Delapan ribuan
artikel daftar Wikimedia
(Dialihkan dari Delapan-ribuan)
Delapan ribuan (Eight-thousanders) adalah 14 gunung di bumi yang memiliki tinggi lebih dari 8000 meter diatas permukaan laut. Semua delapan ribuan terletak di jajaran pegunungan Himalaya dan Karakoram di Asia. Semuanya memiliki puncak yang berada di zona kematian.
Percobaan pertama dalam upaya mendaki delapan ribuan adalah saat Albert F. Mummery dan J. Norman Collie mencoba mendaki Nanga Parbat pada tahun 1895 di Pakistan. Upaya itu gagal saat Mummery dan dua Gurkha, Ragobir dan Goman Singh, terbunuh karena longsoran salju.
Pendakian pertama delapan ribuan yang berhasil diraih oleh Maurice Herzog dan Louis Lachenal, yang mencapai puncak Annapurna pada 3 Juni 1950.
Orang pertama yang berhasil mendaki keempatbelas puncak delapan ribuan adalah Reinhold Messner, yang menyelesaikannya pada 16 Oktober 1986. Setahun kemudian, Jerzy Kukuczka menjadi pendaki kedua yang mencapai prestasi ini. Messner telah memanjat setiap 14 puncak tanpa bantuan oksigen tambahan. Tak ada yang dapat melakukan kembali aksi Messner, hingga 9 tahun kemudian, Erhard Loretan melakukannya pada tahun 1995. Phurba Tashi dari Nepal menjadi orang dengan pendakian delapan ribuan paling banyak didunia, dengan 30 pendakian antara tahun 1998 dan 2011.[1] Juanito Oiarzabal menjadi yang kedua, dengan 25 kali pendakian antara 1985 dan 2011.[2]
Negara dengan jumlah pendaki delapan ribuan terbanyak adalah Italia dan Korea Selatan, dengan lima pendaki, lalu diikuti dengan Spanyol, dengan empat pendaki. Kazakhstan dan Polanda mempunyai tiga pendaki.
Pada bulan Agustus 2011, pendaki asal Austria, Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner menjadi wanita pertama yang mendaki keempatbelas delapan ribuan tanpa menggunakan oksigen tambahan.[3][4]
Rangkuman Gunung Delapan ribuan
sunting| Puncak | Tinggi | Lokasi | Pendakian pertama | Pencapaian puncak pertama | Pendakian pertama pada musim dingin | Pencapaian puncak pertama pada musim dingin | Pendakian | Kematian | Tingkat kematian | Tingkat kematian | Tingkat kematian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Everest | 8848 m (29,029 ft) |  Nepal/
|
29 Mei 1953 |  Edmund Hillary
|
17 Feb 1980 |  Krzysztof Wielicki
|
5656 | 223 | 3.9% | 37% | 4.4% |
| K2 | 8611 m (28,251 ft) |  Pakistan/ Cina[8]/
|
31 Juli 1954 |  Achille Compagnoni
|
306 | 81 | 26.5% | 41% | 19.7% | ||
| Kangchenjunga | 8586 m (28,169 ft) | Nepal/
|
25 Mei 1955 |  George Band
|
11 Januari 1986 | Krzysztof Wielicki
|
283 | 40 | 14.1% | 21% | 22% |
| Lhotse | 8516 m (27,940 ft) | Nepal/
|
18 Mei 1956 |  Fritz Luchsinger
|
31 Desember 1988 | Krzysztof Wielicki
|
461 | 13 | 2.8% | 14% | 2% |
| Makalu | 8485 m (27,838 ft) | Nepal/
|
15 Mei 1955 |  Jean Couzy
|
09 Februari 2009 | Simone Moro
[[Denis Urubko| |
361 | 31 | 8.6% | 16% | 8.5% |
| Cho Oyu | 8201 m (26,906 ft) | Nepal/
|
19 Oktober 1954 |  Joseph Joechler
[[Pasang Dawa Lama| |
12 Februari 1985 | Maciej Berbeka
|
3138 | 44 | 1.4% | ||
| Dhaulagiri I | 8167 m (26,795 ft) | Nepal
|
13 Mei 1960 | Kurt Diemberger
|
21 Januari 1985 | Andrzej Czok
|
448 | 69 | 15.4% | 31% | 11% |
