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[[Berkas:Early_migrations_mercator.svg|jmpl|350x350px|Peta rangkuman penduduk dunia berdasarkan [[Migrasi manusia awal|migrasi awal manusia]] selama [[Paleolitikum Akhir|Paleolitik Akhir]], mengikuti paradigma Penyebaran Selatan]]
Hingga sekitar 12.000 tahun yang lalu, semua manusia hidup sebagai [[pemburu-pengumpul]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Little|first1=Michael A.|last2=Blumler|first2=Mark A.|year=2015|title=Basics in Human Evolution|place=Boston|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-802652-6|editor-last=Muehlenbein|editor-first=Michael P.|pages=323–335|language=en|chapter=Hunter-Gatherers|access-date=30 July 2022|chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128026526000232|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703085714/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128026526000232|archive-date=3 July 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Scarre|first=Chris|year=2018|title=The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies|location=London|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]]|isbn=978-0-500-29335-5|editor-last=Scarre|editor-first=Chris|edition=4th|pages=174–197|chapter=The world transformed: from foragers and farmers to states and empires|author-link=Chris Scarre}}</ref> [[Revolusi Neolitikum]] (penemuan [[pertanian]]) pertama kali terjadi di [[Asia Barat Daya]] dan menyebar ke sebagian besar [[Dunia Lama]] selama ribuan tahun berikutnya.<ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Colledge S, Conolly J, Dobney K, Manning K, Shennan S|date=2013|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855969933|title=Origins and Spread of Domestic Animals in Southwest Asia and Europe.|location=Walnut Creek|publisher=Left Coast Press|isbn=978-1-61132-324-5|pages=13–17|oclc=855969933|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730032846/https://www.worldcat.org/title/origins-and-spread-of-domestic-animals-in-southwest-asia-and-europe/oclc/855969933|archive-date=30 July 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Revolusi ini juga terjadi secara independen di Mesoamerika (sekitar 6.000 tahun yang lalu),<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Scanes CG|date=January 2018|title=Animals and Human Society|isbn=978-0-12-805247-1|veditors=Scanes CG, Toukhsati SR|pages=103–131|chapter=The Neolithic Revolution, Animal Domestication, and Early Forms of Animal Agriculture|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-805247-1.00006-X}}</ref> [[Tiongkok]],<ref name="He2017">{{cite journal|date=7 June 2017|title=Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317400332|journal=The Holocene|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1885–1898|bibcode=2017Holoc..27.1885H|doi=10.1177/0959683617708455|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120221221/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317400332_Prehistoric_evolution_of_the_dualistic_structure_mixed_rice_and_millet_farming_in_China|archive-date=20 November 2021|access-date=30 July 2022|vauthors=He K, Lu H, Zhang J, Wang C, Huan X|s2cid=133660098|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lu">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|date=May 2009|title=Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=106|issue=18|pages=7367–72|bibcode=2009PNAS..106.7367L|doi=10.1073/pnas.0900158106|pmc=2678631|pmid=19383791|vauthors=Lu H, Zhang J, Liu KB, Wu N, Li Y, Zhou K, Ye M, Zhang T, Zhang H, Yang X, Shen L, Xu D, Li Q|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Papua Nugini]] pulau [[Sumatra]],<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|date=July 2003|title=Origins of agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the highlands of New Guinea|journal=Science|volume=301|issue=5630|pages=189–93|doi=10.1126/science.1085255|pmid=12817084|vauthors=Denham TP, Haberle SG, Lentfer C, Fullagar R, Field J, Therin M, Porch N, Winsborough B|s2cid=10644185}}</ref> dan wilayah [[Sahel]] dan [[Sabana Sudania|Sabana Barat]] di Afrika.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|date=May 2019|title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication|journal=Science Advances|volume=5|issue=5|pages=eaaw1947|bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947|pmc=6527260|pmid=31114806|vauthors=Scarcelli N, Cubry P, Akakpo R, Thuillet AC, Obidiegwu J, Baco MN, Otoo E, Sonké B, Dansi A, Djedatin G, Mariac C, Couderc M, Causse S, Alix K, Chaïr H, François O, Vigouroux Y|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=October 2017|title=Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1574602/7/Fuller_693898.pdf|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=58|issue=5|pages=673–683|doi=10.1086/693898|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623152728/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1574602/7/Fuller_693898.