Jack Johnson (petinju)
John Arthur "Jack" Johnson (31 Maret 1878 – 10 Juni 1946), berjuluk Galveston Giant adalah seorang petinju Amerika, yang—pada puncak era Jim Crow—menjadi juara tinju kelas berat dunia Afrika Amerika pertama (1908–1915). Johnson menjadi salah satu juara paling dominan pada masanya, dan masih menjadi figur sejarah signifikan dalam sejarah tinju kelas berat, dengan pertarungan tahun 1910-nya melawan James J. Jeffries yang dijuluki "pertarungan abad ini."[1] Johnson menghadapi kontroversi saat ia didakwa melanggar Mann Act pada 1912, meskipun buktinya kurang dan dakwaan tersebut sebagian besar berdasarkan pada rasial. Dalam sebuah dokumenter tentang kehidupannya, Ken Burns menyatakan bahwa "selama lebih dari tiga belas tahun, Jack Johnson merupakan Afrika-Amerika paling menonjol dan paling terkenal di Bumi".[2][3]
Referensi
sunting- ^ John L. Sullivan, cited in: Christopher James Shelton, Historian for The Boxing Amusement Park, "'Fight of the Century' Johnson vs. Jeffries, the 100th anniversary" Diarsipkan 2017-08-25 di Wayback Machine.
- ^ Ken Burns, Unforgivable Blackness
- ^ "Unforgivable Blackness . Sparring . Johnson's Rise - PBS". Pbs.org. Diakses tanggal 30 September 2014.
87. Papa Jack, Jack Johnson and the Era of the White Hopes, Randy Roberts, Macmillan, 1983, Chapter 8.
Bacaan tambahan
sunting- Ocania Chalk, Pioneers of Black Sport. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1975.
- Henry Louis Gates and Cornel West, The African-American Century: How Black Americans have shaped our Country. New York: The Free Press, 2000.
- Theresa Runstedtler, Jack Johnson, Rebel Sojourner: Boxing in the Shadow of the Global Color Line. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2012.
Pranala luar
sunting
- Catatan tinju profesional untuk Jack Johnson dari BoxRec
- Sporting Mavericks Hall of Fame
- Jack Johnson at Flickr Commons
- Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson, a 2 part film by Ken Burns and PBS 2005.
- Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson Diarsipkan 2009-11-05 di Wayback Machine., A Review on Ken Burns' Documentary.
- Extended biography of Jack Johnson Diarsipkan 2005-01-06 di Wayback Machine.
- "The Johnson-Jeffries Fight and Censorship of Black Supremacy", by Barak Orbach.
- Famous Texans - Jack Johnson
- John (Jack) Arthur Johnson
- Harlem 1900-1940: Schomburg Exhibit Jack Johnson Diarsipkan 2005-04-10 di Wayback Machine.
- ESPN.com: Jack Johnson
- Cyber Boxing Zone - Jack Johnson
- Interview with Jack Johnson biographer Geoffery C. Ward Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine.
- CBS News - A Pardon for Jack Johnson
- http://www.johnsonjeffries2010.com/index.php Diarsipkan 2010-06-19 di Wayback Machine.
- (Inggris) Jack Johnson di Find a Grave
- Jack Johnson and wife Lucille Cameron
- "Jeffries is Defeated; Dragged Out Bleeding". Daily Press, July 5, 1910. United States Library of Congress.
- BFI, Jack Johnson Paying a Visit to Manchester Docks, 1911 Diarsipkan 2017-08-25 di Wayback Machine.