| Manaslu | 8163 m (26,781 ft) | Nepal
|
9 Mei 1956 |  Toshio Imanishi
|
12 Januari 1984 | Maciej Berbeka
|
661 | 65 | 9.8% | 35.16% | 13.42% |
| Nanga Parbat | 8126 m (26,660 ft) | Pakistan
|
3 Juli 1953 | Hermann Buhl
|
335 | 68 | 20.30% | 77% | 5.5% | ||
| Annapurna I | 8091 m (26,545 ft) | Nepal
|
3 Juni 1950 | Maurice Herzog
|
3 Februari 1987 | Jerzy Kukuczka
|
191 | 61 | 32% | 66% | 19.7% |
| Gasherbrum I(Hidden Peak) | 8080 m (26,444 ft) | Pakistan/
|
5 Juli 1958 |  Andrew Kauffman
|
9 Maret 2012 | Adam Bielecki
|
334 | 29 | 8.7% | 15.5% | 8.75% |
| Broad Peak | 8051 m (26,414 ft) | Pakistan/
|
09 Juni 1957 | Fritz Wintersteller
|
5 Maret 2013 | Maciej Berbeka
|
404 | 21 | 5.2% | 5% | 8.6% |
| Gasherbrum II | 8035 m (26,362 ft) | Pakistan/
|
7 Juli 1956 | Fritz Moravec
|
2 Februari 2011 | Simone Moro
|
930 | 21 | 2.3% | 7.8% | 0.44% |
| Shishapangma | 8027 m (26,335 ft) | Cina
|
2 Mei 1964 | Hsu Ching
|
14 Januari 2005 | Piotr Morawski
|
302 | 25 | 8.3% | 2% | 16.8% |
Pendaki yang sudah mendaki keempatbelas Delapan ribuan
sunting| Posisi Pencapaian | Semua tanpa
O2 (turutan) |
Nama | Waktu hidup | Kelahiran | Usia | Warganegara |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | Reinhold Messner | 1970–1986 | 1944 | 42 | Italia
|
| 2 | Jerzy Kukuczka | 1979–1987 (mati) | 1948 | 39 | Polandia
| |
| 3 | 2 | Erhard Loretan | 1982–1995 (mati) | 1959 | 36 | Switzerland
|
| 4 | [10] | Carlos Carsolio | 1985–1996 | 1962 | 33 |  Meksiko
|
| 5 | Krzysztof Wielicki | 1980–1996 | 1950 | 46 | Polandia
| |
| 6 | 3 | Juanito Oiarzabal | 1985–1999 | 1956 | 43 |  Spanyol
|
| 7 | Sergio Martini | 1983–2000 | 1949 | 51 | Italia
| |
| 8 | Young-Seok Park | 1993–2001 (mati)[11] | 1963 | 38 |  Korea Selatan
| |
| 9 | Hong-Gil Um | 1988–2001 | 1960[12] | 40 | Korea Selatan
| |
| 10 | 4 | Alberto Iñurrategi | 1991-2002[13] | 1968 | 33 | Spanyol
|
| 11 | Wang-Yong Han | 1994–2003 | 1966 | 37 | Korea Selatan
| |
| 12 | 5[14] | Ed Viesturs | 1989–2005 | 1959 | 46 | Amerika
|
| 13 | 6[15][16][17] | Silvio Mondinelli | 1993–2007 | 1958 | 49 | Italia
|
| 14 | 7[18] | Ivan Vallejo | 1997–2008 | 1959 | 49 |  Ekuador
|
| 15 | 8[19] | Denis Urubko | 2000–2009 | 1973 | 35 |  Kazakhstan
|
| 16 | Ralf Dujmovits | 1990–2009 | 1961[20] | 47 |  Jerman
| |
| 17 | 9 | Veikka Gustafsson | 1993–2009 | 1968 | 41 |  Finlandia
|
| 18[21] | Andrew Lock | 1993–2009 | 1961[22] | 48 |  Australia
| |
| 19 | 10 | João Garcia | 1993–2010 | 1967 | 43 |  Portugal
|
| 20[23] | Piotr Pustelnik | 1990–2010 | 1951 | 58 | Polandia
| |
| 21[24] | Edurne Pasaban | 2001–2010 | 1973 | 36 | Spanyol
| |
| 22[25] | Abele Blanc | 1992–2011[26][27] | 1954 | 56 | Italia
| |
| 23 | Mingma Sherpa | 2000–2011[26] | 1978 | 33 | Nepal
| |
| 24 | 11 | Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner | 1998–2011[26] | 1970 | 40 | Austria
|
| 25 | Vassily Pivtsov | 2001–2011[26] | 1975 | 36 | Kazakhstan
| |
| 26 | 12 | Maxut Zhumayev | 2001–2011[26] | 1977 | 34 | Kazakhstan
|
| 27 | Jae-Soo Kim | 2000–2011[26] | 1961 | 50 | Korea Selatan
| |
| 28[28] | 13 | Mario Panzeri | 1988–2012 | 1964 | 48 | Italia
|
| 29[29] | Hirotaka Takeuchi | 1995–2012[29] | 1971 | 41 | Jepang
| |
