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{{about|kebulatan pada vokal|kebulatan pada konsonan|pembibiran|kegunaan lain|kebulatan (disambiguisasin)}}
{{about|pembulatan bibir|pembulatan dalam mulut|pengaluran}}
{{IPA notice}}
Dalam [[fonetik]], '''kebulatan vokal''' ialah bagaimana [[bibir]] membulat saat mengucapkan suatu [[vokal]]. Ketika suatu vokal ''bulat'' diucapkan, bibir akan membentuk bukaan yang bulat, dan vokal ''takbulat'' diucapkan dengan bibir yang rileks atau tak membulat. Dalam banyak bahasa, [[vokal depan]] cenderung tak bulat, dan [[vokal belakang]] cenderung dibulatkan. Namun, dalam beberapa bahasa, misalnya [[bahasa Prancis]], [[Bahasa Jerman|Jerman]] dan [[Bahasa Islandia|Islandia]], membedakan [[vokal depan]] yang bulat dan takbulat yang [[tinggi vokal|tinggi]]nya (tinggi lidah saat mengucapkan) sama, dan [[bahasa Vietnam]] distinguishes rounded and unrounded back vowels of the same height membedakan [[vokal belakang]] yang bulat dan takbulat yang tingginya juga sama. Ada juga beberapa bahasa yang inventaris vokalnya tak mempunyai pembedaan kebulatan, misalnya [[bahasa Alekano]] yang hanya mempunyai vokal takbulat.{{sfnp|Deibler|1992}} Dalam tabel vokal [[Alfabet Fonetik Internasional|Alfabet Fonetik Internasional (AFI)]], vokal yang bulat muncul sebelah kanan vokal yang takbulat dan berpasangan dengannya. [[Diakritik]] {{unichar|0339|COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW|ulink=Phonetic symbols in Unicode|cwith=◌}} (cincin setengah kanan gabungan di bawah) dapat digunakan untuk pembulatan yang lebih dan diakritik {{unichar|031C|COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW|ulink=Phonetic symbols in Unicode|cwith=◌}} (cincin setengah kiri gabungan di bawah) dapat digunakan untuk pembulatan yang kurang. Sehingga, vokal {{IPA|[o̜]}} mempunyai pembulatan yang kurang daripada vokal {{IPA|[o]}}, dan {{IPA|[o̹]}} mempunyai pembulatan yang lebih (seperti pada vokal {{IPA|[u]}}). Diakritik itu juga dapat digunakan pada vokal yang takbulat, misalnya vokal {{IPA|[ɛ̜]}} diucapkan dengan bibir yang lebih lebar daripada vokal {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, dan vokal {{IPA|[ɯ̹]}} diucapkan dengan bibir yang kurang lebar daripada vokal{{IPA|[ɯ]}}.<ref>'Further report on the 1989 Kiel Convention', ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'' 20:2 (December 1990), p. 23.</ref>
==Jenis
{{anchor|Penonjolan|Pengempaan|Vokal bertonjol|Vokal berkempa}}
{{multiple image
|total_width=300
|header=Contoh 1
|image1=Vowel-narrow-protruded-1.png
|width1=714 |height1=680
|caption1=Pembulatan tertonjol
|image2=Vowel-narrow-compressed-1.png
|width2=792 |height2=826
|caption2=Pembulatan terkempa
}}
{{multiple image
|total_width=300
|header=Contoh 2
|image1=Vowel-narrow-protruded-2.jpg
|width1=2048 |height1=1536
|caption1=Pembulatan bertonjol
|image2=Vowel-narrow-compressed-2.jpg
|width2=2048 |height2=1536
|caption2=Pembulatan berkempa
}}
Ada dua jenis pembulatan vokal, yaitu: ''penonjolan''/''protrusi'' dan ''pengempaan''/''kompresi''. Pembulatan tertonjol ialah pembulatan ketika bibir ditonjolkan keluar dan kebulatannya agak terlihat. Sedangkan pembulatan terkempa ialah pembulatan ketika bibir dikempa atau diapit (dirapatkan) tanpa adanya tonjolan keluar, sehingga. That is, in protruded vowels the inner surfaces of the lips form the opening (thus the alternate term ''endolabial''), whereas in compressed vowels it is the margins of the lips which form the opening (thus ''exolabial).'' {{harvtxt|Catford|1982|p=172}} observes that back and central rounded vowels, such as German {{IPAslink|o}} and {{IPAslink|u}}, are typically protruded, whereas front rounded vowels such as German {{IPAslink|ø}} and {{IPAslink|y}} are typically compressed. Back or central compressed vowels and front protruded vowels are uncommon,<ref>{{harvtxt|Sweet|1877}} noted that they are less distinctive from unrounded vowels than their counterparts.</ref> and a contrast between the two types has been found to be phonemic in only one instance.<ref>[[Japanese language|Japanese]] has a back compressed {{IPAblink|ɯᵝ}} rather than protruded {{IPA|[u]}} {{harv|Okada|1999|p=118}}; [[Swedish language|Swedish]] also has a back compressed {{IPA|[ɯᵝ]}} {{angbr|o}} as well as both front compressed {{IPA|[y]}} {{angbr|u}} and front protruded {{IPA|[yʷ]}} {{angbr|y}} {{harv|Engstrand|1999|p=141}}; the front rounded vowels contrast in ''ruta'' 'window pane' and ''ryta'' 'roar' {{harv|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=292}}.</ref>
