Kontroversi Penobatan
Kontroversi Penobatan atau Kontes Pelantikan (Inggris: Investiture Controversy),[1] yang terkadang secara salah diterjemahkan menjadi "Kontroversi Pentahbisan", adalah konflik paling signifikan antara gereja dan negara pada Abad Pertengahan di Eropa. Pada abad ke-11 dan ke-12, Paus menentang wewenang penguasa Eropa dalam penobatan atau pelantikan pejabat-pejabat gereja seperti uskup dan biarawan.
Kontroversi penobatan, bukan penahbisan sebagaimana sering salah dipahami, dimulai saat perebutan kekuasaan terjadi antara Paus Gregorius VII (1072-1085) dan Henry IV, Kaisar Romawi Suci (1056–1106).[2] Kontroversi ini diselesaikan oleh Konkordat Worms pada tahun 1122.
Catatan sunting
- ^ Hughes, Michael (1992). Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806, MacMillan Press and University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, p.5. ISBN 0-8122-1427-7.
- ^ Rubenstein, Jay. (2011). Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse. Basic Books. 2011. Page 18. ISBN 0-465-01929-3.
Daftar pustaka sunting
- Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (1988). The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization of the Middle Ages. HarperCollins
- Cowdrey, H.E.J. (1998). Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085. Oxford University Press.
- Jolly, Karen Louise. (1997). Tradition & Diversity: Christianity in a World Context to 1500. ME Sharpe.
- McCarthy, T. J. H. (2014). Chronicles of the Investiture Contest: Frutolf of Michelsberg and his continuators. Manchester: Manchester Medieval Sources. ISBN 978-0-7190-8470-6.
- Metz, René. (1960). What Is Canon Law? Hawthorn Books. New York.
- Tellenbach, Gerd (1993). The Western Church from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century. Cambridge University Press.
Pranala luar sunting
- "Investiture Controversy", from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- "Conflict of Investitures", from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
- "Canonical Investiture", from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
- "Investiture" Diarsipkan 2009-02-21 di Wayback Machine., from the Columbia Encyclopedia.
- "The Owl, The Cat, And The Investiture Controversy" Diarsipkan 2015-02-15 di Wayback Machine., from the Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies (ORB).
- "Empire and Papacy", from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
Sumber sunting
- Henry IV: Letter to Gregory VII, Jan 24 1076.
- Gregory VII: First Deposition and Banning of Henry IV (Feb 22, 1076)
- Gregory VII: Second Banning and Dethronement of Henry IV (March 7, 1080)
- Gregory VII: Dictatus Papae 1090
- Ban on Lay Investitures, 1078
- The Concordat of Worms 1122
- The Canons of the First Lateran Council, 1123
- Avalon Project, Yale University: Documents relating to the War of the Investitures Diarsipkan 2005-08-28 di Wayback Machine.