| 30 | Chhang Dawa Sherpa | 2001–2013[26] | 1982 | 30 | Nepal
| |
| 31 | 14 | Kim Chang-Ho | 2005–2013[26] | 1970 | 43 | Korea Selatan
|
| 32 | Jorge Egocheaga | 2002–2014[30] | 1968 | 45 | Spanyol
| |
| 33 | 15 | Radek Jaroš | 1998–2014[26] | 1964 | 50 |  Ceko
|
Diragukan
suntingOrang-orang dibawah tak memiliki bukti yang kuat untuk mengsahkan pencapaian pendakian.
| Nama | Waktu hidup | Kelahiran | Usia | Warganegara |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fausto De Stefani (Lhotse 1997)[31] | 1983–1998 | 1952 | 46 | Italia
|
| Alan Hinkes (Cho Oyu 1990)[32][33] | 1987–2005 | 1954 | 53 | Inggris
|
| Vladislav Terzyul (Shishapangma 2000)[34][35] | 1993–2002 (mati) | 1953 | 49 |  Ukraina
|
| Eun-Sun Oh (Kangchenjunga 2009)[36][37][38][39] | 1997–2010 | 1966 | 44 | Korea Selatan
|
| Carlos Pauner (Shishapangma 2012)[40] | 2001–2013 | 1963 | 50 | Spanyol
|
Galeri
sunting-
No. 1 – Everest -
No. 2 – K2 -
No. 3 – Kangchenjunga -
No. 4 – Lhotse -
No. 5 – Makalu -
No. 6 – Cho Oyu -
No. 7 – Dhaulagiri -
No. 8 – Manaslu -
No. 9 – Nanga Parbat -
No. 10 – Annapurna -
No. 11 – Gasherbrum I -
No. 12 – Broad Peak -
No. 13 – Gasherbrum II -
No. 14 – Shishapangma
Referensi
sunting- ^ "Preliminary stats: Himalaya and Everest 2011 spring review". ExplorersWeb. June 8, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-01-04. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-04. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)).
- ^ "Lhotse Summits". 8000ers.com. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-04.
- ^ "Austrian woman claims Himalayas climbing record". BBC News. 23 August 2011. Diakses tanggal 2011-08-24.
- ^ "Austrian is first woman to scale 14 peaks without oxygen". AsiaOne. August 30, 2011. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-04.
- ^ a b c d "General Info". 8000ers.com. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21.
- ^ a b c "Stairway to heaven". The Economist. 29 May 2013. Diakses tanggal 2015-09-07As of March 2012
- ^ a b Chinese National Geography, August 2006, page 77.
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28500721 K2 lies in Pakistan, near the northern border with China.
- ^ "Climbers - First 14". 8000ers.com. 2012-05-26. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21.
- ^ Carlos Carsolio required emergency oxygen on his descent from Makalu in 1988.
- ^ Coley, Mariah. "Koreans Missing on Annapurna Presumed Dead". Alpinist.com. Diakses tanggal 9 November 2011.
- ^ EverestNews2004.com, News (age calculated: in 2004 Hong-Gil Um was 44). "Mr. Um Hong Gil has bagged his 15th 8000 meter peak". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-06-21. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30.
- ^ Kukuxumusu, Spanish News. "Alberto Iñurrategi achieves his fourteenth "eight thousand meters"". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-06-21. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30.
- ^ "Best of ExplorersWeb 2005 Awards: Ed Viesturs and Christian Kuntner". Mounteverest.net. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-12-22. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30.