There are no dedicated IPA diacritics to represent the distinction, but the superscript IPA letter {{IPAalink|β|◌ᵝ}} or {{IPAalink|ʋ|◌ᶹ}} can be used for compression<ref>E.g. {{angbr IPA|ɨᵝ}} in {{harvtxt|Flemming|2002|p=83}}; the IPA ''Handbook'' recommends that {{angbr IPA|ᶹ}} "might be used" for "a secondary reduction of the lip opening accompanied by neither protrusion nor velar constriction".</ref> and {{angbr IPA|◌ʷ}} for protrusion. Compressed vowels may be pronounced either with the corners of the mouth drawn in, by some definitions rounded, or with the corners spread and, by the same definitions, unrounded. The distinction may be transcribed {{angbr IPA|{{IPAplink|ʉ}}ᵝ uᵝ}} vs {{angbr IPA|{{IPAplink|ɨ}}ᵝ ɯᵝ}} (or {{angbr IPA|ʉᶹ uᶹ}} vs {{angbr IPA|ɨᶹ ɯᶹ}}).<ref>Occasionally other symbols may be used, such as protruded {{angbr|ỿ}} ({{IPA|[yʷ]}}) and compressed {{angbr|ꝡ}} ({{IPA|[ɰᵝ]}}). To avoid the implication that the superscript represents an off-glide, it might be placed above the base letter: {{angbr IPA|yᷱ, ɯᷩ}}. Ladefoged & Maddieson use old IPA {{angbr IPA|◌̫}} for protrusion (w-like labialization without velarization), while {{harvtxt|Kelly|Local|1989|p=154}} use w {{angbr IPA|◌ᪿ}} for protrusion (e.g. {{angbr IPA|øᪿ}}) and a reversed w {{angbr IPA|◌ᫀ}} for compression (e.g. {{angbr IPA|uᫀ}}). This recalls an old IPA convention of rounding an unrounded vowel letter like ''i'' with a subscript omega, and unrounding a rounded letter like ''u'' with a turned omega (Jespersen & Pedersen 1926: 19).</ref>
The distinction between protruded {{IPA|[u]}} and compressed {{IPA|[y]}} holds for the [[semivowel]]s {{IPA|[w]}} and {{IPA|[ɥ]}} as well as labialization. In [[Akan language|Akan]], for example, the {{IPAblink|ɥ}} is compressed, as are [[labio-palatalization|labio-palatalized]] consonants as in ''Twi'' {{IPA|[tɕᶣi̘]}} "Twi" and ''adwuma'' {{IPA|[adʑᶣu̘ma]}} "work", whereas {{IPA|[w]}} and simply labialized consonants are protruded.{{sfnp|Dolphyne|1988}} In Japanese, the {{IPA|/w/}} is compressed rather than protruded, paralleling the Japanese {{IPA|/u/}}. The distinction applies marginally to other consonants. In [[Kukuya language|Southern Teke]], the sole language reported to have a phonemic {{IPAslink|ɱ}}, the labiodental sound is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips",{{sfnp|Paulian|1975}} whereas the {{IPAblink|ɱ}} found as an [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/m/}} before {{IPA|/f, v/}} in languages such as English is not protruded, as the lip contacts the teeth along its upper or outer edge. Also, in at least one account of [[speech acquisition]], a child's pronunciation of ''clown'' involves a lateral {{IPA|[f]}} with the upper teeth contacting the upper-outer edge of the lip, but in ''crown'', a non-lateral {{IPA|[f]}} is pronounced with the teeth contacting the inner surface of the protruded lower lip.{{sfnp|Kelly|Local|1989|p=41}}
Some vowels transcribed with rounded IPA letters may not be rounded at all. An example is {{IPAslink|ɒ}}, the vowel of ''lot'', which in [[Received Pronunciation]] has very little if any rounding of the lips. The "throaty" sound of the vowel is instead accomplished with [[sulcalization]], a furrowing of the back of the tongue also found in {{IPAslink|ɜː}}, the vowel of ''nurse''.{{sfnp|Lass|1984|p=124}}
It is possible to mimic the acoustic effect of rounded vowels by narrowing the cheeks, so-called "cheek rounding", which is inherent in back protruded (but not front compressed) vowels. The technique is used by ventriloquists to mask the visible rounding of back vowels like {{IPA|[u]}}.{{sfnp|Sweet|1877|pp=14, 20}} It is not clear if it is used by languages with rounded vowels that do not use visible rounding.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Unrounded, compressed and protruded vowels
!
