Daftar bintang paling masif

artikel daftar Wikimedia

Berikut ini adalah daftar bintang paling masif yang pernah ditemukan, dalam satuan Massa Matahari (M).

Ketidakpastian

sunting

Kebanyakan massa yang didaftarkan dibawah masih diperdebatkan, dan, karena masih menjadi subjek penelitian masa kini, masih dalam peninjauan dan sering direvisi massa maupun karakteristiknya yang lain.

Daftar

sunting

Catatan

sunting
  1. ^ Mass is estimated from hydrogen abundance and luminosity, making it very uncertain.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o This is a binary system but the secondary is much less massive than the primary.
  3. ^ This unusual measurement was made by assuming the star was ejected from a three-body encounter in NGC 3603. This assumption also means that the current star is the result of a merger between two original close binary components. The mass is consistent with evolutionary mass for a star with the observed parameters.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Mercer 30 is an open cluster in Dragonfish Nebula.
  5. ^ N64 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  6. ^ BSDL 1830 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  7. ^ BSDL 2527 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  8. ^ BSDL 2505 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  9. ^ DEM S10 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
  10. ^ Bochum 10 is an open cluster in Carina Nebula.
  11. ^ N135 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  12. ^ N70 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  13. ^ DEM L294 is a H II region in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  14. ^ DEM S80 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
  15. ^ a b GKK-A144 is a stellar association in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  16. ^ BSDL 2242 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.


  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; et al. (May 2014). "The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. A comprehensive analysis of the WN class". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 565: A27. arXiv:1401.5474 . Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Doran, E.I.; Crowther, P.A.; de Koter, A.; Evans, C.J.; McEvoy, C.; Walborn, N.R.; et al. (October 2013). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XI. A census of the hot luminous stars and their feedback in 30 Doradus". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 558: A134. arXiv:1308.3412 . Bibcode:2013A&A...558A.134D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321824. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  3. ^ a b c Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; de Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz; Herrero, Artemio; Langer, Norbert; Lennon, Daniel J. (2020-12-01). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS - II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 499 (2): 1918–1936. arXiv:2009.05136 . Bibcode:2020MNRAS.499.1918B. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2801. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  4. ^ a b c Kalari, Venu M.; Horch, Elliott P.; Salinas, Ricardo; Vink, Jorick S.; Andersen, Morten; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Rubio, Monica (2022-07-26). "Resolving the Core of R136 in the Optical". The Astrophysical Journal. 935 (2): 162. arXiv:2207.13078 . Bibcode:2022ApJ...935..162K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8424 . 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Bestenlehner, J.M.; Gräfener, G.; Vink, J.S.; Najarro, F.; de Koter, A.; Sana, H.; et al. (October 2014). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XVII. Physical and wind properties of massive stars at the top of the main sequence". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 570: A38. arXiv:1407.1837 . Bibcode:2014A&A...570A..38B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423643. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  6. ^ a b c d e Bik, A.; Henning, Th.; Wu, S.-W.; Zhang, M.; Brandner, W.; Pasquali, A.; Stolte, A. (April 2019). "Near-infrared spectroscopy of the massive stellar population of W51: evidence for multi-seeded star formation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 624: A63. arXiv:1902.05460 . Bibcode:2019A&A...624A..63B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935061. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  7. ^ a b Bagnulo, S.; Wade, G.A.; Nazé, Y.; Grunhut, J.H.; Shultz, M.E.; Asher, D.J.; et al. (March 2020). "A search for strong magnetic fields in massive and very massive stars in the Magellanic Clouds". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 635: A163. arXiv:2002.12061 . Bibcode:2020A&A...635A.163B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937098. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  8. ^ a b c De Becker, M.; Rauw, G.; Manfroid, J.; Eenens, P. (September 2006). "Early-type stars in the young open cluster IC 1805: II. The probably single stars HD 15570 and HD 15629, and the massive binary/triple system HD 15558". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 456 (3): 1121–1130. arXiv:astro-ph/0606379 . Bibcode:2006A&A...456.1121D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065300. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ducati, J.R. (2002). VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system (Laporan). Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2237. CDS/ADC. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D. 
