Kekhaganan Rouran
Kekhaganan Rouran (Hanzi: 柔然; Pinyin: Róurán),[3] adalah sebuah konfederasi suku dan kemudian negara yang didirikan oleh orang-orang Donghu Proto-Mongol.[4] Penguasa tertinggi Rouran dicatat sebagai yang pertama menggunakan gelar "khagan", setelah meminjam gelar populer tersebut dari Xianbei.[5] Kekhaganan Rouran berlangsung dari akhir abad ke-4 hingga pertengahan abad ke-6, ketika mereka dikalahkan oleh pemberontakan Göktürk yang menyebabkan berdirinya negara Turk pertama dalam sejarah.
Kekhaganan Rouran | |||||||||||||
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330 AD–555 AD | |||||||||||||
Kekhaganan Rouran di Asia Tengah | |||||||||||||
Status | Kekhaganan | ||||||||||||
Ibu kota | Kota Mumo, Sungai Orkhon, Mongolia | ||||||||||||
Bahasa yang umum digunakan | Bahasa Ruanruan Mongolia Turk Kuno Tionghoa Kuno | ||||||||||||
Agama | Tengrisme Syamanisme Buddhisme | ||||||||||||
Khagan | |||||||||||||
• 330 AD | Yujiulü Mugulü | ||||||||||||
• 555 AD | Yujiulü Dengshuzi | ||||||||||||
Legislatif | Kurultai | ||||||||||||
Sejarah | |||||||||||||
• Didirikan | 330 AD | ||||||||||||
• Dibubarkan | 555 AD | ||||||||||||
Luas | |||||||||||||
405[1][2] | 2.800.000 km2 (1.100.000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
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Sekarang bagian dari | Tiongkok Kazakhstan Mongolia Rusia | ||||||||||||
Rouran | |||||||||
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Hanzi: | 柔然 | ||||||||
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Ruru atau Ruanruan | |||||||||
Hanzi: | 蠕蠕 | ||||||||
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Setelah negeri mereka hancur, sisa-sisa Rouran mungkin menjadi cikal bakal konfederasi Tatar,[6][7] sementara yang lain bermigrasi ke barat dan menjadi Avar Eurasia yang menetap di Pannonia (berpusat di Hungaria modern) selama abad ke-6.[8] Suku Avar dikejar hingga ke Kekaisaran Bizantium oleh Göktürk, yang memaksa Avar menjadi budak mereka, dan meminta agar Bizantium mengusir mereka. Namun, kaitan antara Rouran dan Avar masih menjadi teori yang kontroversial. Teori lain justru menghubungkan asal-usul Avar Pannonia dengan bangsa kuno lain seperti Uar atau Hun Putih.
Penguasa
suntingKhagan
suntingNama Personal | Nama Resmi[9][10] | Memerintah | Nama Era |
---|---|---|---|
Yujiulü Shelun | Qiudoufa Khagan (丘豆伐可汗, bahasa Mongol: Жолоо барих хаан) | 402–410 | |
Yujiulü Hulü | Aikugai Khagan (藹苦蓋可汗, bahasa Mongol: Ухаалаг хаан) | 410–414 | |
Yujiulü Buluzhen | 414 | ||
Yujiulü Datan | Mouhanheshenggai Khagan (牟汗紇升蓋可汗, bahasa Mongol: Мохошгуй хаан) | 414–429 | |
Yujiulü Wuti | Chilian Khagan (敕連可汗, bahasa Mongol: Тэнгэрийн хаан) | 429–444 | |
Yujiulü Tuhezhen | Chu Khagan (處可汗, bahasa Mongol: Цор хаан) | 444–464 | |
Yujiulü Yucheng | Shouluobuzhen Khagan (受羅部真可汗, bahasa Mongol: Зол завшаан хаан) | 464–485 | Yongkang (永康) |
Yujiulü Doulun | Fugudun Khagan (伏古敦可汗, bahasa Mongol: Бэхэд хаан) | 485–492 | Taiping (太平) |
Yujiulü Nagai | Houqifudaikezhe Khagan (侯其伏代庫者可汗, bahasa Mongol: Хөгжих бэхлэгч хаан) | 492–506 | Taian (太安) |
Yujiulü Futu | Tuohan Khagan (佗汗可汗, bahasa Mongol: Дархан хаан) | 506–508 | Shiping (始平) |
Yujiulü Chounu | Douluofubadoufa Khagan (豆羅伏跋豆伐可汗, bahasa Mongol: Дүрэм бадралт хаан) | 508–520 | Jianchang (建昌) |
Yujiulü Anagui | Chiliantoubingdoufa Khagan (敕連頭兵豆伐可汗, bahasa Mongol: Тэнгэрийн мэдэлт хаан) | 520–521 | |
Yujiulü Poluomen | Mioukesheju Khagan (彌偶可社句可汗, bahasa Mongol: Амар тайван хаан) | 521–524 | |
