Kelimpahan unsur dalam kerak Bumi
Tabel ini menunjukkan kelimpahan unsur-unsur di kerak Bumi. Angka menunjukkan persentase atau bagian per juta (ppm) dalam massa; 10.000 ppm = 1%.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kelimpahan_unsur.svg/300px-Kelimpahan_unsur.svg.png)
Perlu diperhatikan bahwa angka merupakan perkiraan, dan mereka akan bervariasi tergantung pada sumber dan metode estimasi. Secara garis besar, data dapat dipercaya.
Urutan | Z | Unsur | Simbol | Kelimpahan di Litosfer[1] | Proporsi relatif (ppm)[2] | Kelimpahan dalam kerak (ppm)[3] | Kelimpahan dalam kerak (ppm)[4] | Kelimpahan dalam kerak (ppm)[5] | Produksi (2012, Ton)[6] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 8 | oksigen | O | 460,000 | 474,000 | 460,000 | 467,100 | 461,000 | |
2 | 14 | silikon [A] | Si | 277,200 | 277,100 | 270,000 | 276,900 | 282,000 | 7,600,000 |
3 | 13 | aluminium | Al | 81,300 | 82,000 | 82,000 | 80,700 | 82,300 | 44,900,000 |
4 | 26 | besi | Fe | 50,000 | 41,000 | 63,000 | 50,500 | 56,300 | 1,100,000,000 |
5 | 20 | kalsium | Ca | 36,300 | 41,000 | 50,000 | 36,500 | 41,500 | |
6 | 11 | natrium | Na | 28,300 | 23,000 | 23,000 | 27,500 | 23,600 | 280,000,000 |
7 | 19 | kalium | K | 25,900 | 21,000 | 15,000 | 25,800 | 20,900 | 34,000 |
8 | 12 | magnesium | Mg | 20,900 | 23,000 | 29,000 | 20,800 | 23,300 | 750,000 |
9 | 22 | titanium | Ti | 4,400 | 5,600 | 6,600 | 6,200 | 5,600 | 6,500,000 |
10 | 1 | hidrogen | H | 1,400 | 1,500 | 1,400 | 1,400 | ||
11 | 15 | fosfor | P | 1,200 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,300 | 1,050 | |
12 | 25 | mangan | Mn | 1,000 | 950 | 1,100 | 900 | 950 | 16,000,000 |
13 | 9 | fluor | F | 800 | 950 | 540 | 290 | 585 | |
14 | 56 | barium | Ba | 500 | 340 | 340 | 500 | 425 | |
15 | 6 | karbon | C | 300 | 480 | 1,800 | 940 | 200 | |
16 | 38 | stronsium | Sr | 370 | 360 | 370 | 380,000 | ||
17 | 16 | belerang | S | 500 | 260 | 420 | 520 | 350 | 70,000,000 |
18 | 40 | zirkonium | Zr | 190 | 130 | 250 | 165 | 1,420,000 | |
19 | 74 | wolfram | W | 160.6 | 1.1 | 1.25 | 73,000 | ||
20 | 23 | vanadium | V | 100 | 160 | 190 | 120 | 63,000 | |
21 | 17 | klorin | Cl | 500 | 130 | 170 | 450 | 145 | 280,000,000 |
22 | 24 | krom | Cr | 100 | 100 | 140 | 350 | 102 | 7,890,000 |
23 | 37 | rubidium | Rb | 300 | 90 | 60 | 90 | ||
24 | 28 | nikel | Ni | 80 | 90 | 190 | 84 | 2,100,000 | |
25 | 30 | seng | Zn | 75 | 79 | 70 | 13,000,000 | ||
26 | 29 | tembaga | Cu | 100 | 50 | 68 | 60 | 17,000,000 | |
27 | 58 | serium | Ce | 68 | 60 | 66.5 | |||
28 | 60 | neodimium | Nd | 38 | 33 | 41.5 | |||
29 | 57 | lantanum | La | 32 | 34 | 39 | |||
30 | 39 | itrium | Y | 30 | 29 | 33 | 8,900 | ||
31 | 7 | nitrogen | N | 50 | 25 | 20 | 19 | 137,000,000 | |
32 | 27 | kobalt | Co | 20 | 30 | 25 | 110,000 | ||
33 | 3 | litium | Li | 20 | 17 | 20 | 37,000 | ||
34 | 41 | niobium | Nb | 20 | 17 | 20 | 69,000 | ||
35 | 31 | galium | Ga | 18 | 19 | 19 | |||
36 | 21 | skandium | Sc | 16 | 26 | 22 | |||
37 | 82 | timbal | Pb | 14 | 10 | 14 | 5,200,000 | ||
38 | 62 | samarium | Sm | 7.9 | 6 | 7.05 | |||
39 | 90 | torium | Th | 12 | 6 | 9.6 | |||
40 | 59 | praseodimium | Pr | 9.5 | 8.7 | 9.2 | |||
41 | 5 | boron | B | 950 | 8.7 | 10 | 4,600,000 | ||
42 | 64 | gadolinium | Gd | 7.7 | 5.2 | 6.2 | |||
43 | 66 | disprosium | Dy | 6 | 6.2 | 5.2 | |||
44 | 72 | hafnium | Hf | 5.3 | 3.3 | 3.0 | |||
45 | 68 | erbium | Er | 3.8 | 3.0 | 3.5 | |||
46 | 70 | iterbium | Yb | 3.3 | 2.8 | 3.2 | |||
47 | 55 | sesium | Cs | 3 | 1.9 | 3 | |||
48 | 4 | berilium | Be | 2.6 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 230 | ||