  10. ^ a b Tehrani, Katie A.; Crowther, Paul A.; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Littlefair, Stuart P.; Pollock, A.M.T.; Parker, Richard J.; Schnurr, Olivier (1 April 2019). "Weighing Melnick 34: the most massive binary system known". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 484 (2): 2692–2710. arXiv:1901.04769 . Bibcode:2019MNRAS.484.2692T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz147. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  11. ^ a b c d Schneider, F.R.N.; Sana, H.; Evans, C.J.; Bestenlehner, J.M.; Castro, N.; Fossati, L.; et al. (5 January 2018). "An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 359 (6371): 69–71. arXiv:1801.03107 . Bibcode:2018Sci...359...69S. doi:10.1126/science.aan0106. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29302009. 
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Walborn, Nolan R.; Howarth, Ian D.; Lennon, Daniel J.; Massey, Philip; Oey, M. S.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; et al. (May 2002). "A New Spectral Classification System for the Earliest O Stars: Definition of Type O2". The Astronomical Journal. 123 (5): 2754–2771. Bibcode:2002AJ....123.2754W. doi:10.1086/339831 . ISSN 0004-6256. 
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Bonanos, A.Z.; Massa, D.L.; Sewilo, M.; Lennon, D.J.; Panagia, N.; Smith, L.J.; et al. (1 October 2009). "Spitzer SAGE Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal. 138 (4): 1003–1021. arXiv:0905.1328 . Bibcode:2009AJ....138.1003B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/4/1003. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  14. ^ a b c d Crowther, Paul A.; Schnurr, Olivier; Hirschi, Raphael; Yusof, Norhasliza; Parker, Richard J.; Goodwin, Simon P.; Kassim, Hasan Abu (21 October 2010). "The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 408 (2): 731–751. arXiv:1007.3284 . Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408..731C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  15. ^ a b c d e f Melena, Nicholas W.; Massey, Philip; Morrell, Nidia I.; Zangari, Amanda M. (1 March 2008). "The massive star content of NGC 3603". The Astronomical Journal. 135 (3): 878–891. arXiv:0712.2621 . Bibcode:2008AJ....135..878M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/3/878. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  16. ^ Evans, C.J.; Walborn, N.R.; Crowther, P.A.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Massa, D.; Taylor, W.D.; et al. (1 June 2010). "A massive runaway star from 30 Doradus". The Astrophysical Journal. 715 (2): L74–L79. arXiv:1004.5402 . Bibcode:2010ApJ...715L..74E. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/715/2/L74. ISSN 2041-8205. 
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Zacharias, N.; Finch, C.T.; Girard, T.M.; Henden, A.; Bartlett, J.L.; Monet, D.G.; Zacharias, M.I. (July 2012). "VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: UCAC4 Catalogue". VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: I/322A. Originally Published in: 2012yCat.1322....0Z; 2013AJ....145...44Z. 1322. Bibcode:2012yCat.1322....0Z. 
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Brands, S.; de Koter, A.; Bestenlehner, J.; Crowther, P.; Sundqvist, J.; Puls, J.; et al. (7 April 2022). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. III. The most massive stars and their clumped winds". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 663: A36. arXiv:2202.11080 . Bibcode:2022A&A...663A..36B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142742. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  19. ^ Roman-Lopes, A.; Franco, G.A.P.; Sanmartim, D. (26 May 2016). "SOAR Optical and Near-infrared Spectroscopic Survey of Newly Discovered Massive Stars in the Periphery of Galactic Massive Star Clusters I-NGC 3603". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (2): 96. arXiv:1604.01096 . Bibcode:2016ApJ...823...96R. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/2/96 . ISSN 1538-4357. 
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Massey, Philip; DeGioia-Eastwood, Kathleen; Waterhouse, Elizabeth (February 2001). "The progenitor masses of Wolf-Rayet stars and luminous blue variables determined from cluster turnoffs. II. Results from 12 galactic clusters and OB associations". The Astronomical Journal. 121 (2): 1050–1070. arXiv:astro-ph/0010654 . Bibcode:2001AJ....121.1050M. doi:10.1086/318769. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  21. ^ Vázquez, R.A.; Baume, G. (June 2001). "The open cluster Havlen-Moffat no. 1 revisited". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 371 (3): 908–920. Bibcode:2001A&A...371..908V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010410 . ISSN 0004-6361. 