! Front
! Near-front
! Central
! Near-back
! Back
|-
! Semivowel
| {{IPA|j ɥ ɥʷ}}
|
| {{IPA|j̈ ɥ̈ ẅ}}{{sfnp|Pullum|Ladusaw|1996|p=191}}
|
| {{IPA|ɰ ɰᶹ/wᵝ w}}
|-
! Close
| {{IPA|i y yʷ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɨ ÿ ʉ}}<ref>Both {{IPA|[ÿ]}} and {{IPA|[ü]}} have been mentioned at various times in {{harvtxt|International Phonetic Association|1999}}, without comment on the implied difference in rounding.</ref>
|
| {{IPA|ɯ ɯᶹ/uᵝ u}}
|-
! Near-close
|
| {{IPA|ɪ ʏ ʏʷ}}
| {{IPA|ɪ̈ ʏ̈ ʊ̈}}
| {{IPA|ɯ̽ ɯ̽ᶹ/ʊᵝ ʊ}}
|
|-
! Close-mid
| {{IPA|e ø øʷ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɘ ø̈ ɵ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɤ ɤᶹ/oᵝ o}}
|-
! Mid
| {{IPA|e̞ ø̞ ø̞ʷ}}
|
| {{IPA|ə ø̞̈ ɵ̞}}
|
| {{IPA|ɤ̞ ɤ̞ᶹ/o̞ᵝ o̞}}
|-
! Open-mid
| {{IPA|ɛ œ œʷ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɜ œ̈ ɞ}}
|
| {{IPA|ʌ ʌᶹ/ɔᵝ ɔ}}
|}
Of the open-mid vowels, {{IPA|[œʷ]}} occurs in Swedish and Norwegian. Central {{IPA|[œ̈]}} and back {{IPA|[ʌᶹ]}} have not been reported to occur in any language.
==Spread and neutral==
The lip position of unrounded vowels may be classified into two groups: ''spread'' and ''neutral''. Front vowels are usually pronounced with the lips spread, and the spreading becomes more significant as the height of the vowel increases.{{sfnp|Westerman|Ward|2015|p=27}} Open vowels are often neutral, i.e. neither rounded nor spread, because the open jaw allows for limited rounding or spreading of the lips.{{sfnp|Robins|2014|p=90}} This is reflected in the IPA's definition of the [[Cardinal vowel|cardinal]] {{IPAblink|a}}, which is unrounded yet not spread either.{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=13}}
==Roundedness and labialization==
Protruded rounding is the vocalic equivalent of consonantal [[labialization]]. Thus, rounded vowels and labialized consonants affect one another by [[assimilation (linguistics)|phonetic assimilation]]: Rounded vowels labialize consonants, and labialized consonants round vowels.
