Wikipedia

Kematian bahasa

kondisi ketika sebuah bahasa kehilangan penutur aslinya yang terakhir

Dalam linguistik, kematian bahasa terjadi ketika suatu bahasa kehilangan penutur jati terakhir. Lebih lanjut lagi, kepunahan bahasa terjadi ketika bahasa itu tidak lagi diketahui, termasuk oleh penutur bahasa kedua. Istilah serupa yang lain termasuk pembunuhan bahasa atau linguisida,[1] yang merupakan kematian bahasa dari sebab-sebab alamiah atau politik dan sebab glotofagi yang jarang,[2] yang merupakan penyerapan atau penggantian bahasa kecil dengan bahasa utama.

Aksara Het pada lauh tanah liat
Tiga penutur terakhir Magati Ke

Kematian bahasa adalah suatu proses ketika tingkat kecakapan bahasa komunitas tutur dalam ragam bahasa mereka menurun, yang akhirnya mengakibatkan tidak adanya penutur jati atau fasih dari ragam bahasa tersebut. Kematian bahasa dapat memengaruhi bentuk bahasa apa pun, termasuk dialek-dialek. Kematian bahasa tidak seharusnya disamakan dengan penggerusan bahasa (juga disebut kehilangan bahasa), yang menggambarkan hilangnya kemahiran bahasa ibu seorang individu.[3]

Pada zaman modern (kira-kira 1500 EU-sekarang; setelah kolonialisme muncul), kematian bahasa biasanya diakibatkan oleh proses asimilasi budaya yang mengarah pada peralihan bahasa dan ditinggalkannya bahasa ibu secara berangsur-angsur demi bahasa perantara asing yang sebagian besarnya merupakan bahasa negara-negara Eropa.[4][5][6]

Pada tahun 2000-an, sejumlah lebih kurang 7.000 bahasa penutur jati ada di seluruh dunia. Sebagian besarnya adalah bahasa-bahasa kecil yang terancam punah. Satu perhitungan yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2004 memperkirakan bahwa sekitar 90% dari bahasa-bahasa yang dituturkan pada saat ini akan punah pada tahun 2050.[7][8]

Rujukan

sunting
  1. ^ Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (June 6, 2012), "Stop, revive and survive", Higher Education, The Australian, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 6, 2012, diakses tanggal May 10, 2021 
  2. ^ Calvet, Jean-Louis. 1974. Langue et colonialisme: petit traité de glottophagie. Paris.
  3. ^ Crystal, David (2000) Language Death. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 19
  4. ^ Byram, Michael; Hu, Adelheid (2013-06-26). Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. ISBN 978-1136235535. 
  5. ^ Walt, Christa Van der (2007-05-01). Living Through Languages: An African Tribute to René Dirven (dalam bahasa Inggris). AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. ISBN 9781920109707. 
  6. ^ Hall, Christopher J.; Smith, Patrick H.; Wicaksono, Rachel (2015-05-11). Mapping Applied Linguistics: A Guide for Students and Practitioners (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. ISBN 978-1136836237. 
  7. ^ "Study by language researcher, David Graddol". NBC News. 2004-02-26. Diakses tanggal 2012-03-22.  Ian on Friday, January 16, 2009 61 comments (2009-01-16). "Research by Southwest University for Nationalities College of Liberal Arts". Chinasmack.com. Diakses tanggal 2012-03-22. . Ethnologue records 7,358 living languages known,"Ethnologue". Ethnologue. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 5, 2001. Diakses tanggal 2012-03-22.  but on 2015-05-20, Ethnologue reported only 7,102 known living languages; and on 2015-02-23, Ethnologue already reported only 7,097 known living languages.
  8. ^ Graddol, D. (2004-02-27). "The Future of Language". Science. 303 (5662): 1329–1331. Bibcode:2004Sci...303.1329G. doi:10.1126/science.1096546. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14988552. 

