istetoviran mu Draža Mihailović: Gurović se vraća u Crvenu Zvezdu!". Dnevnik. 27 August 2010.
- Jungvirth, Goran (14 June 2013). "Seselj Denies Close Cooperation with Karadzic". Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-09. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-04.
- Kebo, Amra (1 May 2005). "US Sanctions Alarm Bosnians". Institute for War & Peace Reporting.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- "Ko je ubijao u Antinu?". B92 (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian). 17 June 2005.
- Kusmuk, Milica (18 August 2013). "Spomenik Draži Mihailoviću kod Višegrada". Novosti (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian).
- "Ministarka kulture zabranila podizanje spomenika Đurišiću". B92 (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian). 11 June 2003.
- "Montenegrin WWII veterans protest against unveiling of Chetnik monument". BBC. 19 May 2003.
- "Montenegrin police destroy base for monument to controversial WWII leader". BBC. 7 July 2003.
- "Montenegro: Muslims condemn plan to unveil monument to WWII warlord". BBC. 20 June 2003.
- "NOVA predlaže da država podigne spomenik Pavlu Đurišiću". Vijesti (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian). 13 August 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-06-09. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-04.
- "Paljenje zastave BiH: Nema kazni za četničko divljanje". 24 sata. 24 February 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-08-11. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-04.
- Pavlović, Momčilo; Mladenović, Božica (26 May 2003). "Život i smrt Koste Pećanca". Glas Javnosti (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian).
- Pećanin, Senad (2 August 2002). "Our Local Chetniks". Dani. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-04-01. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-04.
- Phillips, John (31 July 2005). "Patriarch backs party led by war-crimes suspect". The Independent.
- "Policija srušila postolje za spomenik Đurišiću". B92 (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian). 7 July 2003.
- "Predsjednik Mesić o odgodi posjeta SCG-u". HRT. 17 May 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-11-17. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-04.
- Prijović, Zvonko (7 May 2002). "Crnogorska Ravna gora". Glas javnosti (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian).
- Prijović, Zvonko (13 June 2003). "Neće biti obeležja Pavlu Đurišiću". Glas javnosti (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian).
- "Ravnogorski sabor". B92. 13 May 2007.
- "Ravnogorski sabor, 15. put". B92. 13 May 2006.
- "Rehabilitovan Dragiša Vasić". Blic (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian). 15 December 2009.
- Ristic, Marija (6 March 2014). "Serbian Fighters Help 'Russian Brothers' in Crimea". Balkan Insight.
- Sekulović, Milutin (10 June 2003). "Partizanski komandant, pa – vojvoda". Večernje novosti (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian).
- "Serb Leader Momcilo Djujic Dies; Led Chetniks During World War II". Washington Times. 14 September 1999.
- "Serbian player not allowed into Croatia". ESPN. 13 November 2004.
- Silber, Laura (3 August 1993). "Serbia's Ultranationalist Leader Emerges as Formidable Political Force". Los Angeles Times.
- "Sramotno: četničko orgijanje po Srebrenici i Bratuncu". Slobodna Dalamacija. 13 July 2009.
- Strauss, Julius (29 December 2003). "Party leader pulls election strings from prison cell". The Telegraph.
- Voloder, Vanda (12 July 2007). "Četnici bili u Srebrenici, ali policija nije reagirala". 24 sata. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 November 2009.
- "Zabranjen skup za otkrivanje spomenika Đurišiću". B92 (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian). 4 July 2003.
- Situs
- "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. 2011a. Diakses tanggal 12 August 2011.
- "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. 2011b. Diakses tanggal 22 December 2011.
- "Sensagent Dictionary". Sensagent.com. 2011. Diakses tanggal 3 December 2011.