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2021|access-date=30 July 2022|vauthors=Winchell F|s2cid=149402650|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=February 2011|title=4500-Year old domesticated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) from the Tilemsi Valley, Mali: new insights into an alternative cereal domestication pathway|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=38|issue=2|pages=312–322|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.007|vauthors=Manning K}}</ref> Akses terhadap surplus makanan menyebabkan terbentuknya [[pemukiman manusia]] yang permanen, [[domestikasi]] hewan, dan [[Zaman Tembaga|penggunaan peralatan logam]] untuk pertama kalinya dalam sejarah. Pertanian dan gaya hidup menetap menyebabkan munculnya [[peradaban]] awal.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Noble TF, Strauss B, Osheim D, Neuschel K, Accamp E|date=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Td4WAAAAQBAJ&q=western%20civilisation%20egypt&pg=PA16|title=Cengage Advantage Books: Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|isbn=978-1-285-66153-7|access-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214010433/https://books.google.com/books?id=Td4WAAAAQBAJ&q=western%20civilisation%20egypt&pg=PA16|archive-date=14 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Spielvogel J|date=1 January 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LceiAgAAQBAJ&q=western%20civilisation%20egypt&pg=PT65|title=Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500|publisher=Cenpage Learning|isbn=978-1-285-98299-1|access-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905105225/https://books.google.com/books?id=LceiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT65#v=onepage&q=western%20civilisation%20egypt|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Thornton B|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fa6swJv64xkC&q=Greek%20Ways%3A%20How%20the%20Greeks%20Created%20Western%20Civilization|title=Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization|location=San Francisco, CA|publisher=Encounter Books|isbn=978-1-893554-57-3|pages=1–14|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222224422/https://books.google.com/books?id=fa6swJv64xkC&q=Greek|archive-date=22 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
Sebuah revolusi perkotaan terjadi pada milenium ke-4 sebelum masehi dengan berkembangnya berbagai [[negara kota]], terutama kota-kota [[Sumeria]] yang terletak di [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Garfinkle SJ, Bang PF, Scheidel W|date=1 February 2013|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195188318.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195188318-e-4|title=Ancient Near Eastern City-States|website=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean|isbn=978-0-19-518831-8|veditors=Bang PF, Scheidel W|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195188318.001.0001|access-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623152722/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195188318.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195188318-e-4|archive-date=23 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Di kota-kota inilah bentuk tulisan paling awal yang diketahui, aksara paku, muncul sekitar tahun 3000 SM.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Woods C|date=28 February 2020|title=A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-119-19329-6|veditors=Hasselbach-Andee R|edition=1st|pages=27–46|language=en|chapter=The Emergence of Cuneiform Writing|doi=10.1002/9781119193814.ch2|s2cid=216180781}}</ref> Peradaban besar lainnya yang berkembang pada masa ini adalah Mesir Kuno dan [[Peradaban Lembah Indus]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=October 2015|title=Ancient civilization: Cracking the Indus script|journal=Nature|volume=526|issue=7574|pages=499–501|bibcode=2015Natur.526..499R|doi=10.1038/526499a|pmid=26490603|vauthors=Robinson A|s2cid=4458743}}</ref> Bangsa-bangsa ini kemudian berdagang satu sama lain dan menciptakan teknologi seperti roda, bajak, dan layar.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Crawford H|year=2013|title=The Sumerian World|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-21911-5|pages=447–61|chapter=Trade in the Sumerian world|author-link=Harriet Crawford}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{cite journal|date=2018|title=Prehistoric innovations: Wheels and wheeled vehicles|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=714342|journal=Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae|language=English|volume=69|issue=2|pages=271–298|doi=10.1556/072.2018.69.2.3|issn=0001-5210|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623152751/https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=714342|archive-date=23 June 2021|access-date=30 July 2022|vauthors=Bodnár M|s2cid=115685157|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=1985|title=The Invention of the Plow|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/178600|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume=27|issue=4|pages=727–743|doi=10.1017/S0010417500011749|issn=0010-4175|jstor=178600|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409092618/https://www.jstor.org/stable/178600|archive-date=9 April 2022|access-date=30 July 2022|vauthors=Pryor FL|s2cid=144840498|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Carter2">{{cite book|vauthors=Carter R|year=2012|url=https://www.academia.edu/1576775|title=A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East|location=Chichester, West Sussex|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-8988-0|veditors=Potts DT|pages=347–354|chapter=19. [[Watercraft]]|access-date=8 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428190743/https://www.academia.edu/1576775/Watercraft|archive-date=28 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Astronomi dan matematika juga dikembangkan dan [[Piramida Agung Giza]] pun dibangun.