Bacaan lanjut

sunting
  • Abley, Mark. (2003). Spoken here: Travels among threatened languages. London: Heinemann.
  • Aitchinson, Jean. (1991). Language change: progress or decay? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bastardas-Boada, Albert (2007). "Linguistic sustainability for a multilingual humanity", Glossa. An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 2, num. 2.
  • Batibo, Herman M. (2005). Language decline and death in Africa: Causes, consequences, and challenges. Multilingual Matters.
  • Brenzinger, Matthias (Ed.). (1992). Language death: Factual and theoretical explorations with special reference to East Africa. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Brenzinger, Matthais (Ed.). (1998). Endangered languages in Africa. Cologne: Rüdiger Köper Verlag.
  • Broderick, George. (1999). Language Death in the Isle of Man. Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 3-484-30395-6.
  • Calvet, Louis-Jean. (1998). Language wars and linguistic politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1994). Language death. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 1960–1968). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle; & Muntzel, M. (1989). The structural consequences of language death. In N. C. Dorian (Ed.).
  • Cantoni-Harvey, Gina (Ed.). (1997). Stabilizing indigenous languages. Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University, Center for Excellence in Education.
  • Crystal, David. (2000). Language death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65321-5.
  • Crystal, David. (2004). Language revolution. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Cyr, Christine. (2008). "How Do You Learn a Dead Language?". Slate.
  • Dalby, Andrew. (2003). Language in danger: The loss of linguistic diversity and the threat to our future. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12900-9.
  • Dixon, R. M. W. (1997). The rise and fall of languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dorian, Nancy C. (1973). Grammatical change in a dying dialect. Language, 49, 413-438.
  • Dorian, Nancy C. (1978). The fate of morphological complexity in language death: Evidence from East Sutherland Gaelic. Language, 54 (3), 590-609.
  • Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Dorian, Nancy C. (Ed.). (1989). Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death. Studies in the social and cultural foundations of language (No. 7). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32405-X.
  • Dressler, Wolfgand & Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth (eds.) (1977) Language death (International Journal of the Sociology of Language vol. 12). The Hague: Mouton.
  • Fishman, Joshua A. (1991). Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
  • Grenoble, Lenore A.; & Whaley, Lindsay J. (Eds.). (1998). Endangered languages: Current issues and future prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hagège, Claude. (1992). Le souffle de la langue. Paris: Odile Jacob.
  • Hagège, Claude. (2000). Halte à la mort des langues. Paris: Editions Odille Jacob.
  • Hale, Ken; Krauss, Michael; Watahomigie, Lucille J.; Yamamoto, Akira Y.; Craig, Colette; Jeanne, LaVerne M. et al. (1992). Endangered languages. Language, 68 (1), 1-42.
  • Harmon, David. (2002). In light of our differences: How diversity in nature and culture makes us human. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • Harrison, K. David. (2007) When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518192-1.
  • Hazaël-Massieux, Marie-Christine. (1999). Les créoles: L'indispensable survie. Paris: Editions Entente.
  • Hill, Jane. (1983). Language death in Uto-Aztecan. International Journal of American Linguistics, 49, 258-27.
  • Janse, Mark; & Tol, Sijmen (Eds.). (2003). Language death and language maintenance: Theoretical, practical and descriptive approaches. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. ISBN 90-272-4752-8; ISBN 1-58811-382-5.
  • Joseph, Brian D. (Ed.). (2003). When languages collide: Perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence. Columbus: Ohio State University.
  • Maffi, Lusia (Ed.). (2001). On biocultural diversity: Linking language, knowledge, and the environment. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • Maurais, Jacques; & Morris, Michael A. (Eds.). (2003). Languages in a globalizing world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mohan, Peggy; & Zador, Paul. (1986). Discontinuity in a life cycle: The death of Trinidad Bhojpuri. Language, 62 (2), 291-319.
  • Motamed, Fereydoon; (1974). La métrique diatemporelle: ou des accords de temps revolutifs dans les langues à flexions quantitatives. "[1]" Open Library OL25631615M.
  • Mufwene, Salikoko S. (2001). The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mühlhäusler, Peter. (1996). Linguistic ecology: Language change and linguistic imperialism in the Pacific region. London: Routledge.
  • Nettle, Daniel; & Romaine, Suzanne. (2000). Vanishing voices: The extinction of the world's languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513624-1.
  • Phillipson, Robert. (2003). English only?: Challenging language policy. London: Routledge.
  • Reyhner, Jon (Ed.). (1999). Revitalizing indigenous languages. Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University, Center for Excellence in Education. ISBN 0-9670554-0-7.
  • Robins, R. H.; & Uhlenbeck, E. M. (1991). Endangered languages. Oxford: Berg.
  • Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. (1990). Theory of language death, and, language decay and contact-induced change: Similarities and differences. Arbeitspapier (No. 12). Köln: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität zu Köln.
  • Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. (1992). Theory of language death. In M. Brenzinger (Ed.) (pp. 7–30).
  • Schilling-Estes, Natalie; & Wolfram, Walt. (1999). Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration. Language, 75 (3), 486-521.
  • Skutnab-Kangas, Tove. (2000). Linguistic genocide in education—or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Slater, Julia. (2010). "Time Takes Its Toll on Old Swiss Language" SwissInfo.ch.
  • de Swaan, Abram. (2001). Words of the world: The global language system. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
  • Thomason, Sarah G. (2001). Language contact: An introduction. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
  • Zuckermann, Ghil'ad and Michael Walsh. (2011). 'Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance, and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures', Australian Journal of Linguistics Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 111–127.

Pranala luar

sunting

Templat:Linguistik historis

Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Kematian_bahasa&oldid=21998178"