In many languages, such effects are minor phonetic detail, but in others, they become significant. For example, in [[Standard Chinese phonology|Standard Chinese]], the vowel {{IPA|/ɔ/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[u̯ɔ]}} after labial consonants,{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} an allophonic effect that is so important that it is encoded in [[pinyin]] transliteration: alveolar {{IPA|/tu̯ɔ˥/}} {{IPAc-cmn|d|uo|1}} ({{Zh|p=duō|labels=no|c=多|s=|t=}}) 'many' vs. labial {{IPA|/pu̯ɔ˥/}} {{IPAc-cmn|b|o|1}} ({{Zh|p=bō|labels=no|c=波}}) 'wave'. In [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], the opposite assimilation takes place: velar codas {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ŋ/}} are pronounced as labialized {{IPA|[kʷ]}} and {{IPA|[ŋʷ]}} or even [[labial-velar consonant|labial-velar]] {{IPA|[kp]}} and {{IPA|[ŋm]}}, after the rounded vowels {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/o/}}.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
In the [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] of the Caucasus and the [[Sepik languages]] of [[Papua New Guinea]], historically rounded vowels have become unrounded, with the rounding being taken up by the consonant. Thus, Sepik {{IPA|[ku]}} and {{IPA|[ko]}} are phonemically {{IPA|/kwɨ/}} and {{IPA|/kwə/}}.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
In the extinct [[Ubykh phonology|Ubykh]], {{IPA|[ku]}} and {{IPA|[ko]}} were phonemically {{IPA|/kʷə/}} and {{IPA|/kʷa/}}.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} A few ancient [[Indo-European languages]] like [[Latin]] had labiovelar consonants.{{sfnp|Allen|1978}}
==Phonemic roundedness in English==
Vowel pairs differentiated by roundedness can be found in some [[British English|British]] dialects (such as the [[Cardiff dialect]], [[Geordie]] and [[Port Talbot English]]) as well as in General [[South African English]]. They involve a contrastive pair of [[close-mid vowel]]s, with the unrounded vowel being either {{sc2|SQUARE}} {{IPAc-en|ɛər}} or a monophthongal {{sc2|FACE}} {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} and the rounded counterpart being {{sc2|NURSE}} {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}}. Contrasts based on roundedness are rarely categorical in English and they may be enhanced by additional differences in height, backness or diphthongization.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|pp=88, 95}}{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|pp=122–123, 125}}{{sfnp|Lass|2002}}{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ {{sc|FACE}}, {{sc|SQUARE}} and {{sc|NURSE}} in some dialects
! rowspan="2" | Accent
! colspan="3" | Vowel
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! {{sc|FACE}}
! {{sc|SQUARE}}
! {{sc|NURSE}}
|-
! [[Cardiff dialect|Cardiff]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|pp=88, 95–97}}
| {{IPA|[ei]}}
| {{IPAblink|eː}}
| {{IPAblink|øː}}
| {{sc2|SQUARE}} may be open-mid {{IPAblink|ɛː}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}}
|-
! General [[South African English|SAE]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002}}
| {{IPA|[eɪ]}}
| {{IPAblink|eː}}
| {{IPAblink|øː}}
|
|-
! [[Geordie]]{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
| {{IPAblink|eː}}
| {{IPAblink|ɛː}}
| {{IPAblink|øː}}
| {{sc2|FACE}} may be diphthongal {{IPA|[ɪə ~ eɪ]}}, whereas<br/>{{sc2|NURSE}} may be back {{IPAblink|ɔː}} or unrounded {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɪː}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɜ̝|ɜː}}]}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}
|-
! [[Port Talbot English|Port Talbot]]{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|pp=122–123, 125}}
| {{IPAblink|eː}}
| {{IPAblink|ɛː}}
| {{IPAblink|øː}}
| The accent does not feature the [[pane–pain merger]].{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|pp=122–123}}
|}
In addition, contemporary Standard Southern British English as well as [[Western Pennsylvania English]] contrast {{sc2|STRUT}} with {{sc2|LOT}} mostly by rounding. An example of a minimal pairs is ''nut'' vs. ''not''. The vowels are open-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ʌ}}, {{IPAplink|ɔ}}]}} in the former dialect and open {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɑ}}, {{IPAplink|ɒ}}]}} in the latter. In Western Pennsylvania English, the {{sc2|LOT}} class also includes the {{sc2|THOUGHT}} class (see [[cot-caught merger]]) and the {{sc2|PALM}} one (see [[father-bother merger]]). In addition, {{sc2|LOT}} may be longer than {{sc2|STRUT}} due to its being a [[Checked and free vowels|free vowel]]: {{IPAblink|ɒː}}. In SSBE, these are all distinct and {{sc2|LOT}} is a checked vowel. In [[Scottish English]], the two vowels tend to be realized as {{IPAblink|ʌ}} and {{IPAblink|ɔ}}, respectively. The latter often includes the {{sc2|THOUGHT}} class as the cot-caught merger is common in Scotland. If {{sc2|THOUGHT}} is distinct, it is realized as {{IPAblink|ɔ}}, whereas {{sc2|LOT}} is lowered to {{IPAblink|ɒ}} or raised to {{IPAblink|o̞}}. This means that while ''nought'' {{IPA|[nɔʔ]}} contrasts with ''nut'' {{IPA|[nʌʔ]}} by rounding, ''not'' may have a different vowel {{IPA|[nɒʔ ~ no̞ʔ]}}. In addition, all three vowels are short in Scotland (see [[Scottish vowel length rule]]), unless followed by a voiced fricative where {{sc2|THOUGHT}} (and {{sc2|LOT}}, if they are merged) is long, as in England.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=399–403}}{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|pp=88–9}}{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|pp=122, 126–128, 130}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ {{sc|STRUT}}, {{sc|LOT}} and {{sc|THOUGHT}} in some dialects
! rowspan="2" | Accent
! colspan="3" | Vowel
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! {{sc|STRUT}}
! {{sc|LOT}}
! {{sc|THOUGHT}}
|-
! [[Scottish English]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=399–403}}
| {{IPAblink|ʌ}}
| {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɔ|ɔ(ː)}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɒ}} ~ {{IPAplink|o̞}}]}}
| {{IPAblink|ɔ|ɔ(ː)}}
| {{sc2|LOT}} often merges with {{sc2|THOUGHT}}.
