Eksepsionalisme Amerika Serikat

Eksepsionalisme Amerika Serikat adalah gagasan bahwa Amerika Serikat secara inheren berbeda dari negara lain. Para pendukungnya berpendapat bahwa nilai-nilai, sistem politik, dan perkembangan sejarah AS adalah unik dalam sejarah manusia, seringkali dengan implikasi bahwa negara tersebut ditakdirkan dan berhak memainkan peran yang berbeda dan positif di panggung dunia.

Profesor Jerman Sieglinde Lemke berpendapat bahwa Patung Liberty "menandakan misi dakwah ini sebagai perpanjangan alami dari perasaan Amerika Serikat tentang bangsanya sebagai bangsa yang luar biasa."

Ilmuwan politik Seymour Martin Lipset menelusuri asal mula eksepsionalisme Amerika hingga Revolusi Amerika Serikat, dimana Amerika Serikat muncul sebagai "negara baru pertama" dengan gagasan yang berbeda. Ideologi ini didasarkan pada kebebasan, persamaan di depan hukum, tanggung jawab individu, republikanisme, demokrasi perwakilan, dan ekonomi laissez-faire; prinsip-prinsip ini kadang-kadang secara kolektif disebut sebagai " Eksepsionalisme Amerika", dan mengharuskan Amerika Serikat dianggap baik secara domestik maupun internasional sebagai lebih unggul dari negara lain atau memiliki misi unik untuk mengubah dunia.

Teori eksepsionalisme di Amerika Serikat berkembang dari waktu ke waktu dan dapat ditelusuri ke banyak sumber. Ilmuwan dan sejarawan politik Prancis Alexis de Tocqueville adalah penulis pertama yang menggambarkan negara itu sebagai "luar biasa" setelah perjalanannya ke sana pada tahun 1831. Penggunaan terdokumentasi paling awal dari istilah khusus "Eksepsionalisme Amerika" adalah komunis Amerika di intra-komunis perselisihan pada akhir tahun 1920-an.