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Massey, Philip; Waterhouse, Elizabeth; DeGioia-Eastwood, Kathleen (May 2000). "The progenitor masses of Wolf-Rayet stars and luminous blue variables determined from cluster turnoffs. I. Results from 19 OB associations in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (5): 2214–2241. arXiv:astro-ph/0002233 . Bibcode:2000AJ....119.2214M. doi:10.1086/301345. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  23. ^ Fabricius, C.; Høg, E.; Makarov, V.V.; Mason, B.D.; Wycoff, G.L.; Urban, S.E. (March 2002). "The Tycho double star catalogue". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 384 (1): 180–189. Bibcode:2002A&A...384..180F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011822 . ISSN 0004-6361. 
  24. ^ a b c d Zaritsky, Dennis; Harris, Jason; Thompson, Ian B.; Grebel, Eva K. (October 2004). "The Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: The Large Magellanic Cloud Stellar Catalog and Extinction Map". The Astronomical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 128 (4): 1606–1614. arXiv:astro-ph/0407006 . Bibcode:2004AJ....128.1606Z. doi:10.1086/423910. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  25. ^ Drew, J.E.; Herrero, A.; Mohr-Smith, M.; Monguió, M.; Wright, N.J.; Kupfer, T.; Napiwotzki, R. (21 October 2018). "Massive stars in the hinterland of the young cluster, Westerlund 2". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 480 (2): 2109–2124. arXiv:1807.06486 . Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2109D. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1905. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  26. ^ Vargas Álvarez, Carlos A.; Kobulnicky, Henry A.; Bradley, David R.; Kannappan, Sheila J.; Norris, Mark A.; Cool, Richard J.; Miller, Brendan P. (25 March 2013). "The distance to the massive galactic cluster Westerlund 2 from a spectroscopic and HST photometric study". The Astronomical Journal. 145 (5): 125. arXiv:1302.0863 . Bibcode:2013AJ....145..125V. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/5/125. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  27. ^ a b c d Hamann, W.-R.; Gräfener, G.; Liermann, A.; Hainich, R.; Sander, A.a.C.; Shenar, T.; et al. (1 May 2019). "The galactic WN stars revisited - impact of Gaia distances on fundamental stellar parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics (dalam bahasa Inggris). 625: A57. arXiv:1904.04687 . Bibcode:2019A&A...625A..57H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834850. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  28. ^ Samus, N.N.; Kazarovets, E.V.; Durlevich, O.V.; Kireeva, N.N.; Pastukhova, E.N. (January 2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2017ARep...61...80S; 2017AZh....94...87S. 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S. 
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h Gräfener, G.; Vink, J.S.; de Koter, A.; Langer, N. (November 2011). "The Eddington factor as the key to understand the winds of the most massive stars: Evidence for a Γ-dependence of Wolf-Rayet type mass loss". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 535: A56. arXiv:1106.5361 . Bibcode:2011A&A...535A..56G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116701. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h Figer, Donald F.; Najarro, Francisco; Gilmore, Diane; Morris, Mark; Kim, Sungsoo S.; Serabyn, Eugene; et al. (10 December 2002). "Massive Stars in the Arches Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 581 (1): 258–275. arXiv:astro-ph/0208145 . Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..258F. doi:10.1086/344154. ISSN 0004-637X. 
  31. ^ Clark, J. S.; Najarro, F.; Negueruela, I.; Ritchie, B. W.; Urbaneja, M. A.; Howarth, I. D. (May 2012). "On the nature of the galactic early-B hypergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 541: A145. arXiv:1202.3991 . Bibcode:2012A&A...541A.145C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117472. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  32. ^ Laur, Jaan; Kolka, Indrek; Eenmäe, Tõnis; Tuvikene, Taavi; Leedjärv, Laurits (February 2017). "Variability survey of brightest stars in selected OB associations". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 598: A108. arXiv:1611.02452 . Bibcode:2017A&A...598A.108L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629395. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  33. ^ a b Nelan, Edmund P.; Walborn, Nolan R.; Wallace, Debra J.; Moffat, Anthony F.J.; Makidon, Russell B.; Gies, Douglas R.; Panagia, Nino (July 2004). "Resolving OB systems in the Carina nebula with the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor". The Astronomical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 128 (1): 323–329. Bibcode:2004AJ....128..323N. doi:10.1086/420716 . ISSN 0004-6256. 