49 | 50 | timah | Sn | 0 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 230,000 | |
50 | 63 | europium | Eu | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.0 | |||
51 | 92 | uranium | U | 0 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 66,512 | ||
52 | 73 | tantalum | Ta | 2 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 765 | ||
53 | 32 | germanium | Ge | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 128 | ||
54 | 42 | molibdenum | Mo | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 250,000 | ||
55 | 33 | arsen | As | 1.5 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 44,000 | ||
56 | 67 | holmium | Ho | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.3 | |||
57 | 65 | terbium | Tb | 1.1 | 0.94 | 1.2 | |||
58 | 69 | tulium | Tm | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.52 | |||
59 | 35 | bromin | Br | 0.37 | 3 | 2.4 | 580,000 | ||
60 | 81 | talium | Tl | 0.6 | 0.530 | 0.850 | 10 | ||
61 | 71 | lutesium[7] | Lu | 0.5 | |||||
62 | 51 | antimon | Sb | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 180,000 | ||
63 | 53 | iodin | I | 0.14 | 0.490 | 0.450 | 28,000 | ||
64 | 48 | kadmium | Cd | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 23,000 | ||
65 | 47 | perak | Ag | 0.070 | 0.080 | 0.075 | 24,000 | ||
66 | 80 | raksa | Hg | 0.05 | 0.067 | 0.085 | 1,600 | ||
67 | 34 | selenium | Se | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 2,000 | ||
68 | 49 | indium | In | 0.049 | 0.160 | 0.250 | 670 | ||
69 | 83 | bismut | Bi | 0.048 | 0.025 | 0.0085 | 7,400 | ||
70 | 52 | telurium | Te | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
71 | 78 | platina | Pt | 0.003 | 0.0037 | 0.005 | 179 | ||
72 | 79 | emas | Au | 0.0011 | 0.0031 | 0.004 | 2,700 | ||
73 | 44 | rutenium | Ru | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
74 | 46 | paladium | Pd | 0.0006 | 0.0063 | 0.015 | 200 | ||
75 | 75 | renium | Re | 0.0004 | 0.0026 | 0.0007 | 52 | ||
76 | 77 | iridium | Ir | 0.0003 | 0.0004 | 0.001 | |||
77 | 45 | rodium | Rh | 0.0002 | 0.0007 | 0.001 | |||
78 | 76 | osmium | Os | 0.0001 | 0.0018 | 0.0015 |
- ^ 5,000 tonnes of annual production is electronic grade
Lihat pula
suntingReferensi
sunting- ^ "Elements, Terrestrial Abundance". www.daviddarling.info. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-04-10. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14.
- ^ Barbalace, Kenneth. "Periodic Table of Elements". Environmental Chemistry.com. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14.
- ^ "Abundance in Earth's Crust". WebElements.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14.
- ^ "List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust". Israel Science and Technology Homepage. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-15.
- ^ "It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements". Jefferson Lab. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-04-29. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14.
- ^ Commodity Statistics and Information. USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguos (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet [1] Diarsipkan 2017-10-01 di Wayback Machine.. WNA.
- ^ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. hlm. 240–242. ISBN 0-19-850341-5.
- BookRags, Periodic Table Diarsipkan 2009-03-03 di Wayback Machine..
- World Book Encyclopedia, Exploring Earth.
- HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust.
- Data Series 140, Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States, Version 2011, USGS [2].
- Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007