Referensi

Bibliograpi

• Bacevich, Andrew (2008). The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-8815-1. 
• Bender, Thomas (2006). A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History. Hill & Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-9527-8. 
• Cheney, Dick and Liz Cheney (2015). Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America. Threshold Editions. ISBN 978-1-5011-1541-7. 
• Churchwell, Sarah. Behold, America: The Entangled History of 'America First' and 'the American Dream' (2018). 368 pp. online review
• Dollinger, Marc. "American Jewish Liberalism Revisited: Two Perspectives Exceptionalism and Jewish Liberalism". American Jewish History (2002) 90#2 pp. 161+. online at Questia Diarsipkan June 8, 2013, di Wayback Machine.
• Dworkin, Ronald W. (1996). The Rise of the Imperial Self. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8476-8219-5. 
• Hilfrich, Fabian (2012). Debating American Exceptionalism: Empire and Democracy in the Wake of the Spanish–American War. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-39289-2. 
• Hodgson, Godfrey (2009). The Myth of American Exceptionalism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12570-2. 
• Hughes, David. "Unmaking an exception: A critical genealogy of US exceptionalism." Review of International Studies (2015) 41#3 pp. 527–51
• Madsen, Deborah L. (1998). American Exceptionalism. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-108-2. 
• Glickstein, Jonathan A. American Exceptionalism, American Anxiety: Wages, Competition, and Degraded Labor In The Antebellum United States (2002)
• Ferrie, Joseph P. The End of American Exceptionalism: Mobility in the US Since 1850, Journal of Economic Perspectives (Summer, 2005)
• Hellerman, Steven L. and Andrei S. Markovits (2001). Offside: Soccer and American Exceptionalism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-07447-4. 
• Ignatieff, Michael ed. (2005). American Exceptionalism and Human Rights. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11647-1. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (link)
• Kagan, Robert (2003). Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4093-3. 
• Kammen, Michael. "The problem of American exceptionalism: A reconsideration." American Quarterly (1993) 45#1 pp. 1–43. online
• Koh, Harold Hongju. "On American Exceptionalism" 55 Stan. L. Rev. 1479 (2003) online
• Krugman, Paul (2007). The Conscience of a Liberal. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-06069-0. 
• LeBlanc, Paul and Tim Davenport (eds.), The "American Exceptionalism" of Jay Lovestone and His Comrades, 1929–1940: Dissident Marxism in the United States, Volume 1. Leiden, NL: Brill, 2015.
• Lipset, Seymour Martin (1997). American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-31614-8. 
• Lipset, Seymour Martin. The First New Nation. Basic Books, 1955.
• Lipset, Seymour Martin. "Still the Exceptional Nation?" The Wilson Quarterly. 24#1 (2000) pp. 31+ online version Diarsipkan May 25, 2012, di Wayback Machine.
• Lloyd, Brian. Left Out: Pragmatism, Exceptionalism, and the Poverty of American Marxism, 1890–1922. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
• Noble, David (2002). Death of a Nation: American Culture and the End of Exceptionalism. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4080-5. 
• Restad, Hilde Eliassen, "Old Paradigms in History Die Hard in Political Science: U.S. Foreign Policy and American Exceptionalism", American Political Thought (Notre Dame), (Spring 2012), 1#1 pp. 53–76.
• Ross, Dorothy. Origins of American Social Science. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
• Ross, Dorothy. "American Exceptionalism" in A Companion to American Thought. Richard W. Fox and James T. Kloppenberg, eds. London: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1995: 22–23.
• Schuck, Peter H., Wilson, James Q., Eds. Understanding America: The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation, 704 pp, 2008, ISBN 978-1-58648-561-0
• Shafer, Byron E., ed. Is America Different?: A New Look at American Exceptionalism (1991) endorses exceptionalism
• Soderlind, Sylvia, and James Taylor Carson, eds. American Exceptionalisms: From Winthrop to Winfrey (State University of New York Press; 2012) 268 pp; essays on the rhetoric of exceptionalism in American history, from John Winthrop's "city upon a hill" to the "war on terror".
• Swirski, Peter. American Utopia and Social Engineering in Literature, Social Thought, and Political History. New York, Routledge (2011)
• Tilman, Rick. "Thorstein Veblen's Views on American 'Exceptionalism': An Interpretation". Journal of Economic Issues. 39#1 2005. pp. 177+. online version Diarsipkan May 25, 2012, di Wayback Machine.
• Tomes, Robert. "American Exceptionalism in the Twenty-First Century" Diarsipkan 2016-11-18 di Wayback Machine.. "Survival." 56#1. pp. 26–50.
• Turner, Frederick Jackson Richard W. Etulain ed. (1999). The Significance of the Frontier in American History, in Does The Frontier Experience Make America Exceptional?. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (link)
• Tyrrell, Ian. "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History", American Historical Review Vol. 96, No. 4 (Oct., 1991), pp. 1031–55 in JSTOR
• Voss, Kim. The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century (1993) online version Diarsipkan May 25, 2012, di Wayback Machine.
• Wilentz, Sean. Against Exceptionalism: Class Consciousness and the American Labor Movement, 1790–1820, 26 Int'l Lab. & Working Class History 1 (1984)
• Wrobel, David M. (1996). The End Of American Exceptionalism: Frontier Anxiety From The Old West To The New Deal. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0561-3. 

Sumber utama

• Roberts, Timothy, and Lindsay DiCuirci. (Eds). American Exceptionalism. Volumes 1–4. London: Pickering & Chatto Publishers, 2012, 1552 pp. A compilation of the primary sources on the subject of American exceptionalism, including pamphlets, sermons, newspaper and magazine articles from colonial period to 1900.

Bacaan lanjutan

• Newt Gingrich (2011). A Nation Like No Other: Why American Exceptionalism Matters. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 9781596982710
• Greg Grandin, "The Strange Career of American Exceptionalism", The Nation, January 2/9, 2017, pp. 22–27.
• Noam Chomsky, "Noam Chomsky on George Orwell, the Suppression of Ideas and the Myth of American Exceptionalism". Democracy Now! (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-06-12.  Included video discusses subject.

Pranala luar

• How the World Sees America – Washington Post Feature
• "The American Creed: Does It Matter? Should It Change?"
• Obama and American exceptionalism – Glenn Greenwald, Salon.com
• Obama and the Burden of Exceptionalism – Shelby Steele, WSJ.com
• The right to be different Debate between Grover Norquist and Will Hutton
• Booknotes interview with Seymour Martin Lipset on American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword, June 23, 1996.
• American Exceptionalism, American Freedom, by Eric Foner (The Montreal Review, January, 2013)
• American Exceptionalism