  34. ^ a b c d Wu, Shi-Wei; Bik, Arjan; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Henning, Thomas; Pasquali, Anna; Brandner, Wolfgang; Stolte, Andrea (May 2016). "The massive stellar population of W49: A spectroscopic survey". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 589: A16. arXiv:1602.05190 . Bibcode:2016A&A...589A..16W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527823. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  35. ^ a b c d e f Cutri, Roc M.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Beichman, Charles A.; Carpenter, John M.; Chester, Thomas; et al. (2003). VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003) (Laporan). Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2246. CDS/ADC. hlm. II/246. Bibcode:2003yCat.2246....0C. 
  36. ^ Tramper, F.; Sana, H.; Fitzsimons, N.E.; de Koter, A.; Kaper, L.; Mahy, L.; Moffat, A. (11 January 2016). "The mass of the very massive binary WR21a". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 455 (2): 1275–1281. arXiv:1510.03609 . Bibcode:2016MNRAS.455.1275T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2373. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  37. ^ Oskinova, L. M.; Steinke, M.; Hamann, W.-R.; Sander, A.; Todt, H.; Liermann, A. (21 December 2013). "One of the most massive stars in the Galaxy may have formed in isolation". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 436 (4): 3357–3365. arXiv:1309.7651 . Bibcode:2013MNRAS.436.3357O. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1817. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  38. ^ Clementel, N.; Madura, T.I.; Kruip, C.J.H.; Paardekooper, J.-P.; Gull, T.R. (1 March 2015). "3D radiative transfer simulations of Eta Carinae's inner colliding winds - I. Ionization structure of helium at apastron". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 447 (3): 2445–2458. arXiv:1412.7569 . Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447.2445C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2614. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  39. ^ Hamaguchi, Kenji; Corcoran, Michael F.; Pittard, Julian M.; Sharma, Neetika; Takahashi, Hiromitsu; Russell, Christopher M.P.; et al. (September 2018). "Non-thermal X-rays from colliding wind shock acceleration in the massive binary Eta Carinae". Nature Astronomy (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2 (9): 731–736. arXiv:1904.09219 . Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..731H. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0505-1. ISSN 2397-3366. 
  40. ^ a b c d e f de la Fuente, D.; Najarro, F.; Borissova, J.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Hanson, M.M.; Trombley, C.; et al. (May 2016). "Probing the Dragonfish star-forming complex: The ionizing population of the young massive cluster Mercer 30". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 589: A69. arXiv:1602.02503 . Bibcode:2016A&A...589A..69D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201528004. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  41. ^ Rivero González, J.G.; Puls, J.; Najarro, F.; Brott, I. (January 2012). "Nitrogen line spectroscopy of O-stars: II. Surface nitrogen abundances for O-stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 537: A79. arXiv:1110.5148 . Bibcode:2012A&A...537A..79R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117790. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  42. ^ a b c Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, S.M.; Bostroem, K.A.; Apellániz, J. Maíz; Schneider, F.R.N.; Walborn, N.R.; et al. (1 May 2016). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope / STIS. I. Far-ultraviolet spectroscopic census and the origin of He{{supii}} λ1640 in young star clusters". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 458 (1): 624–659. arXiv:1603.04994 . Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458..624C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw273. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  43. ^ a b Sana, H.; van Boeckel, T.; Tramper, F.; Ellerbroek, L. E.; de Koter, A.; Kaper, L.; et al. (15 March 2013). "R144 revealed as a double-lined spectroscopic binary". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters (dalam bahasa Inggris). 432 (1): L26–L30. arXiv:1304.4591 . Bibcode:2013MNRAS.432L..26S. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt029. ISSN 1745-3933. 
  44. ^ a b c d Reed, B. Cameron (May 2003). "Catalog of Galactic OB Stars". The Astronomical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 125 (5): 2531–2533. Bibcode:2003AJ....125.2531R. doi:10.1086/374771 . ISSN 0004-6256. 
  45. ^ a b c d e Schild, H.; Testor, G. (March 1992). "Spectral types and UBV magnitudes of stars in the 30 Doradus complex". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 92: 729–748. Bibcode:1992A&AS...92..729S. ISSN 0365-0138. 