...the American climber became one of only five men in the world to accomplish the quest entirely without supplementary oxygen.
- ^ Mounteverest.net. "The wolf is back: Gnaro bags Baruntse". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30.
Last year, Silvio 'Gnaro' Mondinelli broke the haunted 13 when he summited the last peak on his list of 14, 8000ers - becoming only the 6th mountaineer in the world to have bagged them all without supplementary oxygen.
- ^ "The day after: Silvio Mondinelli, Broad Peak and all 14 8000m summits". PlanetMountain.com. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30.
13/07 interview with Silvio Mondinelli after the summit of his 14th 8000m peak without supplementary oxygen.
- ^ "The 14th knight: Ecuadorian Ivan Vallejo is ready to continue". Mounteverest.net. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30.
Implied in text: ...Following Italian Silvio "Gnaro" Mondinelli last year and American Ed Viesturs in 2005, Ivan also became only the seventh mountaineer in the world to have done them all without supplementary oxygen.
- ^ "The 14th knight: Ecuadorian Ivan Vallejo is ready to continue". Mounteverest.net. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30.
...Ivan also became only the seventh mountaineer in the world to have done them all without supplementary oxygen.
- ^ "Denis Urubko, Cho Oyu and all 14 8000m peaks". PlanetMountain.com. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-18.
- ^ "Ralf Dujmovits". Ralf-dujmovits.de. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-07-15. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-14.
- ^ "Summit 8000 - Andrew Lock's quest to climb all fourteen of the highest mountains in the world". Andrew-lock.com. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-14.
- ^ "Australia's Most Accomplished Mountaineer". Andrew Lock. 2009-10-02. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-14.
- ^ "Piotr Pustelnik summits Annapurna - bags the 14x8000ers!". Explorersweb.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-10. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21.
- ^ "Shisha Pangma: Edurne Pasaban summits - completes the 14x800ers". Explorersweb.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-04-18. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21.
- ^ "Abele Blanc summits Annapurna and all 8000ers". Planetmountain.com. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Climbers - First 14, updated table on 8000ers.com". 8000ers.com. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21.
- ^ "Everest - Mount Everest by climbers, news". Mounteverest.net. 2005-05-18. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-08. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-21.
- ^ "Mario Panzeri: sono in cima! E finalmente sono 14 ottomila". Montagna.tv. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21.
- ^ a b "日本人初の快挙、8000m峰14座登頂 竹内洋岳". Nikkei.com. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21.
- ^ "Climbers - First 14". 8000ers.com. 2014-08-13. Diakses tanggal 2014-08-13.
- ^ "Fausto de Stefani back for Lhotse – changes ahead on the 14x8,000ers summiteers' list?". MountEverest.net. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-07-27. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30.
- ^ AdventureStats.net, Official records. "Climbers that have summited 10 to 13 of the 14 Main-8000ers". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-07-21. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30.
- ^ MountEverest.net, News, under heading No Proof: Alan himself said later that he continued alone for one hour into the fog to find the true summit. He said that he "has no proof to have not been to the summit" and so he counts it a done deal. The statistician's didn't buy it, and Alan was deleted on all of the Cho Oyu lists.. "Alan Hinkes Kangchenjunga - 13 or 14?". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-04-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30.
- ^ Russianclimb.com, Mountaineering World of Russia & CIS. "Vladislav Terzyul, List of ascents". Diakses tanggal 2009-10-06.
- ^ "Sad results on Makalu and Unanswered Questions: 1 missing climber and 1 passed away on Makalu". Everestnews2004.com. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21.
- ^ "AFP: Winds delay S. Korean climber's record attempt". Google.com. 2010-04-24. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-04-30. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-21.
- ^ "Everest K2 News ExplorersWeb - More dark clouds mounting on Anna summit push; Miss Oh's Kanchen summit "disputed" after renewed accusations". Explorersweb.com. 2010-04-26. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-15. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-21.
- ^ "New doubts over Korean Oh Eun-Sun's climbing record". BBC News. 2010-08-27.
- ^ "Seasonal Stories for the Nepalese Himalaya 2010" (PDF). Himalayandatabase.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-05-13. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21.
- ^ "Desnivel; Carlos Pauner consigue la cima del Everest". Desnivel.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-10-23. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-21.