Yujiulü Anagui | Chiliantoubingdoufa Khagan (敕連頭兵豆伐可汗, bahasa Mongol: Тэнгэрийн мэдэлт хаан) | 522–552 |
Khagan Barat
sunting- Yujiulü Dengshuzi, 555
Khagan Timur
sunting- Yujiulü Tiefa, 552–553
- Yujiulü Dengzhu, 553
- Yujiulü Kangti, 553
- Yujiulü Anluochen, 553–554
Referensi
suntingKutipan
sunting- ^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 129. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 170959.
- ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X.
- ^ Zhang, Min. "On the Defensive System of Great Wall Military Town of Northern Wei Dynasty" China's Borderland History and Geography Studies, Jun. 2003 Vol. 13 No. 2. Page 15.
- ^ Wei Shou. Book of Wei. ch. 91 "蠕蠕,東胡之苗裔也,姓郁久閭氏" tr. "Rúrú, offsprings of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ"
- ^ Vovin, Alexander (2007). "Once again on the etymology of the title qaγan". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia, vol. 12 (online resource)
- ^ Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki, 2005. pp. 179–180
- ^ Golden, Peter B. "Some Notes on the Avars and Rouran", in The Steppe Lands and the World beyond Them. Ed. Curta, Maleon. Iași (2013). pp. 54–56.
- ^ Findley (2005), p. 35.
- ^ 藤田 豊八 (April 1923). "蠕蠕の国号及び可汗号につきて". 東洋学報 (dalam bahasa Jepang). 13 (1): 55–70.
- ^ Kang, Junyoung; Seong Gyu, L. E. E. (2019). "Rouran Khan Titles Research". The Oriental Studies (dalam bahasa Korea) (77): 131–159. doi:10.17320/orient.2019..77.131. ISSN 1229-3199.
Sumber
sunting- Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell
- Bregel, Yuri (2003), An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, Brill
- Csáky, Veronika; et al. (January 22, 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. Nature Research. 10 (948). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699 . PMID 31969576. Diakses tanggal April 8, 2020.
- Findley, Carter Vaughn. (2005). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516770-8 (cloth); ISBN 0-19-517726-6 (pbk).
- Golden, Peter B.. "Some Notes on the Avars and Rouran", in The Steppe Lands and the World beyond Them. Ed. Curta, Maleon. Iași (2013). pp. 43–66.
- Grousset, René. (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia. Translated by Naomi Walford. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.Third Paperback printing, 1991. ISBN 0-8135-0627-1 (casebound); ISBN 0-8135-1304-9 (pbk).
- Li, Jiawei; et al. (August 2018). "The genome of an ancient Rouran individual reveals an important paternal lineage in the Donghu population". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 166 (4). doi:10.1002/ajpa.23491. PMID 29681138. Diakses tanggal April 11, 2020.
- Neparáczki, Endre; et al. (November 12, 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. Nature Research. 9 (16569). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379 . PMID 31719606. Diakses tanggal April 9, 2020.
- Map of their empire
- Definition Diarsipkan 2003-09-17 di Wayback Machine.
- information about the Rouran
- Kradin, Nikolay. "From Tribal Confederation to Empire: the Evolution of the Rouran Society". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 58, No 2 (2005): 149–169.
- Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies), U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES, ISBN 0892641371
- Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 0810860538
Pranala luar
sunting- Media tentang Rouran Khaganate di Wikimedia Commons