  46. ^ a b c d Bonanos, A.Z.; Lennon, D.J.; Köhlinger, F.; van Loon, J.Th.; Massa, D. L.; Sewilo, M.; et al. (1 August 2010). "Spitzer SAGE-SMC infrared photometry of massive stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal. 140 (2): 416–429. arXiv:1004.0949 . Bibcode:2010AJ....140..416B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/2/416. hdl:1887/61635. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  47. ^ a b c Smith, Nathan; Tombleson, Ryan (11 February 2015). "Luminous blue variables are antisocial: their isolation implies that they are kicked mass gainers in binary evolution". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 447 (1): 598–617. arXiv:1406.7431 . Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447..598S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2430. ISSN 1365-2966. 
  48. ^ Evans, C.J.; Lennon, D.J.; Smartt, S. J.; Trundle, C. (September 2006). "The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: observations centered on the Magellanic Cloud clusters NGC 330, NGC 346, NGC 2004, and the N11 region". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 456 (2): 623–638. arXiv:astro-ph/0606405 . Bibcode:2006A&A...456..623E. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20064988. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  49. ^ a b c d e Massa, D.; Fullerton, A. W.; Prinja, R. K. (September 2017). "Mass-loss rates from mid-infrared excesses in LMC and SMC O stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 470 (3): 3765–3774. arXiv:1706.02627 . Bibcode:2017MNRAS.470.3765M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1443. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  50. ^ a b c Ulaczyk, K.; Szymański, M.K.; Udalski, A.; Kubiak, M.; Pietrzyński, G.; Soszyński, I.; et al. (1 June 2013). "Variable Stars from the OGLE-III Shallow Survey in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Acta Astronomica. 63 (2): 159–179. arXiv:1306.4802 . Bibcode:2013AcA....63..159U. ISSN 0001-5237. 
  51. ^ Weidner, C.; Vink, J.S. (December 2010). "The masses, and the mass discrepancy of O-type stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 524: A98. arXiv:1010.2204 . Bibcode:2010A&A...524A..98W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014491. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  52. ^ Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Broos, Patrick S.; Pollock, Andrew M T.; Townsley, Leisa K. (2022). "Melnick 33Na: A very massive colliding-wind binary system in 30 Doradus". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 510 (4): 6133–6149. arXiv:2112.00022 . Bibcode:2022MNRAS.510.6133B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3521. 
  53. ^ Castro, N.; Crowther, P. A.; Evans, C.J.; Mackey, J.; Castro-Rodriguez, N.; Vink, J.S.; et al. (2018). "Mapping the core of the Tarantula Nebula with VLT-MUSE. I. Spectral and nebular content around R136". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 614: 12. arXiv:1802.01597 . Bibcode:2018A&A...614A.147C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732084. A147. 
  54. ^ a b Rauw, G.; Crowther, P.A.; de Becker, M.; Gosset, E.; Nazé, Y.; Sana, H.; et al. (March 2005). "The spectrum of the very massive binary system WR 20a (WN6ha + WN6ha): Fundamental parameters and wind interactions". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 432 (3): 985–998. Bibcode:2005A&A...432..985R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042136 . ISSN 0004-6361. 
  55. ^ a b c Fang, M.; van Boekel, R.; King, R. R.; Henning, Th.; Bouwman, J.; Doi, Y.; et al. (March 2012). "Star formation and disk properties in Pismis 24". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 539: A119. arXiv:1201.0833 . Bibcode:2012A&A...539A.119F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015914. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  56. ^ a b Hainich, R.; Pasemann, D.; Todt, H.; Shenar, T.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W. -R (2015). "Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud. I. Analysis of the single WN stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 581 (21): 30. arXiv:1507.04000 . Bibcode:2015A&A...581A..21H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526241. 
  57. ^ a b Skiff, B. A. (October 2014). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Spectral Classifications (Skiff, 2009- )". VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: B/Mk. Originally Published in: Lowell Observatory (October 2014). 1. Bibcode:2014yCat....1.2023S. 
  58. ^ a b c McEvoy, C.M.; Dufton, P.L.; Evans, C.J.; Kalari, V.M.; Markova, N.; Simón-Díaz, S.; et al. (March 2015). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XIX. B-type supergiants: Atmospheric parameters and nitrogen abundances to investigate the role of binarity and the width of the main sequence⋆". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 575: A70. arXiv:1412.2705 . Bibcode:2015A&A...575A..70M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425202. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  59. ^ Kastner, Joel H.; Buchanan, Catherine L.; Sargent, B.; Forrest, W. J. (10 February 2006). "Spitzer Spectroscopy of Dusty Disks around B[e] Hypergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astrophysical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 638 (1): L29–L32. Bibcode:2006ApJ...638L..29K. doi:10.1086/500804 . ISSN 0004-637X. 