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Pedersen O|year=1993|title=Early physics and astronomy: A historical introduction.|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-40340-5|page=1|chapter=Science Before the Greeks}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Robson E|year=2008|title=Mathematics in ancient Iraq: A social history.|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=xxi}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=2003|title=Building the Great Pyramid: Probable Construction Methods Employed at Giza|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25148110|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=44|issue=2|pages=340–354|doi=10.1353/tech.2003.0063|issn=0040-165X|jstor=25148110|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306011135/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25148110|archive-date=6 March 2022|access-date=30 July 2022|vauthors=Edwards JF|s2cid=109998651|url-status=live}}</ref> Terdapat bukti adanya kekeringan parah yang berlangsung sekitar seratus tahun yang mungkin menyebabkan kemunduran peradaban-peradaban ini,<ref>{{cite journal|date=August 2018|title=New geological age comes under fire|journal=Science|volume=361|issue=6402|pages=537–538|bibcode=2018Sci...361..537V|doi=10.1126/science.361.6402.537|pmid=30093579|vauthors=Voosen P|s2cid=51954326}}</ref> dan peradaban-peradaban baru muncul setelahnya. Bangsa [[Babilonia]] mendominasi Mesopotamia,<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Saggs HW|year=2000|title=Babylonians|url=https://archive.org/details/babylonians0000sagg|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20222-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/babylonians0000sagg/page/7 7]}}</ref> sementara yang lainnya seperti kebudayaan pra-historis di hilir lembah [[Mississippi|Mississipi]], [[peradaban Minoa]], dan [[Dinasti Shang]], memperoleh kejayaannya di daerah-daerah baru.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1 December 2005|title=Poverty Point as Structure, Event, Process|journal=Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=335–364|doi=10.1007/s10816-005-8460-4|issn=1573-7764|vauthors=Sassaman KE|s2cid=53393440}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|date=August 2017|title=Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans|journal=Nature|volume=548|issue=7666|pages=214–218|bibcode=2017Natur.548..214L|doi=10.1038/nature23310|pmc=5565772|pmid=28783727|vauthors=Lazaridis I, Mittnik A, Patterson N, Mallick S, Rohland N, Pfrengle S, Furtwängler A, Peltzer A, Posth C, Vasilakis A, McGeorge PJ, Konsolaki-Yannopoulou E, Korres G, Martlew H, Michalodimitrakis M, Özsait M, Özsait N, Papathanasiou A, Richards M, Roodenberg SA, Tzedakis Y, Arnott R, Fernandes DM, Hughey JR, Lotakis DM, Navas PA, Maniatis Y, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Stewardson K, Stockhammer P, Pinhasi R, Reich D, Krause J, Stamatoyannopoulos G}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Keightley DN|year=1999|title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47030-8|veditors=Loewe M, Shaughnessy EL|pages=232–291|chapter=The Shang: China's first historical dynasty}}</ref> Zaman Perunggu tiba-tiba [[Keruntuhan Zaman Perunggu Akhir|runtuh]] sekitar tahun 1200 SM, mengakibatkan hilangnya sejumlah peradaban dan dimulainya [[Zaman Kegelapan Yunani]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=2015|title=Drought and societal collapse 3200 years ago in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review|journal=WIREs Climate Change|volume=6|issue=4|pages=369–382|doi=10.1002/wcc.345|vauthors=Kaniewski D, Guiot J, van Campo E|s2cid=128460316}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=1 June 2012|title=The influence of climatic change on the Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Greek Dark Ages|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=39|issue=6|pages=1862–1870|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2012.01.029|vauthors=Drake BL}}</ref> Selama periode ini, besi mulai menggantikan perunggu, yang mengarah ke [[Zaman Besi]].<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Wells PS|date=2011|title=European Prehistory: A Survey|url=https://archive.org/details/europeanprehisto0000unse_q5z8_2ed|place=New York, NY|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4419-6633-9|veditors=Milisauskas S|series=Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology|pages=[https://archive.org/details/europeanprehisto0000unse_q5z8_2ed/page/405 405]–460|language=en|chapter=The Iron Age|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-6633-9_11}}</ref>
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