Hipotesis Mesir kulit hitam

Hipotesis Mesir kulit hitam menyatakan bahwa Mesir kuno merupakan sebuah peradaban kulit hitam, sebuah istilah yang sekarang dimengerti dalam persepsi etnis Amerika modern. Hipotesis tersebut meliputi fokus terhadap hubungan identifikasi budaya Sub-Sahara dan pertanyaan terhadap ras tokoh-tokoh terkenal dari masa-masa Dinasti, yang meliputi Tutankhamun,^[1] raja yang diigambarkan pada Sfinks Agung Giza,^[2]^[3] dan ratu Ptolemaik Yunani Kleopatra.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Catatan

^ "Tutankhamun was not black: Egypt antiquities chief". AFP. Sep 25, 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 13, 2012. Diakses tanggal May 28, 2012.
^ Graham W. Irwin (1977-01-01). Africans abroad: a documentary history of the Black Diaspora in Asia, Latin …. ISBN 9780231039369. Diakses tanggal 2016-05-28.
^ Robert Schoch ,"Great Sphinx Controversy". robertschoch.net. 1995. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 4, 2012. Diakses tanggal May 29, 2012. , A modified version of this manuscript was published in the "Fortean Times" (P.O. Box 2409, London NW5 4NP) No. 79, February March, 1995, pp. 34, 39.
^ Grant, Michael (1972). Cleopatra: A Biography. Edison, NJ: Barnes and Noble Books. hlm. 4, 5. ISBN 978-0880297257. Grant notes that Cleopatra probably had not a drop of Egyptian blood and "would have described herself as Greek," noting that had she been illegitimate her "numerous Roman enemies would have revealed this to the world."
^ Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2011), Antony and Cleopatra, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, hlm. 8, 127–128, ISBN 978-0300165340 . Goldworthy notes Cleopatra "was no more Egyptian culturally or ethnically than most residents of modern day Arizona are Apaches", that Greek was her native tongue, that it was "in Greek literature and culture she was educated," and that she wore the robes and headband of a Greek monarch.
^ Schiff, Stacy (2011). Cleopatra: A Life. UK: Random House. hlm. 2, 42. ISBN 978-0316001946. Schiff writes Cleopatra was not dark-skinned, that "the Ptolemies were in fact Macedonian Greek, which makes Cleopatra approximately as Egyptian as Elizabeth Taylor", that her Ptolemaic relatives were described as "honey skinned", that she was part Persian, and that "an Egyptian mistress is a rarity among the Ptolemies."
^ Hugh B. Price ,"Was Cleopatra Black?". The Baltimore Sun. September 26, 1991. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-12-11. Diakses tanggal May 28, 2012.
^ Charles Whitaker ,"Was Cleopatra Black?". Ebony. Feb 2002. Diakses tanggal May 28, 2012. The author cites a few examples of the claim, one of which is a chapter entitled "Black Warrior Queens," published in 1984 in Black Women in Antiquity, part of The Journal of African Civilization series, in which a principal argument in favor of the hypothesis claims that Cleopatra called herself black in the Book of Acts, when she in fact did not and had died long before the New Testament. It draws heavily on the work of J.A. Rogers.
^ Mona Charen ,"Afrocentric View Distorts History and Achievement by Blacks". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. February 14, 1994. Diakses tanggal May 29, 2012.