  60. ^ a b c d Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V.V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; et al. (March 2000). "The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 355: L27–L30. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  61. ^ Orosz, Jerome A.; McClintock, Jeffrey E.; Narayan, Ramesh; Bailyn, Charles D.; Hartman, Joel D.; Macri, Lucas; et al. (October 2007). "A 15.65-solar-mass black hole in an eclipsing binary in the nearby spiral galaxy M 33". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggris). 449 (7164): 872–875. arXiv:0710.3165 . Bibcode:2007Natur.449..872O. doi:10.1038/nature06218. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17943124. 
  62. ^ Grimm, H.-J.; McDowell, J.; Zezas, A.; Kim, D.-W.; Fabbiano, G. (December 2005). "The X-Ray Binary Population in M33. I. Source List and Luminosity Function". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (dalam bahasa Inggris). 161 (2): 271–303. arXiv:astro-ph/0506353 . Bibcode:2005ApJS..161..271G. doi:10.1086/468185. ISSN 0067-0049. 
  63. ^ Rauw, G.; Sana, H.; Gosset, E.; Vreux, J.-M.; Jehin, E.; Parmentier, G. (August 2000). "A new orbital solution for the massive binary system HD 93403". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 360: 1003–1010. Bibcode:2000A&A...360.1003R. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  64. ^ a b c Shenar, T.; Hainich, R.; Todt, H.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Moffat, A.F.J.; et al. (July 2016). "Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: II. Analysis of the binaries". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 591: A22. arXiv:1604.01022 . Bibcode:2016A&A...591A..22S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527916. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  65. ^ Bouret, J.-C.; Hillier, D.J.; Lanz, T.; Fullerton, A.W. (2012). "Properties of galactic early-type O-supergiants: A combined FUV-UV and optical analysis". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 544: A67. arXiv:1205.3075 . Bibcode:2012A&A...544A..67B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118594. 
  66. ^ a b Comerón, F.; Pasquali, A. (July 2012). "New members of the massive stellar population in Cygnus". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 543: A101. Bibcode:2012A&A...543A.101C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219022 . ISSN 0004-6361. 
  67. ^ Krtička, J.; Kubát, J.; Krtičková, I. (July 2015). "X-ray irradiation of the winds in binaries with massive components". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 579: A111. arXiv:1505.03411 . Bibcode:2015A&A...579A.111K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525637. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  68. ^ Massey, Philip (July 2002). "A UBVR CCD Survey of the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (dalam bahasa Inggris). 141 (1): 81–122. arXiv:astro-ph/0110531 . Bibcode:2002ApJS..141...81M. doi:10.1086/338286. ISSN 0067-0049. 
  69. ^ Liermann, Adriane; Hamann, Wolf-Rainer; Oskinova, Lidia M.; Todt, Helge (January 2011). "High-mass stars in the Galactic center Quintuplet cluster". Société Royale des Sciences de Liège, Bulletin. 80: 160–164. Bibcode:2011BSRSL..80..160L. ISSN 0037-9565. 
  70. ^ Clark, J.S.; Lohr, M.E.; Patrick, L.R.; Najarro, F.; Dong, H.; Figer, D.F. (October 2018). "An updated stellar census of the Quintuplet cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 618: A2. arXiv:1805.10139 . Bibcode:2018A&A...618A...2C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833041. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  71. ^ Testor, G.; Niemela, V. (June 1998). "The OB associations LH 101 and LH 104 in the HII region N158 of the LMC". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 130 (3): 527–538. Bibcode:1998A&AS..130..527T. doi:10.1051/aas:1998241 . ISSN 0365-0138. 
  72. ^ Burggraf, B.; Weis, K.; Bomans, D.J. (December 2006). "LBVs in M33: Their environments and ages". Stellar Evolution at Low Metallicity: Mass loss, explosions, cosmology. ASP Conference Series. 353. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. hlm. 245. Bibcode:2006ASPC..353..245B. ISSN 1050-3390. 
  73. ^ Massey, Philip; Neugent, Kathryn F.; Smart, Brianna M. (19 August 2016). "A spectroscopic survey of massive stars in M31 and M33". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 62. arXiv:1604.00112 . Bibcode:2016AJ....152...62M. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/62 . ISSN 1538-3881.