|-
! Standard Southern British English{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|pp=122, 126–128, 130}}
| {{IPAblink|ʌ}}
| {{IPAblink|ɔ}}
| {{IPAblink|o̞ː}}
|
|-
! [[Western Pennsylvania English]]{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|pp=88–9}}
| {{IPAblink|ɑ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPAblink|ɒ|ɒ(ː)}}
| The {{sc2|LOT}} class also includes {{sc2|THOUGHT}} and {{sc2|PALM}}.
|}
General South African English is unique among accents of English in that it can feature up to three front rounded vowels, with two of them having unrounded counterparts.{{sfnp|Lass|2002}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Long front vowels in General SAE{{sfnp|Lass|2002|pp=116, 118–119}}
! rowspan="2" | Height
! colspan="2" | Unr. vowel
! colspan="2" | Rnd. vowel
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! {{small|[[lexical set]]}}
! {{small|realization}}
! {{small|lexical set}}
! {{small|realization}}
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{sc2|FLEECE}}
| {{IPAblink|iː}}
| {{sc2|GOOSE}}
| {{IPAblink|yː}}
| {{sc2|GOOSE}} may be central {{IPAblink|ʉː}}.
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{sc2|SQUARE}}
| {{IPAblink|eː}}
| {{sc2|NURSE}}
| {{IPAblink|øː}}
|
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| colspan="2" | ''(unpaired)''
| {{sc2|GOAT}}
| {{IPAblink|œː}}
| {{sc2|GOAT}} may be diphthongal {{IPA|[œɤ̈]}}.
|}
The potential contrast between the close-mid {{IPAblink|øː}} and the open-mid {{IPAblink|œː}} is hard to perceive by outsiders, making utterances such as ''the total onslaught'' {{IPA|[ðə ˈtœːtl̩ ˈɒnsloːt]}} sound almost like ''the turtle onslaught'' {{IPA|[ðə ˈtøːtl̩ ˈɒnsloːt]}}.{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=118}}
==See also==
*[[Close back compressed vowel]] {{IPA|[ɯᵝ]}} = {{IPA|[ɯᶹ]}} = {{IPA|[uᵝ]}} = {{IPA|[uᶹ]}} (in Japanese and Swedish)
*[[Near-close back compressed vowel]] {{IPA|[ʊᵝ]}} = {{IPA|[ʊᶹ]}} (in Swedish)
*[[Close central compressed vowel]] {{IPA|[ÿ]}} (in Norwegian)
*[[Mid central compressed vowel]] {{IPA|[ø̈]}} (in Swedish)
*[[Close front compressed vowel]] {{IPA|[y]}} (in French, German, etc.)
*[[Mid front compressed vowel]] {{IPA|[ø]}} (in French, German, etc.)