Referensi

Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2011), Antony and Cleopatra, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0300165340 .
Mary R. Lefkowitz: "Ancient History, Modern Myths", originally printed in The New Republic, 1992. Reprinted with revisions as part of the essay collection Black Athena Revisited, 1996.
Kathryn A. Bard: "Ancient Egyptians and the issue of Race", Bostonia Magazine, 1992: later part of Black Athena Revisited, 1996.
"Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation", National Geographic, genographic.nationalgeographic.com, diakses tanggal January 10, 2019
Frank M. Snowden, Jr.: "Bernal's "Blacks" and the Afrocentrists", Black Athena Revisited, 1996.
Grant, Michael (1972), Cleopatra, Edison, NJ: Barnes and Noble Books, hlm. 4, 5, ISBN 978-0880297257 .
Joyce Tyldesley: "Cleopatra, Last Queen of Egypt", Profile Books Ltd, 2008.
Alain Froment, 1994. "Race et Histoire: La recomposition ideologique de l'image des Egyptiens anciens." Journal des Africanistes 64:37–64. Race et Histoire (dalam bahasa Prancis)
Yaacov Shavit, 2001: History in Black. African-Americans in Search of an Ancient Past, Frank Cass Publishers
Anthony Noguera, 1976. How African Was Egypt?: A Comparative Study of Ancient Egyptian and Black African Cultures. Illustrations by Joelle Noguera. New York: Vantage Press.
Schiff, Stacy (2011), Cleopatra: A Life, UK: Random House, ISBN 978-0316001946 .
Shomarka Keita: "The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians", Egypt in Africa, (1996), pp. 25–27

[1] "Tutankhamun was not black: Egypt antiquities chief". AFP. Sep 25, 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 13, 2012. Diakses tanggal May 28, 2012.

[Africans_abroad-2] Graham W. Irwin (1977-01-01). Africans abroad: a documentary history of the Black Diaspora in Asia, Latin …. ISBN 9780231039369. Diakses tanggal 2016-05-28.

[robertschoch.net-3] Robert Schoch ,"Great Sphinx Controversy". robertschoch.net. 1995. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 4, 2012. Diakses tanggal May 29, 2012. , A modified version of this manuscript was published in the "Fortean Times" (P.O. Box 2409, London NW5 4NP) No. 79, February March, 1995, pp. 34, 39.

[4] Grant, Michael (1972). Cleopatra: A Biography. Edison, NJ: Barnes and Noble Books. hlm. 4, 5. ISBN 978-0880297257. Grant notes that Cleopatra probably had not a drop of Egyptian blood and "would have described herself as Greek," noting that had she been illegitimate her "numerous Roman enemies would have revealed this to the world."

[5] Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2011), Antony and Cleopatra, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, hlm. 8, 127–128, ISBN 978-0300165340 . Goldworthy notes Cleopatra "was no more Egyptian culturally or ethnically than most residents of modern day Arizona are Apaches", that Greek was her native tongue, that it was "in Greek literature and culture she was educated," and that she wore the robes and headband of a Greek monarch.

[6] Schiff, Stacy (2011). Cleopatra: A Life. UK: Random House. hlm. 2, 42. ISBN 978-0316001946. Schiff writes Cleopatra was not dark-skinned, that "the Ptolemies were in fact Macedonian Greek, which makes Cleopatra approximately as Egyptian as Elizabeth Taylor", that her Ptolemaic relatives were described as "honey skinned", that she was part Persian, and that "an Egyptian mistress is a rarity among the Ptolemies."

[Baltimore_Sun-7] Hugh B. Price ,"Was Cleopatra Black?". The Baltimore Sun. September 26, 1991. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-12-11. Diakses tanggal May 28, 2012.

[Was_Cleopatra_Black?-8] Charles Whitaker ,"Was Cleopatra Black?". Ebony. Feb 2002. Diakses tanggal May 28, 2012. The author cites a few examples of the claim, one of which is a chapter entitled "Black Warrior Queens," published in 1984 in Black Women in Antiquity, part of The Journal of African Civilization series, in which a principal argument in favor of the hypothesis claims that Cleopatra called herself black in the Book of Acts, when she in fact did not and had died long before the New Testament. It draws heavily on the work of J.A. Rogers.

[nl.newsbank.com-9] Mona Charen ,"Afrocentric View Distorts History and Achievement by Blacks". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. February 14, 1994. Diakses tanggal May 29, 2012.

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