*[[Close front protruded vowel]] {{IPA|[yʷ]}} (in Swedish)
*[[Near-close front protruded vowel]] {{IPA|[ʏʷ]}} (in Swedish)
*[[Close-mid front protruded vowel]] {{IPA|[øʷ]}} (in Swedish)
*[[Open-mid front protruded vowel]] {{IPA|[œʷ]}} (in Swedish)
*[[Close central protruded vowel]] {{IPA|[ʉ]}}
*[[Mid central protruded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɵ]}}
*[[Close back protruded vowel]] {{IPA|[u]}} (common)
*[[Mid back protruded vowel]] {{IPA|[o]}} (common)
*[[List of phonetics topics]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book
|last=Allen
|first=W. Sidney
|year=1978
|title=Vox Latina: A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-37936-9
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Catford
|first=J. C
|author-link=J. C. Catford
|year=1982
|title=Fundamental Problems in Phonetics
|publisher=Indiana University Press
|isbn=0-25320294-9
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Collins
|first1=Beverley
|last2=Mees
|first2=Inger M.
|editor-last1=Coupland
|editor-first1=Nikolas
|editor-last2=Thomas
|editor-first2=Alan Richard
|year=1990
|title=English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
|chapter=The Phonetics of Cardiff English
|publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd.
|pages=87–103
|isbn=1-85359-032-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Connolly
|first=John H.
|year=1990
|chapter=Port Talbot English
|editor-last1=Coupland
|editor-first1=Nikolas
|editor-last2=Thomas
|editor-first2=Alan Richard
|title=English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C
|publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd.
|pages=121–129
|isbn=1-85359-032-0
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Cruttenden
|first=Alan
|year=2014
|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English
|publisher=Routledge
|edition=8th
|isbn=9781444183092
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ
}}
*{{cite web
|last=Deibler
|first=Ellis
|year=1992
|title=Alekano Organised Phonology Data
|url=http://www.sil.org/pacific/png/abstract.asp?id=928474542307
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Dolphyne
|first=Florence Abena
|author-link=Florence Dolphyne
|year=1988
|title=The Akan (Twi-Fante) Language: Its Sound Systems and Tonal Structure
|publisher=Ghana Universities Press
|isbn=9964-3-0159-6
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Engstrand
|first=Olle
|year=1999
|chapter=Swedish
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|pages=140–142
|isbn=0-52163751-1
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Flemming
|first=Edward S.
|year=2002
|title=Auditory Representations in Phonology
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=0-81534041-9
}}
*{{cite book
|author=International Phonetic Association
|author-link=International Phonetic Association
|year=1999
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-52163751-1
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Kelly
|first1=John
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|first2=John
|year=1989
|title=Doing Phonology: Observing, Recording, Interpreting
|publisher=Manchester University Press
|isbn=0-7190-2894-9
}}
*{{cite book
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|first1=William
|author-link=William Labov
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|first3=Charles
|year=2006
|title=The Atlas of North American English
|location=Berlin
|publisher=Mouton-de Gruyter
|pages=187–208
|isbn=978-3-11-016746-7
|title-link=The Atlas of North American English
}}
*{{SOWL}}
*{{cite book
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|first=Roger
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|title=Phonology: An Introduction to Basic Concepts
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
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*{{cite book
|last=Lass
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|editor-first=Rajend
|year=2002
|title=Language in South Africa
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|isbn=9780521791052
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Okada
|first=Hideo
|year=1999
|chapter=Japanese
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|pages=117–119
|isbn=0-52163751-1
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Paulian
|first=Christiane
|year=1975
|title=Le Kukuya, langue teke du Congo: phonologie – classes nominales
|journal=Bibliothèque de la SELAF
|volume=49–50
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Pullum
|first1=Geoffrey K.
|author-link1=Geoffrey K. Pullum
|last2=Ladusaw
|first2=William A.
|year=1996
|title=[[Phonetic Symbol Guide]]
|edition=2nd
|publisher=University of Chicago Press
|isbn=0-226-68536-5
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Robins
|first=R. H.
|year=2014
|title=General Linguistics
|edition=4th
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-582-29144-7
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Sweet
|first=Henry
|author-link=Henry Sweet
|year=1877
|title=A Handbook of Phonetics
|url=https://archive.org/details/ahandbookphonet00sweegoog
|publisher=Clarendon Press
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Trask
|first=R. L.
|year=1996
|title=A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=0-415-11260-5
}}
*{{cite journal
|last1=Watt
|first1=Dominic
|last2=Allen
|first2=William
|year=2003
|title=Tyneside English
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=33
|issue=2
|pages=267–271
|doi=10.1017/S0025100303001397
|s2cid=195784010
|doi-access=free
}}
*{{Accents of English|hide1=yes|hide3=yes}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Westerman
|first1=D.
|last2=Ward
|first2=Ida C.
|year=2015
|orig-year=1933
|title=Practical Phonetics for Students of African Languages
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-1-138-92604-2
}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*{{Wiktionary-inline|endolabial}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|exolabial}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|unrounded}}
{{IPA navigation}}
[[Category:Vowels]]
[[Category:Labial consonants]]
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